International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 7(17), September, 2015

Pages: 34-38

Date of Publication: 11-Sep-2015


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PARASITIC WORMS FOUND IN STOMACH WHILE DOING UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY AND STUDY OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ADULT HOOKWORMS AND LARVA OF ANISAKIS
SIMPLEX INFECTING STOMACH

Author: Govindarajalu Ganesan

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Objective: To diagnose parasitic worms found in stomach while doing upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy in our patients. There have not been many studies in India which discuss about the presence and the type of parasitic worms present in stomach while doing upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy. Hence this present study was carried out to study about the presence and the type of parasitic worms present in stomach while doing upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy in our institute. Methods: A study of 707 patients who had undergone upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy for a period of two years and eight months from May 2009 to December 2011 was carried out in our institute. In each of the 707 patients, the stomach was carefully examined to find out the presence of parasitic worms. The results were found as given below. Results: Of the 707 patients, one patient was found to have hookworm in stomach instead of its usual site in duodenum while doing upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy. Conclusion: Hence upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy is a very useful investigation to diagnose parasitic infection like hookworm infection of stomach . Hence it is extremely important to carefully look for the presence of parasitic worms like hookworms in stomach while doing upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy.

Keywords: Hookworms, Stomach, Upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Hookworms are commonly reported to occur in duodenum while doing upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy especially in tropical and sub tropical countries (1to11). But it is extremely rare to find hookworms in stomach while doing upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy( 12,13). Hence an extremely rare and interesting report of hookworm found in stomach instead of its usual site in duodenum while doing upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy is given here. Other parasitic worms like the larva of anisakis simplex are also reported to occur in stomach especially in oriental patients after eating raw fish(14to17). Since both the adult hookworms and the larva of anisakis simplex can occur in the stomach of human beings, the important differences between the adult hookworms and the larva of anisakis simplex are also highlighted in this article.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted in the department of general surgery, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry. A study of 707 patients who had undergone upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy for a period of two years and eight months from May 2009 to December 2011 was carried out in our institute. In each of the 707 patients, the stomach was carefully examined to find out the presence of parasitic worms. The results were found as given below.

RESULTS

Of the 707 patients, one patient was found to have hookworm in stomach instead of its usual site in duodenum while doing upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy. A 30 year old male patient presented with persistent epigastric pain for one month and hence was subjected to upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy. Very interestingly and unexpectedly a single hookworm was found in the antrum of the stomach of the patient [fig 1,2,3] instead of its usual site in duodenum . Small erosions in the gastric antrum were also found near the hookworm [fig 3]. The patient was also found to have bile reflux from duodenum to stomach(duodeno-gastric reflux) [fig 1,2]. The refluxed bile from duodenum to stomach is the most probable cause of shift of hookworm from duodenum to antrum of stomach in this patient. The patient was treated with a single dose of 400mg of albendazole and his symptoms resolved.

Hookworms occurring in stomach

Of all the intestinal worms adult hookworm measuring about ½ inch long is the worm most commonly found in duodenum and hence named as ancylostoma duodenale. But there has been only very few reports of finding hookworms in stomach while doing upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy (12,13) . In both these reports duodeno-gastric reflux[bile reflux from duodenum to stomach] was attributed to the ectopic localisation of hookworm in the antrum of the stomach (12,13) . Our patient was also found to have bile reflux from duodenum to stomach which is the most probable cause of the ectopic localisation of hookworm in the antrum of the stomach in this patient.

DISCUSSION

Hookworms occur commonly in the duodenum but can also occur rarely in the stomach of human beings.

Other parasitic worms occurring in stomach(anisakis simplex)

The finding of worms attached to human gastric mucosa is exceptional because of the hostile atmosphere due to gastric acid pH (14). Howewer other parasitic worms like the larva of anisakis simplex are also reported to occur in stomach especially in oriental patients after eating raw fish (14to17). The parasite [larva of anisakis simplex] has a protective layer against gastric acid and survives burrowed into the gastric wall. The larva of anisakis simplex develops into a reproducing adult only in marine mammals. In humans it cannot survive and dies within a few weeks. But the short time that it lives, it causes stomach pain and nausea. The larva of anisakis simplex is about 2 cm long

Gastric anisakiasis

Diagnosis of anisakiasis is made by gastroscopy which allows removal of the worms and cures the patients (18). A case of acute angina like chest pain due to gastric anisakiasis has also been reported in whom the larvae of anisakis simplex in the gastric mucosa were found and extracted endoscopically (19). Hence gastric anisakiasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute chest pain (19). Endoscopic extraction of larva is the most effective procedure in dealing with acute gastric anisakiasis (15) . But on the other hand adult hookworms infecting the duodenum and rarely of stomach can easily be treated with a single dose of 400mg of albendazole and endoscopic extraction is not necessary. Hence upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy is a very useful investigation to diagnose parasitic infection like hookworm infection of duodenum and stomach and gastric infection by the larva of anisakis simplex .

Differences between adult hookworms and larva of anisakis simplex

Since both the adult hookworms and the larva of anisakis simplex can occur in the stomach of human beings, both are of almost of the same size and both are parasitic nematodes or roundworms belonging to the phylum nemathelminthes, the important differences between the adult hookworms and the larva of anisakis simplex are highlighted below.

Adult hookworms [ancylostoma duodenale/necator americanus].

1. Infection occurs because of walking barefoot.

2. Infection is very common in India.

3. Only adult hookworms are found in the duodenum and rarely in the stomach of human beings. The larvae of hookworms do not occur in the duodenum and in the stomach of human beings.

4. Adult hookworms are most commonly found in the duodenum of human beings.

5. Adult hookworms measure 0.8to1.3 cm in length and are smaller than the larva of anisakis simplex.

6. Hookworm infection of stomach does not present acutely or with severe acute symptoms like severe chest pain or severe abdominal pain.

7. Hookworm infection can easily be treated with a single dose of 400mg of albendazole and endoscopic extraction is not necessary.

The larva of anisakis simplex.

1. Infection occurs because of eating raw fish.

2. Infection is not common in India and is common only in oriental countries where people eat raw fish.

3. Only larva of anisakis simplex is found in the stomach of human beings. The larval stage dies in human beings without reaching the adult stage. Larval anisakis

simplex develops into a reproducing adult only in marine mammals.

4. The larva of anisakis simplex is found most commonly in the stomach of human beings and hence the resulting infection is called as gastric anisakiasis.

5. The larva of anisakis simplex measures 2cm in length and is larger than the adult hookworms.

6. Gastric anisakiasis commonly presents acutely or with severe acute symptoms like severe chest pain or severe abdominal pain.

7. Albendazole is not effective in relieving the acute symptoms and endoscopic extraction of the larva of anisakis simplex from the stomach of human beings is the best treatment.

CONCLUSION

Hence upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy is a very useful investigation to diagnose parasitic infection like hookworm infection of stomach and gastric infection by the larva of anisakis simplex .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author sincerely thanks the staff nurses Shenbaghaprabha, Nithya and A.K. Selvi who were assisting the author while doing endoscopy and for their immense help rendered to the author while conducting this work. The author acknowledges the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The author is also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. The author is extremely grateful to IJCRR editorial board members and IJCRR team of reviewers who have helped to bring quality to this manuscript.

References:

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2. Kato T, Kamoi R, Iida M, Kihara T. Endoscopic diagnosis of hookworm disease of the duodenum J Clin Gastroenterol. 1997 Mar;24(2):100-102

3. Kibiki GS, Thielman NM, Maro VP, Sam NE, Dolmans WM, Crump JA. Hookworm infection of the duodenum associated with dyspepsia and diagnosed by oesophagoduodenoscopy: case report. East Afr Med J. 2006 Dec;83(12):689-92.

4. Wu KL, Chuah SK, Hsu CC, Chiu KW, Chiu YC, Changchien CS. Endoscopic Diagnosis of Hookworm Disease of the Duodenum: A Case Report. J Intern Med Taiwan 2002;13:27-30.

5. Kuo YC, Chang CW, Chen CJ, Wang TE, Chang WH, Shih SC. Endoscopic Diagnosis of Hookworm Infection That Caused Anemia in an Elderly Person. International Journal of Gerontology. 2010 ; 4(4) : 199-201

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7. Anjum Saeed, Huma Arshad Cheema, Arshad Alvi, Hassan Suleman. Hookworm infestation in children presenting with malena-case series Pak J Med Res Oct - Dec 2008;47(4) ):98- 100

8. Mahadeva S, Qua C-S, Yusoff W, et al. Repeat endoscopy for recurrent iron deficiency anemia: an (un)expected finding from Southeast Asia. Dig Dis Sci 2007;52:523–525

9. Reddy SC, Vega KJ. Endoscopic diagnosis of chronic severe upper GI bleeding due to helminthic infection. Gastrointest Endosc May 2008;67(6) 990-992

10. Nakagawa Y, Nagai T, Okawara H, Nakashima H, Tasaki T, Soma W, et al. Comparison of magnified endoscopic images of Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm) and Anisakis simplex.Endoscopy 2009;41(Suppl. 2):E189

11. LEE, T.-H., YANG, J.-c., LIN, J.-T., LU, S.-C. and WANG, T.- H. Hookworm Infection Diagnosed by Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: —Report of Two Cases with Review of the Literature- Digestive Endoscopy, 1994 6(1): 66–72

12. Thomas V, Jose T, Harish K, Kumar S. Hookworm infestation of antrum of stomach. Indian J Gastroenterol 2006 MayJun;25(3):154

13. Dumont A, Seferian V, Barbier P.Endoscopic discovery and capture of Necator Americanus in the stomach. Endoscopy. 1983 Mar;15(2):65-6.

14. Muñoz-Navas M, Macías E, García-Villarreal L, Val J, Angós R. Endoscopic diagnosis and extraction of gastric parasites Endoscopy. 1993 Sep; 25(7):491

15. Akasaka Y, Kizu M, Aoike A et al.: Endoscopic management of acute gastric anisakiasis. Endoscopy 1979 may;11 /[2}/: 158- 162

16. Deardorff TL, Fukumura T, Raybourne RB: Invasive anisakiasis. A case report from Hawaii. Gastroenterology 1986april; 90[4}/: 1047-1050.

17. Hsiu JG, Gamsey AJ, Ives CE et al.: Gastric anisakiasis: report of a case with clinical, endoscopic and histological findings. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1986dec/; 81[12}/: 1185-1187

18. Bouree P1, Paugam A, Petithory JC Anisakidosis: report of 25 cases and review of the literature Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995 Feb;18(2):75-84.

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Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


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A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
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A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
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List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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