International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 14(11), June, 2022

Pages: 26-30

Date of Publication: 03-Jun-2022


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Relationship of Adiponectin Levels with Body Mass Index (BMI) in Pregnancy

Author: Akhtar Y, Fatima K, Mehtab M, Kashif S

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: Low adiponectin level is an indication of insulin resistance during gestational weight gain, and could be used as a marker for diabetes or hypertension in pregnancy. Objective: To find the relationship between BMI and adiponectin levels in pregnant women. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, total 200 study participants were selected. Participants were 24 to 40 weeks pregnant, with or without gestational diabetes mellitus. Patients with pre-existing or pre-pregnancy diabetes were excluded from study. BMI was calculated at the time of the study. Adiponectin levels were measured on Metrolab ELISA, using Human Adiponectin ELISA kit by Biovendor, Germany. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze data. Results: Out of 200 participants, 100 had gestational diabetes. None of the participants was below normal weight, however, about 38% of participants were overweight, and about 58% of participants were obese, according to WHO-Asian criteria. Adiponectin level was below normal in more than 60% of patients. No difference was found between BMI within diabetes-based groups. But there was a significant difference between adiponectin levels in Group I and Group II. No relationship of BMI was found with diabetes-based groups, gestational age groups, or adiponectin categories. A significant relationship was found between the diabetic group and low serum adiponectin levels. Regression analysis showed that BMI was neither a predictor of diabetes nor adiponectin levels. However, adiponectin levels were a predictor of diabetes in pregnancy. Conclusion: Our study could not find a relationship of BMI with either adiponectin levels or gestational diabetes. Low adiponectin levels, however, could predict gestational diabetes.

Keywords: Gestational, Weight gain, Adiponectin, Pakistan, Pregnancy trimester, BMI

Full Text:

Introduction:

                    Weight gained by women during pregnancy is called gestational weight gain (GWG). This weight gain includes the fat and lean mass of the mother’s body, the weight of the baby, placenta, and amniotic fluid.1 Insufficient or excessive weight gained by the mother is of great concern for the healthcare team as this results in adverse health outcomes for both mother and the child. Excessive weight gain could result in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus in the mother and resultant macrosomia in the fetus, or it could lead to hypertension in the mother and resultant placental abruption causing fetal death. Conversely, insufficient weight gain could lead to preterm delivery.2 According to Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines 2009, recommended gestational weight gain is 12.7–18.2 kgs for underweight (<18.5 kg/m²), 11.5 kgs to 16 kgs for those with normal pre-pregnancy BMI (18.5–24.9 kg/m²), 7 to 11.5 kgs for overweight (25–29.9 kg/m²), and 5 to 9 kgs for obese (≥ 30 kg/m²)2, for healthy maternal and fetal outcome.

                  Adiponectin levels are inversely related to increased visceral fat in overweight and obese subjects.3,4,5 Studies show that low adiponectin level is an indication of insulin resistance in conditions like physiological weight gain of pregnancy as well as in gestational DM.6 Adiponectin could be used as a marker for the prediction of excessive fat deposition, insulin resistance, and hence also for diabetes or hypertension in pregnancy.

                  Our study focused on the relationship and effect of BMI of pregnant women with serum adiponectin levels. We also intended to find the relationship between serum adiponectin levels with gestational diabetes.

Methods:

                     It was a cross-sectional study. The study participants were selected from four public and one private tertiary care hospital of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. The study was approved by IRB of Khyber Medical College. IRB No. was 139/PG/KMC. Participants included were those with a single fetus, 24 to 40 weeks pregnant, with or without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Patients with multiple pregnancies and pre-existing or pre-pregnancy diabetes were excluded from the study. The weight and height of all study participants were measured and BMI was calculated by using the formula weight (kgs)/ height (m²).

                      Participants of the study were categorized into Group I (non-diabetic pregnant women), and Group II (women with gestational diabetes mellitus). Categories of the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy were also made by using a cut-off point of ≥28 weeks of pregnancy. According to WHO recommendations, Asian BMI cut-off values were different from those set for Caucasians.7 Hence, the BMI cut-off point of <18.5 kg/m² was set as underweight, 18.5-22.9 kg/m² as normal, and ≥23 kg/m² was set as overweight or obese. Adiponectin levels in serum range between 5 and 30 µg/mL.6 Hence, a cut-off level for hypoadiponectinemia was set at below 5 µg/mL.

                    SPSS version 20 was used to analyze data. Frequencies and percentages of all categories were calculated. Chi-square tests were run between BMI and adiponectin levels, groups of diabetics and non-diabetics, and gestational age groups. Binary regression analysis was also done to find out the effect of BMI on adiponectin levels and diabetic status during pregnancy.

Results:

                There was a total of 200 participants in the study. About 25% of these participants were in their teenage, and the remaining participants were between 19 to 28 years of age. Fifty percent of the study group was suffering from gestational diabetes. Thirty percent of the participants were in their second trimester of pregnancy, and seventy percent of the participants were in their third trimester of pregnancy. None of the participants was below normal weight, however, about 50% of participants fell in the overweight category, and about 30% of participants fell in the obese category according to WHO criteria. But according to WHO-Asian criteria about 38% of participants fell in the overweight category, and around 58% of participants fell in the obese category. Adiponectin level was lower than the normal limit in more than 60% of cases (Table 1).

Differences between means of the age of participants, gestational age, BMI, and adiponectin levels were calculated between diabetic and non-diabetic groups. Statistically, a significant difference was only found between values of adiponectin levels in Group I and Group II (Table 2). No difference was found between means of the age of participants, BMI, or gestational age.

                                                         

Chi-square tests were run between BMI, diabetes-based groups, gestational age groups, and adiponectin categories. No relationship of BMI was found with diabetes-based groups, gestational age groups, or adiponectin categories. Only one significant relationship was found; a moderately strong relationship was present between the diabetic group and low serum adiponectin levels (Table 3).

                                                         

                     Binary logistic regression analysis was done to find out the predictive strength of BMI on gestational diabetes, as well as on adiponectin levels. Regression analysis showed that BMI was neither a predictor of diabetes nor of low adiponectin levels. However, adiponectin levels were found to be a predictor of diabetes in pregnancy, even after adjusting with the patient’s age, gestational age, and BMI. Similarly, diabetes could predict hypoadiponectinemia (Table 4), after adjusting with the patient’s age, gestational age, and BMI.

                                                           

Discussion:

Fifty percent of our study population comprised diabetic patients. Most of these patients were in their last trimester of pregnancy. BMI of almost all patients fell in the overweight and obese categories. Hypoadiponectinemia was present in the diabetic group only.

Mother’s body composition changes throughout pregnancy. Only small changes occur in maternal fat mass during early pregnancy, whereas much larger changes occur in the latter part of gestation.8 In the initial months of gestation, the uterus and breast tissue grow, and the blood volume expands. In the later part of pregnancy, the fetus, amniotic fluid, and placenta grow to a larger extent, along with the growth of maternal tissues and expansion of blood volume.8 Fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid contribute to about a third of the total GWG. Due to the lack of repeated assessment of body composition, there is limited data on fat gain during pregnancy.8 It was difficult to assess the fat gain in this group due to various reasons. Firstly, it was a cross-sectional study, and the weight and height were measured at the time of taking samples for serum adiponectin levels. Some patients were already registered in antenatal records, but their earliest weight was not noted, because data for the rest of the group participants were not available. In order to avoid confusion in the BMI data, only weight data recorded at the time of the conduction of the study was utilized. Secondly, about 30% of the participants were in their second trimester of pregnancy, and 70% of the patients were in their third trimester of pregnancy, and it was not possible to assess maternal fat gain by merely performing simple anthropometric measurements. In our study, about 38% of the participants were overweight, and about 58% were obese, according to WHO-Asian criteria (Fig 1B), and about 50% of the participants were overweight, and about 30% were obese, according to WHO world criteria (Fig 1A). This meant that the pre-pregnancy weight of most of these patients might already have been high. As most of these patients were in their last trimester of pregnancy, they were expected to have a large BMI owing to GWG. In our study, BMI was the parameter used to assess the adiposity of the group, but no significant difference was found between the BMI of the diabetic and non-diabetic groups. There was also no significant difference in BMI between the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. In our study, BMI was also unable to predict diabetes in pregnancy.

Adipose tissue increases during pregnancy due to metabolic changes of gestation. These changes are actually meant to meet the energy requirements of fetal development.9Adiponectin is an adipokine. Its level normally falls in overweight and obese.10Hence, with a high BMI in pregnancy, a decline in adiponectin levels was expected. But in our study, no relationship of BMI could be found with adiponectin levels. BMI failed to predict adiponectin levels also.

The adiposis of pregnancy is followed by an increased lipolytic activity, which is facilitated by a decline in insulin sensitivity. 9 This reduction in insulin sensitivity can lead to gestational diabetes. Adiponectin levels also fall as pregnancy progresses.10Adiponectin levels could also predict diabetes in pregnancy.11,12 In our study, adiponectin levels were significantly lower in the diabetic group. Low adiponectin levels could predict gestational diabetes in our study. Conversely, gestational diabetes could also predict low adiponectin levels in our study.

In one study, patients were recruited from primary and secondary care hospitals of Karachi, Sindh Province, Pakistan.13 These women were in their first trimester of pregnancy. There were about 21% underweight, 43% normal weight, and 36% overweight women in the study (Fig 2). Findings were consistent with the pre-pregnancy weights of women from Sindh Province, according to Pakistan’s latest National Nutritional Survey.14 However, during a household survey in small cities in Sindh, during all three trimesters of pregnancy, about 22% of women were found to be underweight, 69% of women were normal, and about 9% were overweight or obese.15 GWG seemed to be minimal in these women because if they had gained weight according to IOM recommendations, their weight should have fallen at least in the overweight category. In yet another study done in a tertiary care hospital, in Lahore, Punjab Province, Pakistan, pre-pregnancy and/or first-trimester BMI data showed 4% underweight, 47% normal, 33% overweight, and 16% obese women (Fig 2).16 These findings were also close to National Nutritional Survey, 2018 findings from Punjab, Pakistan. These studies showed that being underweight was more pronounced in smaller cities, and these findings were consistent with NNS, 2018. According to the National Nutrition Survey 2018, Pakistan, about 10% of non-pregnant women of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, aged 15-49 years, were underweight, about 45% had normal BMI, about 30% of women were overweight, and 15% women were obese. According to WHO world criteria, about 50% of our study population fell in the overweight category, and about 30% population fell in the obese category (Fig 2). It has to be kept in mind that 30% of our study population was in their second trimester of pregnancy, and had not reached the maximum weight gain yet. However, our analysis showed that even in the second trimester of pregnancy, more than 75% of the participants fell into overweight and obese categories, according to both WHO and WHO-Asian criteria (Fig 1). The comparison of BMI data of pregnant women from Punjab, and Sindh urban cities and our study showed that at least 36% of participants of the former two studies were overweight and obese even at the beginning of pregnancy. As our study data was from later trimesters of pregnancy, the majority of the participants were overweight/obese (Fig 2).

                                             

Both undernutrition and obesity are hazardous for health. Risks of poor outcomes of pregnancy, for both mother and baby, increase if the mother is underweight or overweight. Although the proportion of underweight in Pakistani women has reduced, the proportion of overweight and obese women has drastically increased.14 The dietary habits of the Pakistani population include the consumption of energy-dense foods such as carbohydrates, sugar, and ghee.17These habits lead to overweight and obesity. Westernization has also struck the urban areas of Pakistan, leading to obesity. But women in low and middle-income countries suffer from malnutrition and they face considerable barriers in reaching optimum nutritional goals.18 Pregnant women from small districts from all over Pakistan were found to be less likely to consume any iron and folic acid supplements. They had no education, their husbands were uneducated, and the household belonged to the lowest socioeconomic status. Also, no antenatal services were used by these women.18,19 Hence, both undernutrition and obesity can be found in mothers in the Pakistani population, and strategies should be sought in order to take care of this population, on which the health and life of our future generation depend.

                                     

Conclusion:

Our population was from an urban area of Pakistan, which had already reported a prevalence of overweight and obesity in non-pregnant women. The study population had a high BMI, but this BMI could not predict hypoadiponectinemia or gestational diabetes. However, low adiponectin levels could predict gestational diabetes. 

 Acknowledgment: Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to the authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals, and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

 Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest.

Source of funding: NIL

 Individual author contributions:

Dr. Akhtar Y:    Concept, Design, Data collection

Dr. Fatima K:     Design, Data analysis

Dr. Mehtab M:   Manuscript writing, Literature search

Dr. Kashif S:      Data analysis, Manuscript editing

References:

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2. Ukah UV, Bayrampour H, Sabr Y,. Association between gestational weight gain and severe adverse birth outcomes in Washington State, US: A population-based retrospective cohort study, 2004–2013. Myers JE, ed. PLoS Med. 2019;16:e1003009. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003009

3. Gariballa S, Alkaabi J, Yasin J, Al Essa A. Total adiponectin in overweight and obese subjects and its response to visceral fat loss. BMC Endocr Disord. 2019;19:55. doi:10.1186/s12902- 019-0386-z

4. Kumar R, Mi K, Badruddeen J A,. Solasodine with Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats by Modulating Adipokines and Lipid Peroxidation. IJCRR. 2021;13(11):38-44. doi:10.31782/ IJCRR.2021.131109

5. Chaitali M, Cg R, Ac A. Adiponectin to Resistin Ratio concerning Insulin Resistance in Different Phenotypes of PCOS in Indian Population. IJCRR. 2021;13(19):09-13. doi:10.31782/ IJCRR.2021.131904

6. Mallardo M, Ferraro S, Daniele A, Nigro E. GDM-complicated pregnancies: focus on adipokines. Mol Biol Rep. 2021;48:8171- 80. doi:10.1007/s11033-021-06785-0

7. WHO. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363:157-63. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3

8. Most J, Marlatt KL, Altazan AD, Redman LM. Advances in assessing body composition during pregnancy. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018;72:645-56. doi:10.1038/s41430-018-0152-8

9. Pheiffer C, Dias S, Jack B, Malaza N, Adam S. Adiponectin as a Potential Biomarker for Pregnancy Disorders. IJMS. 2021;22:1326. doi:10.3390/ijms22031326

10. Adu-Gyamfi EA, Fondjo LA, Owiredu WKBA. The role of adiponectin in placentation and preeclampsia. Cell Biochem Funct. 2020;38:106-17. doi:10.1002/cbf.3458

11. Liu H, Yang Y, Wang Y,. The ketogenic diet for treatment of intractable epilepsy in adults: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Epilepsia Open. 2018;3:9-17. doi:10.1002/epi4.12098

12. Raza, S., Ali, U., Zubairi, A.M., Salim, E. Mean Adiponectin Levels and Frequency of Hypoadiponectinemia in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. PJMD. Published online February 28, 2021. doi:10.36283/PJMD10-1/007

13. Riaz M, Shaikh F, Fawwad A, Hakeem R, Shera AS, Hitman GA, et al. Maternal Nutrition during Early Pregnancy and Cardiometabolic Status of Neonates at Birth. J. Diabetes Res [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Feb 4];1–8. Available from: https://www. hindawi.com/journals/jdr/2018/7382946/

14. UNICEF, Pakistan. National Nutrition Survey 2018. Published online 2018.

15. Khan GN, Ariff S, Kureishy S,. Effectiveness of wheat soya blend supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on pregnancy outcomes and nutritional status of their infants at 6 months of age in Thatta and Sujawal districts of Sindh, Pakistan: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60:781-9. doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02276-3

16. Gul R, Iqbal S, Anwar Z, Ahdi SG, Ali SH, Pirzada S. Pre-pregnancy maternal BMI as a predictor of neonatal birth weight. Petry CJ, ed. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0240748. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0240748

17. Asifa K, Aqsa AA, Sameena I. Socio-demographic determinants of BMI of Pakistani women: evidence from PDHS (2017-18) using quantile regression analysis. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71. doi:10.47391/JPMA.1459

18. Goudet S, Murira Z, Torlesse H, Hatchard J, Busch-Hallen J. Effectiveness of program approaches to improve the coverage of maternal nutrition interventions in South Asia. Matern Child Nutr. 2018;14. doi:10.1111/mcn.12699

19. Asim M, Ahmed ZH, Nichols AR. What stops us from eating: a qualitative investigation of dietary barriers during pregnancy in Punjab, Pakistan. Public Health Nutr. Published online April 19, 2021:1-10. doi:10.1017/S1368980021001737.

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One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


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A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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