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International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR DOI Prefix (CrossRef): 10.31782/2231-2196

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IJCRR - 13(21), November, 2021

Pages: 42-47

Date of Publication: 09-Nov-2021


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A Study of Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy Among Type-II Diabetic Patients

Author: Surendra B.V., Muthiah N.S., Sailaja M.V., Prabhu K.

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: Though very common, CAN is a least understood complication of diabetes which is often under-diagnosed. In diabetes mellitus patients, CAN leads to silent myocardial infarction and sudden death. So by identifying CAN early, which is asymptomatic will help to delay or arrest its progression. Aim: To find out the prevalence and the associated risk factors of Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) among type-II Diabetes Mellitus patients in a tertiary care hospital. Materials & Methods: A total of 273 type-II diabetic participants were selected after taking into consideration of inclusion & exclusion criteria. The prevalence of CAN was assessed by ewings and clarkesn on invasive cardiac autonomic neuropathy reflex tests. The association of risk factors with the presence of CAN was analysed by using the Pearsons chi-square test. Data were analysed by using SPSS 16. The accepted level of significance was set below 0.05 (P< 0.05). Results: The prevalence of CAN among type-II diabetic patients in this study was found to be 34%. Prevalence of CAN increased in the participants with male gender, increased age, and increased BMI, increased duration of diabetes, poor glycaemic control, dyslipidemia, smokers and hypertension and it is statistically significant. Conclusion: In this study, it is observed that the prevalence of CAN increased with old age, male gender, poor glycemic control, increased duration of diabetes, Dyslipidemia, higher BMI, Hypertension & smoking. So risk factors associated with the CAN be detected and treated at an early stage to further reduce morbidity and mortality.

Keywords: Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN), Diabetes Mellitus, Ewings test, Risk factors, Prevalence, Cardiac autonomic function tests (CAFT)

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION:

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that occurs either due to decreased insulin level or insulin resistance Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy1 can involve the entire autonomic nervous system (ANS). It is manifested by dysfunction 2 of one or more organ systems.(e.g.,cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary,sudomotor,or ocular) CardiacAutonomicNeuropathy (CAN) is a serious complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) that is among the least recognized and understood. Not only does it affect the survival and quality of life in diabetics 3-5 it is also a major source of increased cost in diabetic care. Currently, a consensus exists that CAN is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events 6,  Its high mortality rate is related to cardiac arrhythmias, silent myocardial ischemia, sudden death, perioperative cardiovascular, and cardiorespiratory instability.7 the autonomic fibres innervating heart and blood vessels are affected in CAN and causes disturbances in cardiovascular dynamics 8 and anatomy9 It is recommended by several professional bodies,10-12 to perform a subclinical assessment of CAN by utilizing CARTs as soon as T2DM is diagnosed. Ewing’s CARTs are considered as Gold standard in CAN, therefore, consistently been used for its subclinical assessment.13,14 Hyperglycemia, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and smoking which are the modifiable risk factors are among the proposed risk factors for Cardiac autonomic neuropathy 15,16–20No clear evidence supports glucose-lowering intervention to prevent CAN in type 2 diabetes 21. On the other hand in the steno-2 trial, multifactorial therapy decreased the development of CAN up to 68%.22

The present study was planned to find out the prevalence of Cardiac autonomic neuropathy and the risk factors associated with CAN among type-II Diabetes Mellitus participants in a tertiary care hospital.

Material and methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted at the department of General medicine OPD, Viswabharathi medical college from December 2019 to November 2020. 273 type-II Type-II DM patients with ≥ 3years of the duration of both sexes aged between 35-80 years were selected for this study by purposive sampling technique. Participants with other diseases associated with the autonomic nervous system, Patients on drugs like sympathomimetics, and antiarrhythmics, patients with underlying cardiac illness, and uncooperative and physically disabled patients were excluded from this study.

This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee having approval number VMC/IEC/2/2018  and an informed consent form was obtained from the study participants.

Study protocol:

A questionnaire That included socio-demographic details such as age, sex; anthropometric details such as height, weight; duration of diabetes, smoking & Hypertension history was administered to each patient.

clinical and laboratory parameters such as BMI, Blood pressure, HbA1c, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides were collected from each patient

BMI: by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters BMI was calculated.

Blood pressure was measured with a standard mercury manometer and if their blood pressure values were >140/90 mmHg or they were taking any antihypertensive drugs were considered to have arterial hypertension

after an overnight fasting Venous blood was drawn in the morning. using the automatic analyzer. Serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides Were measured and Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Ewings Cardiovascular Reflex Tests (CRT): All the patients selected for the study underwent Cardiovascular Reflex Tests (CRT) for evaluation of cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Standard 12 lead ECG was taken and heart rate was measured by continuous ECG recording using lead II.

Instruments: 1. ECG instrument (CONTEC ECG300G) with a paper speed of 25mm/sec

                   2. Diamond Sphygmomanometer BP instrument

All five Ewing`s tests were performed as following for the detection of DCAN (diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy):

I. Tests for assessing parasympathetic function

1) Heart rate response to deep breathing test:

2) Heart rate response to Valsalva maneuver

3) Heart rate response to standing

II.. Tests for assessing sympathetic function:

1) Blood pressure response to sustained handgrip

2) Bloodpressureresponsetostanding

The results were then categorized into one of the four groups

Normal           

Early CAN - One of three parasympathetic tests abnormal or two borderline

Definite CAN- Two parasympathetic tests abnormal

Severe CAN- Two parasympathetic tests abnormal + one or both sympathetic tests abnormal

Statistical Analysis: Data analysis was done by using Software Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) trial version 16. Continuous data were analysed by using the Student unpaired t-test. The association of risk factors with the prevalence of CAN was analysed by using the Pearsons chi square test. The accepted level of significance was set below 0.05 (P<0.05).

RESULTS:

A total of 273 type-II diabetes patients were included. Out of which 142 were males and 131 were females

Prevalence of CAN-based on Ewings tests criteria

Fig. 1 is showing the Prevalence of CAN-based on Ewings tests criteria. The prevalence of  CAN is 34% among type-2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Severity of CAN

Fig. 2 is showing the severity of CAN. Out of 93 T2DM participants with cardiac autonomic neuropathy, 36 (39%) individuals had ‘early’, 51 (55%) had ‘definite’ and 6 (6%) had ‘advanced’ Cardiac autonomicNeuropathy

Comparison of continuous variables between CAN & Non-CAN participants was described in Table-1

the mean age BMIduration of diabetesHbA1cSBPDBPserum triglycerides serum cholesterol were higher in CAN patients than non CAN patients

The association between various risk factors and prevalence of CAN was described in Table 2

Prevalence of CAN increased in the participants with male gender, increased age, and increased BMI, increased duration of diabetes, poor glycaemic control, dyslipidemia, smokers and hypertension and it is statistically significant.

DISCUSSION:

In the present study, the prevalence of CAN was found to be 34%. DAN study in 2014reported the prevalence of CAN among type-II Diabetes as 35% 23. Gupta and Gupta in 2017 24 found that CAN was present in 54 patients (54%) out of 100 patients. Barthwal et al. in 1997 25 reported prevalence of cardiac dysautonomia as 36.2% in Indian diabetic patients whereas Mathur and Gupta in 2006 26 reported prevalence of CAN as 58%.

Our study reported increasing age as a risk factor for CAN. Similarly, Pappachan J et al. 27 &Refaie W et al. 28 in their studies reported increasing age as a risk factor for the development of CAN among diabetes patients.

Our study found that the male gender is more associated with CAN. This is in contrast with the study done by Sukl et al.29 which reported that female gender is the risk factor for developing CAN.

Our study reported that poor glycemic control is a risk factor for CAN. Similarly, Haji Khan Khoharo et al. reported that the prevalence of CAN is associated with poor glycemic control 30.

Our study reported an increased duration of diabetes as a risk factor for CAN. Similarly, Ahire et al. 31reported that CAN is associated with an increased duration of diabetes & David CL et al. 32 also reported an increase in CAN prevalence as the duration of diabetes is increased.

Our study reported that dyslipidemia is a risk factor for CAN. Similarly, Anca Moususianu et al. in their study reported that elevated triglyceride and cholesterol levels are associated with the prevalence of CAN 33

Our study reported that obesity is a risk factor for CAN. Similarly, R. H. Straub et al.34 & B. Bergstrom 35 in their study observed that the prevalence of CAN is associated with obesity.

Our study reported Hypertension as a risk factor for CAN. Similarly, Vincenza Spallone et al.36 in their study found that the prevalence of CAN among diabetic patients is associated with an increase in Blood Pressure.

Our study reported smoking as a risk factor for CAN. Similarly Shai I et al. 37 reported that there is an increased prevalence of Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in individuals with smoking.

CONCLUSION:

The prevalence of CAN in our study was found to be 34% and it is high. So these simple bedside tests are helping in diagnosing the disease which enables to prevent its progression by appropriate interventions and it is concluded that risk factors are associated with the prevalence of CAN among type-II diabetes and therefore it highlights the importance of addressing not only glycaemic control but also modifiable risk factors like hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking as a preventive strategy against CAN. So it is essential that risk factors associated with the progression and development of CAN be detected and treated at an early stage to further reduce morbidity and mortality.

In our study, the limitation of the study was the sample size which was not large enough to represent the whole population. so studies that include more subjects are required to confirm the findings of our study.

Acknowledgements: The author would like to thanks Dr. N.S.Muthiah, Dr.M.V.Sailaja, Dr.K.Prabhu, Dr. K. Sreenivasulu and Dr. Sukumar for their contribution.

Conflict of Interest: None

Financial support: None

Author contribution:

  1. Dr. N.S.Muthiah has given suggestions in doing the journal

  2. Dr. M.V.Sailaja has done the review of the literature

  3. Dr. K. Prabhu helped in doing statistics

  4. B.V.Surendra written the article

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A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award

A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award

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