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IJCRR - 7(21), November, 2015

Pages: 19-24

Date of Publication: 11-Nov-2015


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PHYSIOTHERAPY FOR INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION: A REVIEW ARTICLE

Author: Preeti S. Christian

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) mainly occurs due to atherosclerotic stenosis or occlusion of the arteries of the lower limbs, resulting in an impairment of blood flow to the legs. Patients with PAD have a significant reduction in their physical activities like walking due to intermittent claudication. Intermittent claudication is a major symptom of Peripheral arterial disease. It is cramping pain, aggravated by exercise and relieved by rest. It is because of atherosclerosis, fatty deposits blocking blood flow through the arteries, which reduce blood flow to the muscles of leg. Treatments include stopping smoking, starting to physiotherapy, drugs
and surgery. This review of article found that physiotherapy can relieve intermittent claudication for many people. Exercise may be better than angioplasty. Some other types of surgeries are available which are more effective than exercise, but they carry more risks. Nowadays various modes of physiotherapy are available. It is advisable to start physiotherapy treatment with proper guidance.

Keywords: Intermittent claudication, Peripheral arterial disease, Atherosclerosis, Physiotherapy.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Intermittent claudication is a symptom that describes muscle pain (ache, cramp, numbness or sense of fatigue), classically in the calf muscle, which occurs during exercise, such as walking, and is relieved by a short period of rest. The pain occurs again when the same amount of exercise is taken. It is classically associated with early-stage peripheral artery disease, and can progress to critical limb ischemia unless treated or risk factors are modified. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is characterised by atherosclerotic stenosis or occlusion of the arteries of the lower limbs, resulting in an impairment of blood flow to the legs. Claudication derives from the Latin verb claudicare, “to limp”.1 it is thought that 10% of patients with IC progress to critical limb ischemia and 2% require amputation.2 There are multiple classifications for which to grade the severity of claudication, such as the Fontaine scale: 4

• Stage 1 - No symptoms

• Stage 2 - Intermittent claudication 2a - no resting pain, onset of claudication in more than 200 meters 2b - no resting pain, onset of claudication in less than 200 meters

• Stage 3 - Nocturnal and/or resting pain

Stage 4 - Necrosis (death of tissue) and/or gangrene in the limb Investigation can be done by Ankle brachial pressure index, Exercise tests, Electrocardiography, Angiography.3

TREATMENT AVAILABLE FOR INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION 3

1. MEDICAL TREATMENT:
• Medications to help control high blood pressure and cholesterol. Other drugs that may help include antiplatelet medications to prevent blood clots.

• In severe cases, procedures may be needed to open blocked blood vessels.

2. PHYSIOTHERAPY TREATMENT:
Regular exercise, which is essential for patients with mild-to-moderate PAD.

3. OTHER MEASURES:
• Smoking cessation.

PHYSIOTHERAPY GUIDELINES:
Following are the guidelines for the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease with complain of IC which is given by American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC): 4

• Supervised treadmill or track walking at an intensity that elicits claudication symptoms within 3 to 5 minutes (a score of 1 on the Claudication Pain Rating Scale-Figure 1).4

• Walking until the claudication pain is rated as moderate (a score of 2 on the Claudication Pain Rating Scale- Figure 1), followed by standing or sitting rest to permit symptoms to resolve.4

• Repeating these exercise and rest cycles for 35 minutes of intermittent walking.4

• Increasing the exercise program by 5 minutes per session to 50 minutes, 3 to 5 times per week, for a minimum of 12 weeks.4

DIFFERENT MODES OF EXERCISES:

1. SUPERVISED VS NON SUPERVISED 6, 7
In regular care, exercise therapy is usually prescribed in the form of advice to “go home and walk”, without supervision or follow-up. 6 There is no evidence to support the efficacy of this advice and compliance is known to be low.7 Factors, such as fear of pain, inadequate knowledge and poor general condition, contribute to the difficulty of starting, sustaining and maintaining exercise therapy. Supervised exercise therapy (SET) entails adequate coaching to increase the maximal walking distance. Patients can be gradually transitioned to independent, unsupervised exercise over time if independent exercise is deemed safe by the program staff. At the completion of the supervised training program, patients should be given a home exercise prescription to maintain activity levels because it is expected that exercise training should be continued as a lifelong activity.6, 7

2. LOW VS HIGH INTENSITY 6, 7
Intensity can be guided by an exercise tolerance test with the use of heart rate reserve or oxygen uptake reserve.

3. WEIGHT BEARING VS NON WEIGHT BEARING 47
Weight bearing exercises: treadmill, stepper Non weight bearing exercises: cycling, rowing 4.

UPPER BODY VS LOWER BODY EXERCIS 47
Upper body exercises: Biceps curl, Triceps extension, Overhead press, Lateral raises, Bench press, Lateral pull-down/pull-ups, Bent -over/ seated row Lower body exercises: Leg extensions, curls, press, Adductor/abductor, ankle planter/dorsiflexion, toe flexion/extension

MECHANISM OF EFFECTS OF EXERCISE:
Possible mechanisms, through which exercise may mediate an improvement in intermittent claudication, are described below.

1. Increase Collateral Circulation:
Functional limitation in PAD traditionally has been ascribed to diminished blood flow induced by arterial obstruction from atherosclerotic stenosis. Typical intermittent claudication could theoretically be attributed to ischemia induced by an oxygen demand and supply imbalance. Certainly, fixed atherosclerotic lesions reflected in a diminished ABI are the precipitating event that leads to functional abnormalities in PAD. 8-11 Theoretically, enhanced distal blood flow due to vascular adaptations could underlie the benefits of exercise therapy in PAD. In animal models of arterial insufficiency, available evidence indicates that exercise training augments peripheral arterial supply.8-11 Recent studies demonstrate that exercise stimulates gains in collateral blood flow after femoral occlusion in rodent models through collateral enlargement.8, 12, 13 Collateral growth induced by exercise reflects vascular structural remodelling, a process that depends on both growth factor activity and increased nitric oxide bioavailability via shear stress stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.8,12,14

2. Improve Endothelial Health:
 Normal vascular function depends on a healthy endothelium that elaborates vasoprotective factors, including nitric oxide to regulate arterial flow. Reduced nitric oxide bioavailability in the skeletal muscle microcirculation diminishes the hyperaemic flow response to ischemia and may impede augmentation of blood flow during exercise in PAD.15, 16 Two studies have demonstrated an improvement in endothelial function with exercise training in PAD. A supervised exercise program increased endothelium-dependent flow mediated dilation of the brachial artery by 65% in 19 elderly patients with intermittent claudication.17 In the randomized trial comparing treadmill exercise with lower-extremity strength training and with usual care in PAD, treadmill exercise but not lower-extremity strength training augmented flow-mediated dilation, consistent with improvement in endothelial health. McDermott and colleagues evaluated the effect of each exercise regimen on flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery.18

3. Enhance Skeletal Muscle Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function: Metabolic dysfunction at the skeletal muscle level superimposed on compromised blood flow has the potential to magnify physical limitation. Episodic ischemia in concert with chronically low physical activity levels alters skeletal muscle phenotype in PAD patients.5 Altered skeletal muscle energetics in PAD has been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Abnormal mitochondrial function may interfere with skeletal muscle oxygen utilization and accelerate endothelial damage.19, 20 Decreased calf muscle area and lower type I fiber content are associated with impairments in functional performance measures.21, 22 Exercise training has the potential to enhance skeletal muscle metabolism and mitochondrial function. Interestingly, exercise-induced capillary growth in skeletal muscle also depends on peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α, suggesting a connection between mitochondrial function and exercise adaptations relevant to PAD.24 In PAD patients, exercise training has been shown to restore carnitine metabolism in association with improved treadmill walking.25, 23

4. Suppressing Inflammatory Activation: Chronic inflammation participates in the atherosclerotic process. Systemic markers of inflammation including C-reactive protein and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 increase the risk of developing PAD.26,27 Higher levels of inflammation are associated with disease progression and with adverse cardiac and lower-extremity outcomes.28-30 Inflammation may accelerate functional impairment in PAD by favouring plaque growth and inducing skeletal muscle injury. Physical activity may have favourable effects in PAD by suppressing inflammatory activation. Extensive epidemiological data demonstrate lower inflammatory marker levels in individuals who participate in regular physical activity compared with those who are sedentary.31A 3-month exercise program ameliorated neutrophils activation after treadmill exercise in 46 PAD patients with claudication.32

DISCUSSION

The earliest suggested therapy for patients with intermittent claudication was exercise therapy. In 1898, Wilhelm Erb first described the results of a patient with intermittent claudication that was successfully treated with exercise.33 The results of the first randomised clinical trial were reported in 1966 by Larsen et al.34 In this study 7 patients were instructed to take a daily walk of at least one hour, besides their normal activities. Patients had to walk until claudication pain forced cessation of exercise and, after a period of rest until the pain disappeared, patients had to repeat the exercise. The 7 patients in the control group were given “medical treatment” in the form of lactose tablets. For the group treated with exercise, a significant increase in maximum walking time was seen, whereas the patients in the control group did not improve their walking distance. Nowadays, exercise therapy is extensively studied, and according to several guidelines the therapy of first choice for patients with complaints of intermittent claudication.35, 36, 37 Housley et al (1988) indicate that “stop smoking and keep walking” has long been the standard first line of management, despite a paucity of adequate studies showing benefits.4 The optimal training program for patients with intermittent claudication should be based on repeated walking until near-maximal pain followed by a short period of rest in a frequency of at least 3 times a week for 30 minutes during a period of at least 6 months.13

SUPERVISED VS NON SUPERVISED EXERCISES: However, the adherence of patients given an oral exercise advice is low. Co-morbidity, lack of specific advice, and lack of supervision are barriers to actually perform walking exercise.39 Supervised exercise therapy (SET) performs better in increasing walking distance compared to an oral exercise advice.38 The Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus Document on the management of PAD (TASC-II) recommends with ‘level A evidence’ that supervised exercise should be made available as part of the initial treatment for all patients with PAD.40 However, in routine clinical practice most patients only receive an oral advice to increase their walking activities, since supervised exercise programs are not universally available and implemented in daily care for patients with PAD. Supervised exercise programs are more effective than nonsupervised programs in improving treadmill walking distances in patients with IC. The evidence suggests that programs focus on walking at an intensity that elicits symptoms (score of 1 on the Claudication Pain Rating Scale- figure 1) within 3 to 5 minutes, stopping if symptoms become moderate (score of 2 on the Claudication Pain Rating Scale- figure 1), resting until symptoms have resolved, and then resuming walking. The exercise program should be for 30 to 60 minutes of exercise and rest cycles per session, 3 to 5 times per week, for a minimum of 3 months time period.41, 42 A recent Cochrane Review identified a significant improvement in walking distance in patients undergoing a supervised exercise therapy (SET) program compared with those involved in a nonsupervised program, with an increased difference in maximal walking distance of approximately 150 meter after 3 months of time period.43

LOW VS HIGH INTENSITY EXERCISE: Gardner Aw et al conducted a study to find out the effect of exercise intensity on the response to exercise rehabilitation in patients with intermittent claudication. The major finding of this investigation was that PAD patients limited by intermittent claudication who completed a low-intensity exercise program had similar improvements in physical function, peripheral circulation, and health-related quality of life as those patients who completed a high intensity exercise program. In conclusion, the efficacy of low-intensity exercise rehabilitation is similar to high intensity rehabilitation in improving markers of functional independence in PAD patients limited by intermittent claudication, provided that a few additional minutes of walking is accomplished to elicit a similar volume of exercise.44

UPPER VS LOWER EXTREMITY EXERCISE: The results of the randomized controlled trial conducted by Rena Zwierska et al suggested that both upper- and lower- limb weight-supported aerobic exercise training provide an adequate stimulus for evoking improvements in walking performance in patients with PAD. Evidence from the this study suggests that the improvement in walking performance after upper-limb training is due to a combination of central cardiovascular and/or systemic mechanisms in addition to an adaptation in exercise pain tolerance that enables patients to endure a greater intensity of claudication pain before test termination. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of alternative aerobic exercise interventions for patients with symptomatic PAD. Arm-cranking was very well tolerated by their patient cohort and at high exercise intensities using the interval training regimen. This, and other alternative exercise training modalities such as leg-cranking, and it could be a very useful strategy for improving cardiovascular function and exercise pain tolerance in patients who have become physically inactive due to the discomfort that they encounter during walking, particularly during the early stages of a rehabilitation program45

WEIGHT BEARING VS NON WEIGHT BEARING: Sanderson B et al concluded that however all forms of activity beneficial to Cardio Vascular health and fitness; nonweight bearing was more bearable still weight bearing was better, including 1.9 minutes increased time before onset of claudication. 46

CONCLUSION

Physiotherapy is very effective for patients with intermittent claudication to improve functional capacity and reduce cardiovascular risks. Patient can start with supervised program and then can switch to non supervised home program with proper selection of frequency and intensity. Patients should be encouraged to commence exercise at a moderate intensity, and should stop and rest if claudication pain becomes severe. Walking is most commonly used exercise form by patients. Other forms of exercise like cycling, arm-cranking, strengthening of large muscles of upper/lower body may also are incorporated as tolerated by patients. So physiotherapy treatment with proper guidance is very effective to relieve intermittent claudication.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very much grateful to my loving family members and friends for their interest in my academic excellence and also for their encouragement and support. I acknowledge the great help received from the scholars whose articles cited and included in references of this manuscript. I am also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed. I am grateful to IJCRR editorial board members and IJCRR team of reviewers who have helped to bring quality to this manuscript.

ABBREVIATIONS

PAD : Peripheral arterial disease

IC : Intermittent claudication

ABI : Ankle brachial pressure index

SET : Supervised exercise therapy

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A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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