International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 13(14), July, 2021

Pages: 54-61

Date of Publication: 20-Jul-2021


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Nutritional Management of Osteoporosis: It's More Than Calcium

Author: Pallavi Singh, Virginia Paul, Aditya Kumar Singh Pundir

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: Osteoporosis is a bone disorder that comes under the highly preventable disorder as, among all the risk factors of this bone disorder, most of them are modifiable and dependent on a person's behaviour. Objective: To review facts and findings related to the management of osteoporosis with the help of nutrients and behavioural modifications. Approach: Facilitating proper nutrition is a crucial part of a successful rehabilitation program for patients having osteoporotic fractures and studies have constantly shown that recommended intake of calcium, vitamin D and other nutrients like protein, vitamin C, vitamin K, sodium and phosphorus leads to reduce the loss of bone mass and fracture risks. Among all the macro and micronutrients, calcium has been a major focus of nutritional prevention of osteoporosis as Calcium has a profitable effect on BMD at every site for all ages. Conclusion: There is a scarcity of available knowledge and awareness regarding the role of different nutrients in the prevention and management of osteoporosis is generally calcium and vitamin D has been a major concern. Simultaneously collected evidence suggested that other factors like lifestyle, genetic factors and age-related factors may be a matter of concern in the management of osteoporosis.

Keywords: Osteoporosis, Bone Mineral Density, Micronutrient, Calcium, Vitamin D, Nutritional management

Full Text:

Introduction-

Osteoporosis is the most prevalent skeletal disorder affecting both sexes, but most importantly impacts women who experience a faster bone mineral density loss in the early years after menopause.1Osteoporosis is a bone disease with reduced density of bone, decreased bone strength, and absence of bone tissue relative to the biological bone quantity. People may not usually be conscious of their illness as osteoporosis is a "silent disorder" until they experience fragility fracture owing to weakening bones following a sudden strain on bones, bumps or falls.2 Osteoporosis is an extremely preventable disease as most of them are modifiable and dependent on a person's conduct among all the risk variables of this bone disorder. Facilitating proper nutrition for patients with osteoporotic fractures is a crucial factor for the success of the rehabilitation program and studies have consistently shown that adequate intake of calcium, vitamin D and other nutrients like protein, ascorbic acid, vitamin K, sodium and phosphorus leads to a reduction in the loss of density of the bones and risk of osteoporotic fractures.3

Among all the macro and micronutrients, calcium has been a major focus of nutritional prevention of osteoporosis as Calcium has a profitable effect on BMD at every site for all ages.4 Several factors are responsible for the management of osteoporosis like recommended intake of calcium, regular physical activity, daily exposure with sunlight and consumption of other essential dietary elements (e.g.-vitamin D, vitamin K, sodium, protein) and phytonutrients (e.g.-soy compounds) for their protective properties should be counted for the nutritional management of osteoporosis. So the other components of the diet like minerals and vitamins should be considered for healthy bone in association with calcium and vitamin D.5 For optimizing healthy bone mass at all sites, there is some potentially important micronutrient like magnesium, potassium, vitamin C, vitamin K which should be consumed in the daily diet and these can be easily available by the consumption of a diet enriched with fruits and vegetables (5 servings per day).6

Nutritional Management of Osteoporosis-

Osteoporosis is a bone disorder that can be anticipated and managed with the help of accurate and early diagnosis. Unluckily, it is mostly undiagnosed until a fracture occurs. So a large number of the population should be encouraged to be screened for this disease should be increased. Determination of BMD is a major tool for the diagnosis of Osteoporosis.7 Modifications in the lifestyle pattern can decrease the risk of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. It involves a balanced diet, active lifestyle, regular exercise, and prevention from fall, sudden strain or bumps.8A balanced diet and adequate nutrition play a major part in osteoporosis prevention and therapy. Among all the macro and micronutrients, Nutritional importance of calcium and vitamin D has been a major focus among all the macro and micronutrient for nutritional prevention of osteoporosis.9 In the last decades, 25% increased utilization of highly processed food and the confectionary product was recorded in the consumer's diet while contradictory data shows that intake of dairy-based food product has reduced by 20%. Dietary supplements, including calcium, are increasingly popular, resulting in infinite consumption of vitamins and minerals, often without medical consultation. This imbalanced intake of nutrients results in body tissue acidification and intensifies Parathyroid activity that encourages a reduction in calcium from bones which may lead to bone-related disorders like osteoporosis.10

A calcium-rich diet may not be effective due to the presence of dietary inhibitory factors like fibre and other Anti-Nutritional factors like phytates, oxalate etc which reduces the biological value of calcium and increases the excretion from the body.11 On the other side, researches show that the vast majority of people had no understanding of the role of vitamin D in keeping good calcium equilibrium in the body as an adequate supply of vitamin D in association with a calcium-rich diet is essential for protection from osteoporosis.12 Adequate and balanced nutrition for patients with an osteoporotic fracture is a significant element of an impactful rehabilitation program as inadequate nourishment of the patient can result in slow recovery and increase the susceptibility of further fractures.13

Calcium and Bone Mineral Density

Osteoporosis is a disease that can be avoided during skeletal development by attaining maximum bone mass, maintaining bone mass during adulthood, and decreasing bone density loss with advancing age. Adolescents and young adults should therefore be motivated to embrace healthy lifestyle habits for ideal skeletal health by raising the amount of weight-bearing activity, optimal nutritional calcium and vitamin D consumption, adequate nutrition and ideal body mass index, cessation of smoking, and mild alcohol, caffeine, and sodium consumption.14 Research shows that the important impact of physical exercise on bone mass during the development period of kids can enhance with appropriate calcium intake in daily diet.15

To evaluate the relationship between calcium consumption and bone mineral density, substantial epidemiological information was collected. In a review of 52 calcium intervention research, 50 showed that adequate calcium intakes resulted in decreased bone remodelling, improved calcium retention, decreased bone loss associated with age, and decreased risk of fracture. The study also revealed that out of 86 observer research, 64 reported interactions with decreased danger of fracture, bone loss or enhanced bone mass in favour of enhanced calcium intakes.16 Calcium supplementation's beneficial impacts were mainly attributed to a decrease in bone remodelling. Calcium supplements, however, may be connected with mild gastrointestinal disorders such as constipation, flatulence, nausea, stomach pain, and diarrhoea. Calcium can also interfere with iron and zinc intestinal absorption.17 While conflicting data of a systematic review concluded that there was no evidence of an association between lower risk of fracture and high intake of calcium.18 Calcium and vitamin D supplements are also available which is an inexpensive treatment for people living with osteoporosis and associated complications. Different studies have consistently shown that medication therapy decreases the risk of vertebral fractures by 30% to 70%, non-vertebral fractures by 15% to 20% and hip fractures by up to 40%.19 Calcium can lower the greater PTH concentrations in big enough doses and decrease the rate of bone remodelling.20 Calcium supplementation appears to enhance the effectiveness of anti-reabsorption treatment for bone mass, such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) ( Table 1).21

Vitamin D and Bone Mineral Density

Sun exposure is very limited in India due to darker skin pigmentation; recent modernization of India has resulted in working indoors and reduced physical activity. The Indian women are less exposed to the sunlight due to their dressing pattern which covers most of their body parts and working indoors most of the time.22 So this metabolic bone disorder which progresses silently is widely prevalent in India and related fractures are the primary reason for morbidity and mortality among peri and postmenopausal women. Approximately 1.6 million hip fractures happen globally each year, ranging from 4.5 million23 million to 6.3 million 24 by 2050.

Sensitive exposure to the sun (generally 5-10 min of arms and feet or hands, arms and face exposure, 2-3 times a week) and increased intakes of nutritional and supplementary vitamin D are sensible methods to ensure sufficient vitamin D.25 Vitamin D is a calcium absorption and bone mineralization secosteroid hormone that is favourably associated with bone mineral density.26 Human Vitamin D is produced by the body when the skin is subjected to ultraviolet rays of sunlight and 15 minutes of daily sun exposure meets the regular requirement of vitamin D. Fatty fish like salmon, fish oil, egg yolks, fortified milk and some other food products are also a good source of vitamin D.27

There have been various vitamin D supplementation epidemiological studies, typically combined with calcium (500 to 1200 mg / d). A study conducted among peri and premenopausal women shows that none of the diets analyzed provided the recommended daily quantities of vitamin D and only 29% of participants consuming vitamin D supplements. The result of the study shows that respondents have inadequate awareness about osteoporosis and its preventive measures.28 A big body of clinical information shows that a sufficient status of vitamin D as depicted by the concentration of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D protects against osteoporosis by enhancing bone mineral density and decreasing the potential risk of fracture.29 30 This research highlights the prospective need for intervention research on the impacts of supplementing vitamin D on peak bone mass achievement.

Phosphorus-

The impacts on bone parameters of elevated P consumption were contentious.  Many studies report elevated Phosphorus consumption in respondents whose dietary Ca: P ratio is exceptionally small are detrimental to bone health However, there is powerful proof that elevated intakes of phosphorus in ordinary subjects with adequate intakes of calcium and phosphorus have no adverse effect on the calcium equilibrium.31On the other hand, recommended intake of phosphorus is essential during growth and development period for obtaining peak bone mass while low serum level of phosphorus will reduce the bone formation and mineralization.32The studies suggest a diet balanced with enrichment of calcium, moderated amount of protein and recommended amount of phosphorus for the attainment of peak bone mass and improved bone mineral density.33 Studies also revealed that reduced phosphorus consumption or negative phosphorus balance because of phosphorus present in food-bound with the supplemental calcium may result in phosphorus deficiency in the body, which could reduce the functions of osteoblast cells and increase the process of bone re-absorption.34The phosphorus-calcium proportion at any point of age is likely more crucial than phosphorus consumption alone ( Table 2).

Sodium-

Sodium is the reason behind the increased excretion of renal calcium. The mean urinary calcium loss is 1 mmol per 100 mmol sodium.35 According to the studies the bone mass will be reduced if the amount of absorbed calcium is lower than the amount required neutralizing these mandatory calcium losses that are associated with sodium intake.36In observational study among women, On the other side, salt was liable for a substantial shift in the bone calcium equilibrium, from positive to negative, when eaten as part of the diet with increased calcium intake but with low calcium consumption, the calcium equilibrium of the bone was negative in both elevated and reduced salt diets.37 Another study has revealed that reduced salt intake would improve the bone mass of Postmenopausal women with more or equal to 3.4g / day intake of sodium (8.5 g salt).38Recently, a study 39observed a major association of sodium with blood pressure and osteoporosis. In the study, the author observed that there was a negative association between increased sodium excretion and bone mineral density of the hip and spine, i.e. the higher the salt intake, the lower the BMD.

Potassium-

The main role of potassium is mainly associated with calcium homeostasis, especially urinary conservation and calcium excretion.40 There have been some studies related to potassium consumption and bone density of the Net Endogenous Acid Production (NEAP).41 42Additionally, higher consumption of potassium citrate with high sodium diet was responsible for the increased rate of bone re-modelling.37 Increased bone mineral density and decreased bone loss were correlated with enhanced potassium consumption through a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. 43 The need to assure a sufficient consumption of potassium from fruits and vegetables is a powerful rationale for the recommendation ' 5 to 10 servings per day.44

Magnesium-

An epidemiological study found a negative association between lower hip and whole-body BMD and lower magnesium intake in post-menopausal women, but these findings of the study do not associate with increased susceptibility to fractures. A slightly higher magnesium consumption than the RDA is correlated with an enhanced risk of fractures of the lower arm and wrist that may be associated with more physical activity and falls.45 The latest research demonstrates that hypomagnesemia can lead to inflammatory illnesses that have a current bone loss connection. The oral intake of Magnesium supplement may help lower the detrimental effect of Osteoporosis.45 Only limited controlled magnesium supplementation clinical trials 46 have been conducted that were mainly efficient in magnesium depleted individuals. There is insufficient information available on the need and significance of magnesium in the general population for the prevention of osteoporosis (Table 2). The mechanisms responsible for the mineralization problems observed when magnesium is elevated are less explored. Overall, magnesium homeostasis control and maintenance is a useful intervention to preserve bone integrity.47

Fluoride-

Fluoride is a key trace element required for the maturation of the skeleton and dentistry.48 Epidemiological studies indicate no effect on bone mineral density or fractures connected with mild fluoride levels typically found in drinking water 49; nevertheless, some endemic elevated fluoride regions showed a greater rate of hip fractures. Fluorosis, a serious disease associated with extra-osseous calcification and brittle bones, starts with the ingestion of surplus fluoride. While some epidemiological studies reported contradictory fluoride therapy impact on bone mineral density and fracture risk as fluoride therapy improves spine and hip BMD, a small fluoride dose (< or = 20 mg/day of fluoride equivalents) was correlated with a significant reduction in fracture danger. 50

Vitamin K

Vitamin K operates as a cofactor in bone metabolism-related enzymes (Booth, 1997). It decreased the excretion of urinary calcium and improves protein carboxylation such as osteocalcin (engaged in the formation of bones) 51. Observational studies indicate a positive association between bone density and vitamin K intake.52Studies have also shown that vitamin K supplementation leads to improvements in bone health. 53 Studies of epidemiology also found that long-term treatment adversely impacts the risk of vertebral BMD and fracture.54 In addition, a big proportion of undercarboxylated serum osteocalcin as seen with low serum vitamin K may be a predictor of the danger of fracture 55, 56, 57, although many of these research are confused with poor nutrition in general.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C plays an important role as a cofactor for collagen production and construction of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine. Epidemiologic studies reveal a significant association between bone mass and vitamin C; Bone Mineral Density loss is inversely associated with intakes of vitamin C, and another study noticed that the rate of fractures is low with the higher consumption of vitamin C especially in Pre and Post-Menopausal women using concurrent estrogen therapy and calcium supplements.58-61

Vitamin A-

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin required for reabsorption of the bone and is also an essential nutrient for vision, development and infection control. The distinct kinds of vitamin A found in diet and nutritional supplements are retinol and β-carotene (and other carotenoids). According to some research, increased intake of vitamin A is deleterious to bone health and with the intake of more than 1500 μg RE associated with a 2-fold increased possibility of hip fracture in the U.S. and Sweden but not in Iceland or various U.S. trials.62 63 On the other side, studies indicate that osteoporosis and related fractures are not substantially associated with daily consumption of vitamin A as long as the concentration of serum 25(OH)D is retained at a mild rate of 50–75 nmol / L. Fruit and vegetable vitamin A (carotenoids) is closely related to the mineral density of the bone64.

Other Nutrients-

The association between bone health and trace metals is still unidentified. Three studies among post-menopausal women have shown that intake of calcium with the combination of minerals like zinc, manganese, copper was capable to conquer bone loss from the spine.65According to studies, there is no recommended intake of Boron for healthy bone but in some studies, it was suggested that 3 mg daily intake of boron have a positive effect on bone health.66Copper's severe deficiency has intense impacts on the bone as it is a significant component that many enzymes, including lysyl oxidase, need for collagen cross-linking. There is little confirmation that zinc affects bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and related fractures, but serious zinc deficiency can lead to poor growth and maturation of the bone.

A cohort study among men and premenopausal women revealed that there is a positive relationship between dietary silicon consumption and bone mineral density at the hip.67 Recent studies among males and females have found that insufficient vitamin B12 consumption was associated with decreased bone mass in males and females, and osteoporosis in older females but not males.68 Whether organizations like this are an indication of poor nutrition and frailty generally is unidentified. Similarly, bone mineral density is considerably correlated with dietary iron consumption at all locations in another research (Table 2). 69

Management of Osteoporosis- Other than Nutrients-

Age and Menopausal Status In females, age-related bone loss is higher than in males. By the era of 80, the quantity of cortical and trabecular bone lost is about 40% of the premenopausal BMD peak. 70According to the epidemiological study, there was an adverse correlation between women's age and bone mineral density.71Another comparable report among Indian females over the era of 50, in which an age-dependent decrease in BMD was observed, was tested by digital X-ray radiogrammetry.72 Another research also showed an important correlation between increased age and low bone mineral density.73Similarly, women's menopausal status also correlated with bone health as Indian women showed an important statistical association between osteopenia incidence and osteoporosis and menopause achievement.74While research also disclosed that the incidence of osteopenia among females over 35 years of age was high, which in subsequent years of life may lead to osteoporosis.75

So based on the available literature it is concluded that advanced age and attainment of menopause is significantly associated with the prevalence of osteoporosis and this increases the requirement of awareness programs regarding preventive measures of osteoporosis to reduce the prevalence of low bone mineral density among the younger women which facilitates the development of osteoporosis in aged women especially after menopause.76

Physical Activity-

Bone and muscle movement is needed to accelerate the body's calcium absorption. Community studies have revealed that physical activity and fitness reduce the risk of osteoporosis and fractures and associated injuries.77 Studies have shown that bone mineral density can be preserved or improved with therapeutic exercise in post-menopausal women.78Higher leisure time, sports, household chores and fewer hours of daily sitting were considerably correlated with lower risk of osteoporosis and linked fractures.76

Genetic Factors-

Studies have shown that osteoporosis has a large genetic component.77Genetic variables affecting the acquisition of maximum bone mass account for a significant percentage of the variation in bone mineral density (BMD), although the extent to which genes also add to bone loss variability is debatable. Parental history of fracture (especially hip fracture) confers and increases the danger of fractures autonomous of bone mineral density. In addition, the family history impact is not a particular but site-specific predisposition to fractures. But the information on the impact of family history on low bone mineral density incidence is still not a well-documented osteoporosis risk factor.

Conclusion-

So the other components of the diet like minerals and vitamins should be considered for healthy bone in association with calcium and vitamin D while consideration of other factors like Age, Menopausal Status, Behavioral and Genetic factors is also very important in the effective management of Osteoporosis. For optimizing healthy bone mass at all sites, there is some potentially important micronutrient like magnesium, potassium, vitamin C, vitamin K which should be consumed in the daily diet and these can be easily available by the consumption of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables (5 servings per day). Awareness of the significance of sufficient calcium and vitamin D consumption (easily observed by serum 25(OH) D) for optimal bone health, as well as the prevention from falls and fractures, should be the major concern for the management of osteoporosis. Healthcare professionals and policymakers should also pay attention to create awareness regarding responsible factors for osteoporosis other than nutrients like physical activity, genetic factors and age-related factors like menopausal status.

Acknowledgement-

I am highly thankful to all the researchers for their valuable research in the field of management of osteoporosis which was quoted while writing this review paper. I also want to extend my appreciation to ACARS Global Network Private Limited for their continuous support and financial assistance.

Conflict of Interest-None

Funding Information-

The financial assistance for this research paper associated with the ACARS Global Network Private Limited and I want to acknowledge their continuous support.

Author’s Contribution-

  • Pallavi Singh- All the information related to the Nutritional Management of Osteoporosis was collected and reviewed by the author.

  • Virginia Paul- Valuable guidance provided by the author. She was also involved in the review and editing process.

  • Aditya Kumar Singh Pundir- He was actively involved in the review and editing process.

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Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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