International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 13(12), June, 2021

Pages: 183-192

Date of Publication: 22-Jun-2021


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The Detection Techniques for Diagnosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Author: Yashaswini C, Shilpa Sivashankar, Ashalatha

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: Renal Cell Carcinoma abbreviated as (RCC) occurs inside the kidney tubular coating in the region inside the renal cortex. RCC is one of the riskiest and most aggressive forms of the tumour as its detection, treatment; rate of recurrence is cumbersome and sophisticated. Many detection techniques are available for kidney cell cancer Diagnosis and Staging Carcinoma. Aims: In this review paper, all such available techniques like Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Computerized tomography (CT) and others are discussed and the methods followed in each one of them. Methodology: The findings of these are analysed for the prognosis, staging and further treatment of RCC. Results and Conclusion: The new novel methods enclosing the usage of biomarkers present as tumour markers along with body samples are also enclosed which would be more rapid, specific and constitute novel point-of-care biosensors and are also cost-effective.

Keywords: Renal Cell Carcinoma, RCC Detection techniques, Kidney Staging, Biomarkers, Point-of-care device, Biosensors

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION:

Kidneys are vital organs that perform the function of excretion of waste matter which is otherwise toxic to the normal functioning of cells in the body. The filtering of blood by these organs helps our body to excrete the toxic matter out of the system. Kidneys are very vulnerable and about 850 million adults are affected and impacted by kidney diseases in many regions all over the world, as per the renal experts.1 It usually takes the form of CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) and its presence amongst the world’s population at large is 14 per cent.

Another dangerous kidney ailment that causes millions of deaths is Kidney Cell Carcinoma. It is a kind of tumour that arises in the renal tissues in kidney tubules and renal cortex. About four to five per cent of newly discovered tumours are malignant kidney tumours in adults.2

Renal Carcinoma:

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is considered one of the world's ten most frequent forms of cancer cases. The heterogeneity related to RCC has been increasing and is very high. Most of it arises either from the kidney tissue epithelium cells or renal cortex cells. For every 1000 people, the number of people who are diagnosed with RCC is about 25 which are quite high. Most of these people have RCC which belongs to the subtypes like clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC), chromophobe RCC (cRCC) and papillary RCC (pRCC) which is greater than 5%. Other subtypes of RCC occur in very rare circumstances and are included under the category of unclassified RCC (uRCC). The ccRCC presently is responsible for an 80-85% mortality rate and is highly dominant in the American race. In the case of benign clear cell tumours, methods like radical and partial nephrectomy (the process of removal of the kidney); ablation (treatment involving intensive heat or cold shocks) and active surveillance (continuous radiography studies) could be made use for the prognosis, diagnosis and its treatment.3 The type of tumour named Wilms ' tumour occurs in Children.4

Epidemiology:

All over the globe, the maximum occurrence of renal carcinoma is usually found to occur at the mean age of 60±15 years.5 It is usually found that the incidence of kidney carcinoma in males is double the rate of that of females and on average, it is at the rate of 2/100,000 and 1/100,000 respectively. The highest aspect ratio of its incidence can be witnessed in the regions of the USA, the Czech Republic and Canada amongst all the developed countries. Asian residents who stay in the USA have a very low incidental rate of renal carcinoma.6 The region of Croatia (24.2) has the lowest rate of renal pelvis tumours in comparison to other European regions like Serbia (65.6). The age-standardized rate per 100,000 in Croatia is 24.2, while in Serbia it is around 65.6. The effect due to Balkan nephropathy on renal pelvis tumour is theoretically highly negligible ( Fig 1). Among the USA population, the incidental rate of renal carcinoma differs amongst the race, origin and ethnicity of people all around the world. It is a vital aspect to note that rates are lowest among Pacific Islanders and incident rates in the white Hispanic race are higher in comparison to the Latin American race.7

Figure1: a) Epidemiology of RCC based on gender b) Epidemiology of RCC based on race c) Epidemiology of RCC based on nationality.8 9

Risk Factors and Causes:

The common notable risk factors that pose a serious threat to the incidence of kidney carcinoma are:

  • Smoking- Tobacco increases the rate of occurrence of renal carcinoma two times. About 30% and 25% of kidney tumours in both men, as well as women, are due to smoking respectively. 

  • Gender - The occurrence rate is two to three times higher in males as compared to females.

  • Race- American and African race has a high incidental rate of kidney carcinoma which is 10 % more than the other races in the world.

  • Age- The high occurrence of kidney cancer is found between the age group of 50 to 70 years.

  • Nutrition and Weight- Obese and malnutrition increase the occurrence of renal carcinoma.

  • High blood pressure- Hypertensive patients with Blood pressure (BP) above 140/90 are more prone to RCC.

  • Overuse of Medication- Phenacetin containing medications that are banned in parts of the US and are believed to be one of the causes. Diuretics, analgesic painkillers, ibuprofen are also believed to be associated with renal cancer according to studies by Dutcher et al.9

  • Long-term dialysis- A person who has been on the medical procedure of dialysis for quite a long period more than 5 years are prone to develop cancerous tumour or cysts which may spread.

  • Family history related to kidney cancer.10

Genetic Alterations in Renal Carcinoma:

The deletion of the shorter arm of chromosome 3(loss of 3p) constitutes the most frequent genetic alteration linked to the origin of ccRCC. This can be witnessed in about 95% of the ccRCC cases. The most usual genes associated with ccRCC's pathogenesis are - VHL, PBRM-1, SETD2, BAP-1. Other genetic mutations include a slight loss of 14q, 8p deletion, etc. Amongst all the genes Von-Hippel-Lindau gene (VHL) is a suppressor of a tumour kind of gene. Its mechanism and its pathway of action do play a major aspect in the occurrence of ccRCC ( Fig 2). According to the studies done by Nabi et al. The gene called VHL is responsible for coding a protein named pVHL. The formed complex has a major part in the process of breakdown and degradation of proteosome and several intracellular proteins. These intracellular proteins usually bind to the DNA transcripts and create an mRNA to initiate vascular endothelial growth factor abbreviated as (VEGF), which induces the synthesis of high vascular tumors.11

Figure 2: Depicting the pathway of the tumour suppressant VHL gene in tumour suppression 11

DIAGNOSIS:

The 6th and 9th most commonly incidental type of cancer in both men and women is depicted by renal carcinoma amongst all cancers known to date in the world.12 It is highly cumbersome to detect renal carcinoma. This is because of the deep position of the reins in the human body.13 In the last 15 years, incidental identification of renal tumours has increased by 12% and has become more frequent throughout various diagnostic studies.14 Even though ancillary kidney cell carcinomas do possess lower malignancy capacity and low metastasis frequency some cases of small renal carcinomas with related metastasis have been reported.15 Incidence differences in the early first era could be clarified by a simple diagnosis and because of the diffusion and regular use of Diagnostic tools such as Ultrasound Scanning, and not due to a real increase in RCC incidence. It is indeed important to notice that, interestingly, that RCC is identified in 1.5% of autopsies.16

Prognostic methods available to clearly define and provide an explanation about a neural mass include the aforementioned Diagnostic or radiographic assessment studies as follows.

Blood Tests:

Laboratory tests cannot show for certain whether an individual is suffering from renal carcinoma, but sometimes they can provide the first indication that some kind of kidney problem can occur. They may also help to show if an individual is stable to undergo surgery.17 Scientists have found that a Blood marker could aid to analyse and study a person's degree of risk of acquiring renal cancer. It is found that measuring the levels of a protein molecule called KIM-1 in the blood, could suggest whether an individual would be more prone to suffer from RCC for the next decade.18 It cannot be confirmed by any blood tests that the RCC is for the definite presence in an individual. But instead, a test called complete blood count (CBC) along with a blood chemistry check will display signs related to kidney cancer by blood studies.

Complete Blood Count (CBC):

The test measures the overall total number and percentage of possible blood cells. The RCC patients usually exhibit symptoms related to anaemia, while in some cases there are chances of more number of various blood cells displayed due to the condition called polycythaemia. This condition occurs because the renal carcinoma cells release a higher amount of hormone known as erythropoietin. The normal threshold level of erythropoietin in the human body can vary from 3.7 to 36 international units per litre (IU/L). But, in the case of RCC, the levels of erythropoietin rise above 45 international units per litre (IU/L). The respective cost of CBC for cancer detection can range widely from $ 50 to $670 based on factors like the type of cancer, parameters and complexity.

Blood chemistry tests:

Such tests are performed in patients who may have renal carcinoma, as cancer may influence the levels on an average of certain chemicals such as liver enzymes present in the blood, which indicates that cancer might reach or has already reached liver and high optimum levels of calcium ions in the blood indicates that cancer could probably have reached bones.19 20 The average cost of this test varies from $30 to $250.

IMAGINING TECHNIQUES:

CT Scanning:

The computed tomography (CT) has a very prominent role in the initial diagnosis and prognosis of renal carcinoma.21-23 The procedure of specialized renal CT test comprises a narrow-section of about 2.5-5 mm helical visualization angle of the kidneys before the intravenous assay agent administration, followed by visualization for about 60-70 seconds and three to five minutes once the scanning factor assay reagent is studied carefully.24 Previously, enhancement for detection was deemed to be present if the lesion attenuation from baseline was enhanced greater than the level of 10 HU.25  RCCs can appear as is attenuating, hypoattenuating or hyperattenuating.26 27 According to the Bosnian categorization of kidney masses there are four classes: Class I encompasses basic cysts and fibroid masses; Class II includes minimally complex yet predominantly benign, harmless masses with narrow septa, hyper attenuation, and slight septal calcification; Class III comprises of mildly complex masses, dense septa, or uneven or dense benign cysts that often require operational exploration; and Class IV includes noticeably complex and usually malignant masses along with dense and uneven regions of enhancement and distinct solids.28 Nearly all renal tumours with detectable fat areas are angiomyolipomas (AMLs); however, some AMLs will not include excess fat and many times are confused for RCCs. Increased attenuation on no enhanced CT testing scans and the aspect ratio related change was beneficial but less important.29 A false-negative interpretation may arise if the transient response is not properly assessed pre and post administration of diagnostic content 30, to check whether the tumour volumes are not thoroughly investigated for septa and nodularity, or if in case the tumour amplification is omitted (due to drawbacks leading to constrained levels of improvement at the period of scanning), or when the lesions are too low for appropriate characterization at a period of diagnosis.31 32 RCC (particularly the papillary form) is enhanced once the imaging is done quickly post the contrast bolus (throughout the arterial stage) exits.33-36The CT scanning for the complete urinary tract analysis and kidney to detect RCC is approximately $2800 ( Fig 3).37

       Figure 3: Renal Carcinoma detected by enhanced type of CT scan for the right kidney.38 39

Magnetic Resonance Imaging:

MRI reports are identical to CT results, including masses varying from primary cysts with septa and nodularity to enhanced solids.40 The MRI utilizes radio signals, massive magnets and a device to create accurate body images. The MRI will indicate whether the tumour or cancer has spread to the spine and brain. To undertake and perform the procedure, the person is asked to sleep slowly and lie down on a table during the test as it passes into a tube for the scanning process.41 If a patient cannot tolerate small confined spaces and is claustrophobic,42 then a sedative may be offered before this examination. It takes about 2 to approximately 15 minutes for the scanner to produce an image. There could be a necessity for more than a single set of pictures. On T2-weighted images.43 RCCs are usually highly intense. MRI can be particularly useful in examining the upper or lower side views of kidneys, in either coronal or sagittal visualization, and in assessing venous invasion. The degree of precision of MRI treatment is close to that of CT.44  This is because, with CT, RCC's false-positive results may occur with many other solid-enhancing lesions (metastatic cancer, lymphoma, oncocytoma, non-fat-containing AML, etc.) that are practically indistinguishable from true masses of renal cell carcinoma when preferably they are discrete and the related background is missing (Fig 4).45 The cost for MRI scanning is skyrocketing every day and in present days it costs between $2600 to $10,000.46

Figure 4: Renal Carcinoma Masses detected by MRI scan: (a) Left kidney (b) Right kidney 47

Ultrasonography (Ultrasound):

Renal cell cancer on sonogram may be either hyperechoic or isoechoic relative to the rest of the tissue parts within the renal parenchyma. Smaller tumours with much less necrosis appear to always be hyperechoic and could be overanalyzed and mistaken for AMLs.48 Isoechoic lesions are identified only by renal contour distortion, focal enhancement of a part of the tissues in the kidney, or central sinus fat distortion. Studies indicate a requirement for comparison-enhanced Doppler US (CEUS) in mass workup showing poor arterial process CT enhancement.49 A detection rate of 85 per cent was found in lesions greater than a size of 3 cm in a recorded sequence.50 For lesions greater than the size of 2 cm, the rate of detection was less than 60 per cent was seen. Fallacious-positive results are uncommon because the ultrasound is never the primary modality of imaging used before the operation. A significant Bertin column and fetal lobulation can resemble a solid kidney mass and could be solved with just a devoted CT or MRI test.51

False-negative results occur if caution is not taken to completely analyse all the aspects and factors of tissue of the kidney since the ultrasound is extremely operator-dependent.52 It is significant to note that tumours that are generally found by chance are at the preliminary and early point of malignancy (Fig. 5).53 Furthermore, the associative relationship between clinicopathological observations and the complete clinical profile of inevitable RCC has not tried to be elucidated until now.54 The average estimated cost of ultrasound scanning for RCC is comparatively less than CT & MRI scanning and would range between $398 and $568.43

                

Figure 5: Renal Carcinoma as imaged in doppler ultrasound: (a) Right kidney (b) Left kidney. 55

Nuclear Imaging:

Scintigraphy in nuclear medicine doesn't get used as the main modality in evaluating the alleged RCC. It can also help in distinguishing the assessment of a false mass of tumours. Nuclear medicine experiments in any individual with a potential renal mass aid to distinguish the malignant mass from such a pseudo mass (e.g., Dromedical hump, Bertin board, fetal lobulation).56 Scintigraphy using technetium dimethyl succinic acids indicates good absorption in the pseudo mass area, whereas a true mass creates a focused photopenic error.57 The precision of the procedure is small because if they are big enough, both forms of masses can induce photopenic defects.58 Late-stage illness diagnosis, which tends to occur more frequently as an un-incidentally diagnosed disorder, is not necessarily meant for recovery, and these patients may generally have reduced life periods.59 The modelling of the risks ratio also shows that. These results confirm the accurate results of many other researchers who suggest that accidentally detected cancers may be linked to higher survival during diagnosis, mostly because a larger proportion of such natured tumours are studied and diagnosed at an earlier level than cancers that are not incidentally detected.60 The cost estimated for nuclear imaging for RCC ranges from $135 to $1138.61

Positron Emission Tomography (PET):

For several cancers, fluorodeoxyglucose -F 18 (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) has become an accepted imaging process. FDG-PET technology makes prominent use of the improved glycolysis intensity correlated with neoplastic tissues. PET has effectively been proved effective in pulmonary imaging 62 head and neck 63 colorectal,64 breasts,65 and also for other cancers. Wahl et al first investigated the enthusiastic adoption of FDG by kidney tumours in 1991.66 Although some research indicates a high accuracy for PET,67 68 others consider high false negative (FN) levels that bring into question the diagnostic usage of the scan.69-71 As a result, the vital function of FDG-PET in the evaluation and treatment of predominant and metastatic kidney cancer (RCC) has still not been thoroughly established. Safaei - et al tested 36 individuals with enhanced RCC and reported that PET was 100% accurate if used in particular for the clinical-stage classification.72 Significantly, PET results were studied found to be 100 per cent responsive to primary lesions, metastasis-related to the retroperitoneal lymph node/kidney zone recurrences, liver and bony tumour metastasis.73 The PET-positive and reliable statistical values of 98.4 per cent and 100.0 per cent for soft tissue for bony tumours suggest the use of PET as a supportive major issue-solving method when traditional scans become sceptical of metastatic Renal carcinoma but contradictory. Although it was not possible to replicate the 100% sensitivity observed by Wu et al, the 100% sensitivity that was observed agrees with their findings, wherein zero among 12 benign types of bone tumours showed positive results for PET ( Fig 6).74 The estimated cost of PET scan along with CT imaging is more than $5000.75

Figure 6: Kidney Cancer as detected by PET scan: (a) Coronal view (b) Axial view. 76

Intravenous Pyelogram - (IVP):

Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is a sequence of kidney X-rays, ureters, including bladder with a fluorescent dye being pumped into another vena. The photographs are often used for identifying cancers, defects, kidney stones, or other obstructions, and for testing the distribution factor of renal blood. These are also used as a diagnostic tool for certain disorders or to test the spread of bladder related cancer to other urinary tract regions.77 An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is a liver, ureter, and urinary bladder x-ray test using iodinated comparison content inserted gently into the veins. An x-ray (radiograph) is a type of necessary medical examination that is non-invasive and helps doctors accurately diagnose a patient's medical conditions. The usually utilized equipment for this test comprises a radiographic bench, one or two x-ray tubes, and a TV-like display situated in the examining room. Fluoroscopy, which transforms x-rays to video images, is used widely to track and direct computational development. The video is created by an x-ray system and a detector hanging over a table on which the patient is asked to sit.78 The average estimated price range for the test is between $50 and $100 based on area, cost and availability variables.79

Angiography:

Non-invasive cross-sectional visualization (CT, MRI, US) has substituted angiography with known or presumed RCC in the patient workup. Angiography is often used sometimes where the location spot of a tumour is not known (e.g., renal vs. adrenal). In such patients, it might be necessary to inject exclusively the renal as well as adrenal arteries, and external vessels. Renal angiography (also known as arteriography)-a collection of X-rays of the internal renal blood arteries using a contrast dye injected directly into a catheter that is inserted into the blood vessels of the renal to find any symptoms of blockage or anomalies influencing blood flow to the kidneys.80

In India, the rate of renal angioplasty begins at around $3000. India's renal angioplasty rates are among the lowest and economic in the country.81

BIOPSY:

Once a positive diagnostic study of renal mass is made, effective treatment can be implemented without further examination. For example, if a mass displays characteristic aspects of carcinoma, clinical resection, if necessary, may be performed before pre-operative biopsy since the pre-operative risk of disease will be strong enough; a negative biopsy result will not necessarily change management.82 Similarly, for certain benign masses, reported imaging guidelines to apply, such as clear cysts,83 hyperdense cysts,84 and fat-consisting angiomyolipomas,85 86 which can be treated with a strong degree of trust. Accordingly, the renal tumour mass biopsy was traditionally intended for a small range of indications.87 The biopsy was as well as found to change clinical treatment in 60.5 per cent of patients receiving a biopsy.88 When performing a renal mass biopsy, several technical factors that may highly affect the rates of diagnosis and complications have to be taken into account. The method has its pros and cons.89-92 Usually small (20-gage or thinner) needle samples are histologically studied on the cytological and wide (19-gage or larger) needle samples. It's difficult to equate the testing efficacy of small and large needles.93 Caoili et al.94 treated 92 per cent of lesions and Neuzillet et al.95 utilizing 18-gage needles alone. The precise size of the solid renal tumour mass is the key criterion for deciding the functioning capacity of biopsy in this evolving sign. Surgical evidence has repeatedly shown that as the scale of a very strong renal mass declines, the probability that it will reflect a benevolent object increases.96-102 Such masses have traditionally undergone needless surgical resection since they really cannot be separated from imaging alone from malignant lesions ( Fig 7).103-107 Kidney biopsy expenses vary from $1,724 to $3,158, respectively. While the national average amounts up to $4915.108

Figure 7:  Image depicting percutaneous biopsy through CT scanning.109

Kidney Staging:

Staging cancer always is the method of assessing the degree and duration of the early primary tumour’s distribution. Staging cancer promotes the exchanging of knowledge between physicians and experts inside and through organizations offering a framework for evaluating cases through areas, ages, and modalities of care ( Table 1). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging of tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) is the most commonly established and universally accepted form of cancer staging.110 AJCC key staging of tumours for RCC in various contrast of staging with the suggested changes by Shao et al.111

Table 1: Summary of AJCC key staging of tumours for RCC 111

All the above-mentioned techniques of detection are very expensive and are not affordable by all people worldwide due to economic constraints. These methods are also time taking, not so specific and painful. Hence, novel approaches are being developed at a faster pace for the rapid, painless, more specific and low-cost diagnosis, which serves as a platform for the early detection and diagnosis of RCC.

RECENT, NOVEL DETECTION TECHNIQUE:

Detection through Biomarkers cancer-related biomarker means and refers specifically to a molecule that is released by the tumour cells and the predominant presence of this protein in any body's biological fluids suggests a probable occurrence of cancer. The best-known cancer biomarkers that have been abruptly used recently to detect early disease of Renal Carcinoma are Aquaporin, Perilipin and ADFP (Adipose differentiation-related protein) in the urine sample.112 The researchers compared the elevated levels of these tumour biomarkers in the patients to the healthy controls, where there was very little concentration of the proteins.113The results suggest that the patients with RCC contained a higher concentration of Aquaporin-1 (Spearman coefficient P =0.78) than the healthy controls (Spearman coefficient P<0.001). Similarly, the Perilipin-2 levels in the patients with RCC (Spearman coefficient P =0.30) were in higher concentrations than the healthy controls (Spearman coefficient P<0.001). The final results also suggest that the Pre-nephrectomy AQP1 and PLIN2 concentrations were positively correlated with tumour size. These proteins are retrieved from body samples like urine and are tested by designing specific biosensors. Though there are many biomarkers for the diagnosis of renal diseases, only Aquaporin-1 and Perilipin -2 are specific to renal cell carcinoma. The analysis can be performed by using various substrates like paper, biomembranes, by using nanotechnology,114 etc. This constitutes the production of a more reliable and specific detection platform that serves as a rapid, cost-effective and point-of-care novel diagnostic tool. In the future, we would like to fabricate and develop a simple platform-based system, which would allow for the fast detection and diagnosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) at the very preliminary stages of carcinoma. This would not only reduce the risk of the advancement of the RCC to critical stages but also acts as a successful preventive measure to cure it at much earlier stages. It also almost completely avoids the high fees for the promising treatment of RCC which would include surgical methods of removal of the tumour, kidney transplant or chemotherapy.

CONCLUSION:

Renal Cell Carcinoma has risen in its position of incidence in the last decade and its detection is not simple due to many reasons for the cost, complexity and dense packing fashion of nephrons in kidneys. Hence, the most widely and commonly used techniques used for the study and diagnosis and detection of RCC include studying blood chemistry, urine sample studies and other imaging techniques which include MRI, CT, Ultrasound, etc. These methods though are the most well-known and common ones that are presently used; there is a need to find methods for a more specific and reliable diagnosis.

Hence, recent developments and advances in the discovery of tumour-related biomarkers and designing techniques of biosensors to detect the cancer biomarkers specific to RCC are found which will serve as a point-of-care and novel platform. We are also aiming to create and design a system for early and rapid detection of RCC which would also be a cost-effective platform.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. Authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature of this article has been reviewed and discussed.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: NIL

SOURCE OF FUNDING: NIL

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Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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