International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 13(12), June, 2021

Pages: 107-111

Date of Publication: 22-Jun-2021


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A Study on Activity Recognition Technology for Elderly Care

Author: Hemalata Vasudavan, Sumathi Balakrishnan, Raja Kumar Murugesan

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: It is a global challenge to assist the ever-growing elderly populations' needs. There are needs related to healthcare, ageing in place, security, social and well-being of the elderly. Activity recognition enables continuous monitoring and prevents a hazardous situation such as falls. Objective: This paper discusses the type of sensors and processes involved to support the elderly to stay in their home independently and continue their routine activities. Although this technology has been around for a long time, it has not been implemented in elderly homes. Conclusion: This multi-level processing system has many benefits if the data is processed to fit the needs of the resident ambient environment. However, the majority of the research detects single user environment almost perfectly. This paper focuses its attention on research on composite activities and multi-users in an ambient intelligent environment. In addition to that, there are also discussions on the benefit of activity recognition to the elderly, healthcare-related Activity Recognition (AR) and the technology supporting AR.

Keywords: Activity Recognition, Multi-user, Multi-inhabitant, Smart Home technology, Ambient Assisted Living, Elderly

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

According to the United Nations (2017), it is estimated that the 65 and over age group across several different countries will rise to 28% by 2050. Figure 1 shows 2016 statistic in Malaysia, revealing that 6% of the 31.7 million population is elderly and further predicted that by the year 2030, the elderly population will make up to 15% of the total population.1

The expectancy age of Ageing for various regions such as African, Eastern Mediterranean, European, Western Pacific, Americas, South East Asia and other parts of the world from 1950 to 2050 all shows a definite increase in the numbers.2

Elderly Centered Activity Recognition

With the increase in the elderly population, issues such as the quality of life, prolonged independent living, reducing caregivers’ time and healthcare costs should be tackled carefully. This research discusses activity recognition (AR) environment and Ambient Assisted Living (AAL). Currently, there are many smart technologies developed to enhance the lifestyle of assisted elderly including their safety, security and surveillance, healthcare, social connectedness, social isolation, wealth management services, and many others.   In recent research, services for the methods and applications have been classified into five which are Health

Monitoring, Safety Monitoring, Nutrition Monitoring, Social Network, Localization, and Navigation (Figure 1).3 All of these elements are important and includes some aspects of outdoor and indoor requirements.4

These environments are found to be smartly assisting the elderly and at the same time give great relief for the next of keens and caretakers of the elderly as it can provide support in terms of supervision, alerting in case of emergency, and prevention of potential fatality. The principles of AAL is similar to smart home technologies except that it is skewed to monitoring special conditioned residents such as the disabled and elderly.2 This intelligent environment allows the elderly to Age in Place (AIP). Figure 2 shows an example of multiple sensors sensing the Activity of Daily Living (ADL) in an indoor and outdoor environment. Many research proved that using multiple sensors increases the accuracy of recognizing types of activity. Some of the most common sensors found in smart homes are accelerometer which detects object’s motion and movement, gyroscopes, on the other hand, supports to find objects rotations and magnetometers sensors detect the strength of magnetic fields.

As AR can help to fix these issues that can help facilitate seamless monitoring services in their own homes which indirectly helps to delay ageing as the elderly are very comfortable in their own space.3,4  Opportunity to recover from illness in their own home leaves positive impacts. This also can be a benefit to their mental wellness. Figure 3 shows a statistic on the living arrangement of ageing in Japan. Such statistic for other regions and other latest report was difficult to trace but Japan is always advanced in this area as their percentage of the ageing population has increased tremendously.5

These statistics prove that a significant increase in living with spouse alone, living alone and staying in old folks homes. To be able to receive better and necessary assistance in their own home and home care centres, the current acceptance of the activity recognition model needs to be explored thoroughly.

HEALTHCARE-RELATED ACTIVITY RECOGNITION

Several authors have recognized the potential of a Human Activity Recognition (HAR) system that specializes in identifying patterns and expert systems.6 This approach would improve the cost of services for healthcare which eventually takes off the burden of the elderly.7  Healthcare systems are needed to ensure the life of the elderly remain as smooth as their younger days and minimizing their suffering from old age and ailments such as Alzheimer’s.8 Currently, there is a growing range of sensor system which can devise automatic activity recognition that possibly rolls out to other great applications that supports healthcare, comfort, and security.9

 Other than that behavioural monitoring, location detections, and other vital information that will be essential to assist when the help arrives, thus can optimize the geriatric care services10. Nighttime wandering is one of the symptoms of severe Alzheimer and can be a nightmare for the caretakers. Through a customized ambient support system, Alzheimer patients can benefit as it can help them to stay at home and regain a circadian cycle, Figure 3. 11

PROBLEM WITH ACTIVITY RECOGNITION SOLUTION

There is not a single solution to solve the problems faced by the AAL actors4. The challenge is to improve activity recognition performance, interpretation and inference. Therefore it raises many questions on the effectiveness of classifiers and sensors, obstruction in the environment, the pervasiveness of gadgets, privacy and security of data, the accuracy of the result, variation in result of similar activity, sensor calibrations, and sensor placements, self-healing of technology, recognition latency and performance of battery life. Most importantly the activity classification for the specific actor in that environment has to be accurate.

Although many research works points out that smart home systems do assist greatly in AIP12 but problems still exist in terms of connecting these well-designed robotic systems to other systems. This is due to the lack of a unified platform and integration of the platforms. To stress the significance of interoperability, emphasized the connectivity, standards and communication protocols plays a vital role in maintaining a home network.13

In a multi-user environment, the gathered data have ambiguities in its interpretation and prediction. In another research, they proposed crowdsourced landmarks to support a multi-user environment.14 In any case, this will require numerous data exchange between server and residents to gather the crowdsourced landmark information, which eventually slows down the system.

Each of the ADLs consists of simple and complex steps. Activity recognition remains a challenge for simultaneous, interleaved, parallel, sequential activities. The pattern of the simple activities leads to the main activities and these are called the composite activities15.

Simple activities are recognized as actions or events.16 These simple activities such as walking and sitting are easy to recognize, activities that have more than one event is difficult to recognize. Thus, more effort is required to recognize these complex activities. Research shows that when there is the presence of multi inhabitant in an intelligent ambient with activity recognition it is deemed to be a detriment as the majority of systems does implicit assumptions based on object detection and their location to the user.17

One study has categorized high-level activities into three that is action (single user), interaction (multiple users) and group activity6.

The technique used in research determines that the smart relation between correlations and constrain which provides a simpler understanding of the recognition of activity in a complex environment.27 Figure 4 shows a compilation of types of the technique used to measure single and multiple users in AR environment taken from various research papers.

To recognize activities effectively there are three stages involved that are activity sensing, activity modelling, and finally the inference of the type of activity. This is also believed to support a multi-user environment.28

As mentioned accuracy improvement depends on multiple sensors and continuous data sensing15, however, this will result in a high number of data to be processed. Many methods such a data fusion, or sensor fusion are taken to classify the activity and also eliminate the redundancy. Deep Learning and Machine learning support in extracting appropriate data to recognize desired activities. Among its steps feature selection and feature extraction algorithms supports extracting relevant data that accurately produce the type of activity. Additionally, temporal reasoning refines the correctness of the algorithms23.  Findings show that although there are many methods to do sensor fusion, most of the research does not specify any reasons for their usage.30 The same research also compared heterogeneous sensors to homogenous sensors which showed that the former gives better performance. From that finding, it is suggested that to get better performance in recognizing activities consider research on the optimal sensor combination that may give a better result.

TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT AND SOLUTION

 There are four approaches to activity recognition, which is some using wearable devices, video-based device, devices in an ambient environment and Smartphone-based pervasive devices 5 and also robotics. Ubiquitously networked robotics has also become part of the activity recognition approach. It is used in the new applications in which robotics systems will render various assistive services. The contextual information that is collected will be assisting the robot to automatically provide services.21 Computerized approaches focusing on continuous, objective, and quantitative assessment.23 Since the accuracy of the recognition of the activity is a challenge for real-world situations, implementation of temporal reasoning improves the accuracy of their algorithms. To identify (activities in real-time, using online sensor streaming and also a set of different statistical spatiotemporal features through the proposed windowing technique is used.1 Recognizing multi-user is using data location too determines the position of the user indoors by using an indoor positioning module (IP) that is based on Bluetooth technology. Another more efficient method is to analyze the data from inertial and acceleration sensors embedded on the user’s wearable device or smartphone to track his or her movement. Additionally, this can also be achieved in using vision-based techniques for human activity recognition.31,32

These days the smartphone makes it possible for ubiquitous healthcare service for anyone because the smartphones have become a necessity in everyone’s life.12 These smart devices itself gets more sophisticated with sensing capabilities, better algorithm computing capabilities and intensive algorithms on the mobile devices.5

Most smartphones are equipped with motion and location sensors such as accelerometer, light sensors, magnetometer and GPS. They can be integrated with the AAL system that works together with other environmental sensors through collecting information that determines environmental conditions such as CO2 level, temperature and humidity 18 and Smartphones rapid improvement on its memory, a fast processor(s) and the powerful battery provides a new opportunity for HAR researches as no additional devices are needed (Figure 4). The most interesting improvement to smartphones is their capability to do high-level programming with various visualizations. 24

Although the battle in improving the performance and accuracy of recognizing activities in a multi-user environment continues the future work must cater to this large variability of activities. Especially as human started to multi-task even more than before. Therefore it is essential to continuously monitor the living condition through fusing data acquired from various wearable and mobile sensors, video, infrared camera, image or object detections with other technologies such as IoT, Machine Learning, Human Activity Recognition, deep learning and Cognitive IOT. 17, 23

CONCLUSION

Activity recognition safeguards the elderly’s safety in emergencies and identifies changes in their body by continuous unobtrusive monitoring and accurate activity, lifestyle and behavioural profiling stress the importance of monitoring activities of daily living (ADLs) to continuously determine their safety as they age. Activity recognition in a multi-user activity home has to be improved to enhance the living standard of the elderly. This is essentially where AR’s effectiveness is revolutionizing. Through powerful data processing capability from the ambient intelligent environment.  AAL comes into the picture because its main aim is to aid the elderly and the disabled to care for themselves independently in their own homes.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors also wish to express gratitude to the management of Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation (APU) for their support.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors involved in the current study does not declare any competing conflict of interest.

FUNDING AND SPONSORSHIP

No fund or sponsorship in any form was obtained from any organization for carrying out this research work.

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A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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