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IJCRR - 2nd Wave of COVID-19: Role of Social Awareness, Health and Technology Sector, June, 2021

Pages: 131-139

Date of Publication: 11-Jun-2021


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AI-based Pandemic Trend Analysis

Author: Vergin RSM, Anbarasi JL, Graceline JS, Valarmathi ML, Mayank V, Yash D, Upender S

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: The current outbreak of COVID-19 has caused the world to stop and go under lockdown and has quickly grown to become a pandemic. The clinicians and scientists in medical industries are observing the pandemic for screening the COVID -19 virus in a person. Objective: In these trying times, we thought of analysing the trends in COVID-19 cases in the USA, India and Brazil using Several Time Series, Machine Learning and Ensemble Learning algorithms to check out the trends. Methods: In this paper, Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) under Time Series, Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Linear Regression under Machine Learning algorithms and Random Forest Regression, XGBoost and AdaBoost under Ensemble Learning were discussed. Results: After analyzing the results of all the algorithms, we observed that ARIMA and LSTM were performing better than the others for Time-Series Forecasting. This study would be valuable for medical Researchers and the Government in the future. Conclusion: Seven models, namely, ARIMA and LSTM models under time-series analysis models, support vector regression and linear regression under machine learning models and random forest regression, XGBoost and AdaBoost under ensemble learning were discussed. We first looked at the sample fits and then successfully forecasted the trends for the new cases, deaths and total cases for the next 30 days in the two countries with the highest number of cases, namely, India and the US. From the resultant graphs and table values, we could infer that overall, time-series models like ARIMA and LSTM perform the best in situations like these where data is continuous and forms a series

Keywords: Pandemic, COVID-19, Time Series, Machine Learning, Ensemble Learning

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

COVID–19 is a recently discovered disease that is caused by the newly discovered coronavirus or Novel SARS–CoV2 viruses. It causes infection in the respiratory tract which can be mild or in the worst case, fatal. This virus was first reported in Wuhan, the Hubei region of China in the middle of December from where it has quickly spread over the whole world to become a pandemic with countries like the US, India, Brazil, Russia and European countries being the worst hit. Medical facilities have been incapable of treating this alarming growth of new cases every day which gives us a picture of the seriousness of the situation we’re facing currently. Hence, we thought that if there is any estimated figure about the new cases, deaths and total cases, then it would be a great aid to the medical forces which proves to be our motivation for this research. Our work can help them in determining a better estimate of new cases so that they can make appropriate preparations accordingly. Our objective is to work on different time series, machine learning and ensemble learning algorithms and compare these algorithms.

For our study, Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) under Time Series, Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Linear Regression under Machine Learning Algorithms and Random Forest Regression, XGBoost and AdaBoost under Ensemble Learning were discussed few algorithms used in this research work includes Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Support Vector Regression, Linear Regression, XGBoost, AdaBoost.1-3

RELATED WORK

The study of Time Series Analysis of the COVID – 19 pandemic is generally carried out for selecting the best-suited algorithm for growth prediction of the pandemic.4-6 It emphasizes the 2 major difficulties of time-series analysis that it can’t be applied to continuous data and the second one being, it includes some exogenous features which can’t be mapped to ML models. It covers 3 major ways, viz., by pure machine learning models like ARIMA or ‘Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average’, by RNNs or ‘Recurrent Neural Networks’ like LSTMs or ‘Long Short-Term Memory Networks’ and lastly, ‘Extreme Learning machines’ like ‘Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machines’.7 Application of artificial intelligence and computational intelligence techniques is diversified in various areas such as e-healthcare, smart city and smart grid, data processing, predictive maintenance etc.8-10 Likewise, the application of AI-based techniques plays a vital role in this research work.11

Our study dives into the analysis part of COVID – 19 focusing on Long Short-Term Memory Networks or LSTMs.12 The study first plots the general trend of COVID – 19 in India along with the fatality rates of various deadly viruses over the past 50 years. It then shows the main result plots according to the data have driven approach and the curve fitting methods. It includes prediction about estimated total confirmed cases, estimated recoveries, etc in the foreseeable future. Conclusions say that social distancing and announcing lockdowns can reduce its spread significantly.

Technical sense and the amount of mathematics involved in the algorithm are also very important to select the accurate and best-suited algorithm as per the nature of the dataset. An ‘Experimental Study’ goes on for the comparison of LSTM & ARIMA.13 A brief comparison is done based on various factors like size and structure of datasets, data pre-processing and assessment metrics. Conclusions are made from the comparison of the performance of both the models based on tuning of hyperparameters like the number of epochs, batch sizes, etc.

The study and analysis about AdaBoost mainly showcase three boosting algorithms, viz., AdaBoost.R2, AdaBoost.M1 and the main one AdaBoost.RT.14 They compare these three algorithms side by side and based on data sets and methods. AdaBoost.RT which is the newer one performs significantly better than the others and gives better results because the parameter log(1/beta) is always ensured to be non-negative and the harder examples are always given more emphasis in AdaBoost.RT.

The ARIMA model for new cases and new deaths daily during this period is more suitable for short-term prediction. ARIMA is the most common time series prediction model in the statistical model. It regards the data sequence formed by the prediction object over time as a random sequence. It analyses a portion of the data in the sequence to obtain specific parameters that describe the mathematical model of the sequence to achieve time series modelling and use the remaining data in the sequence to validate the model. It can be used to predict the subsequent values of the data series.4,15,16

Newly developed drugs usually take years to be successfully tested before coming to the market. X-ray images and computed tomography (CT) scans are widely used as the input of DL17 models to automatically detect the infected COVID-19 case. Infected COVID-19 patients normally reveal abnormalities in chest radiography images. A phone-based framework for COVID-19 detection and surveillance is proposed. The DL model can be trained in the cloud, even at a server collocated at the network edge, which is then pushed to mobile phones for further purposes.5-7

Visualization techniques used to visually represent the spread of COVID-19 pandemic 20 is also an important part of this study and is expected to demonstrate the utility of the new system in terms of comparing rate spread across different countries and different times. It should also indicate the rate and trend of spread over time and by comparing with past examples, the system should also be used to predict the future rate of spread. It will also be integrated into automatic speech recognition and text to speech features to disseminate information to people with different range of abilities.12-14,17

For analyzing the growth and trend of the ongoing pandemic COVID-19, it is shown that iterative weighting for fitting Generalized Inverse Weibull distribution is a better fit that can be obtained to develop a prediction framework.18 The study observes that using the iteratively weighted approach, the Inverse Weibull function fits the best to the COVID-19 dataset, as compared to the iterative versions of Gaussian, Beta (4-parameter), Fisher-Tippett (Extreme Value distribution), and Log-Normal functions. When applied to the same dataset, Iterative Weibull showed an average MAPE of 12% lower than non-iteratively weighted Weibull. An algorithm for iteratively weighted curve fitting using the GIW distribution (called” Robust Weibull”) is used.

The SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered) model,22 commonly used to predict the growth of epidemic, is not much effective for today’s scenario because of the basic assumption made in the model that the total population under consideration does not change with time and is not valid under the current Indian circumstances. The rate of change of the total population, consisting of susceptible, infected and recovered (or dead) population, with time is zero is not valid. A simple model conceptualized based on an analogy to compound interest formula used in engineering economics, seems to work better in this case.18,19

The support vector regression is also being used as one of the algorithms. The idea of SVR is based on the computation of a linear regression function in a high dimensional feature space where the input data are mapped via a nonlinear function. SVR has been applied in various fields – time series and financial prediction, approximation of complex engineering analyses, convex quadratic programming and choices of loss functions, etc.20

PROPOSED WORK

Data Source

The data we used is the official data for COVID-19 taken from the World Health Organisation Database. The Dataset contains the data for COVID-19 patient counts from all over the world separated by country, and we’ve done the predictions for India, The US and Brazil only. The considered data is from the date the first COVID-19 case came in their respective countries to 7th of December, 2020 and we've forecasted the data for the next 19 days.7

Data Pre-processing

Firstly, we have cleaned the data and set the dates according to the U.K. format. Then we have imported the Date column along with the new cases column and total no. of deaths column. We have taken the Dates in variable X and no. of new cases or no. of deaths (depending upon what we are predicting) in variable Y. In some of the models like linear regression and random forest, the dates are accepted only in integers, therefore we have converted the dates in integers specifically for these models. Then we have taken the data, trained the data according to the chosen Machine learning model by splitting the dataset into a 90:10 ratio. 90% of the dataset trains the models and the rest 10% of the dataset compares the predicted outcomes with the actual statistics. After the comparison, we have used this data to perform forecasting for further dates. The training and testing split of ARMIA and LSTM was done without shuffling while the rest of the model was shuffled.

Time Series Algorithms

Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA)

Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average, in short ARIMA, is a popular machine learning model which is most suitable for forecasting a time series. It is a class of models that learns from its past values, errors and lags, and which the model uses to predict future outcomes.

Autoregressive models:

The terms auto regression indicates that it is a regression of itself. The equation for autoregressive model of order p is (1):

                                          

where yt-1, yt-2…yt-p are the past series values (lags), At is white noise (i.e. randomness) &  is defined in (2):

                                                                                                                                        

Moving Average models :

Moving average models are regression-like models but instead of using past values, they use past forecast errors. The equation can be written as in (3) :

                                                                                             

Here,   is white noise and q is the order.

After combining autoregressive and moving average model we get ARIMA, whose equation can be written as in (4) :

     

where  is the differenced series (it may have been different more than once)? This is called the ARIMA (p,d,q) model. (Here, p = order of the autoregressive part, d = degree of first differencing involved, q = order of the moving average part.)

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)

LSTM is a typical Recurrent Neural Network architectural algorithm which is known for its capability to store or rather ‘remember’ data for a specified period because of which these are widely used in time-series analysis, speech-recognition, or any other applications where data is continuous and needs to be remembered. Since LSTM is an RNN model, it is composed of many individual cells connected to form layers where the output from one cell is passed to the further cells. Talking about the structure of a single cell of an LSTM, it mainly comprises 3 gates, viz., the forget gate, input gate and the output gate. The forget gate is responsible for the ‘remembrance’ function. It does so by utilizing a sigmoidal function and compares the current data with the previous data and accordingly gives a value of 0 or 1 which are for forgetting and remembering respectively. The input gate determines up to what extent this passed data has to be remembered or forgotten and hence associates a weightage to the data being passed. Again, a sigmoidal function decides what data to keep and a hyperbolic tangent function decides how much data to keep. Finally, the output gate determines which part of the cell has to be passed as an output. It again utilizes sigmoidal and hyperbolic tangent functions to decide what to pass and how much to pass to the output layer. The LSTM model can be described by the following equations where (5) belongs to the forget gate, (6) and (7) belong to the input gate and (8) and (9) belong to the output gate.

Machine Learning Algorithms

Support Vector Regressor (SVR)

Support vector machines (SVMs), like random forest algorithms, are also a popular choice for classification and regression models. Support vector regression is the algorithm in SVM which is used for the regression problems. This regression model uses a hyperplane and fits it such that the hyperplane contains most of the points from the space. It also creates decision boundaries that enclose the points within an area and from which we determine the best fit line i.e. the hyperplane.

For this, we assume the hyperplane to be in the form as in (10):

Then, (11) become the equations of decision boundary (where d is the assumed distance from the hyperplane):

Therefore, any hyperplane that satisfies our SVR should satisfy the condition as in (12):

Then we focus on finding the decision boundary at the distance of ‘d’ from the assumed hyperplane such that data points that are closest to the hyperplane (or the support vectors) are within that decision boundary line. From here, we only consider the points which are within the decision boundary and the one that has the least error rate or are within the Margin of Tolerance (epsilon ε). This gives us the best possible hyperplane and thus gives us a better fitting model. Support vector regressor shows the presence of the non - linear nature of data in the dataset and makes an effective prediction model.

Linear Regression

Linear Regression is a common machine learning model and a well-known algorithm in statistics that assume a linear relationship between two variables. One variable is considered a dependent model while the other variable is considered to be an independent model, i.e. y can be calculated from the linear combination of x (the input variable). The equation of a linear regression line is of the form Y = a + bX, where X is the independent variable and Y is the dependent variable. Here, b is the slope of the line, and a is the intercept. Different techniques can be used to prepare or train the linear regression equation from data, the most common of which is called Ordinary Least Squares. The linear regression uses a linear equation that assigns one scale factor to each X, known as the coefficient and is represented by the capital Greek letter Beta (β). Forgiving an additional degree of freedom, one additional coefficient is also added (e.g. moving up and down on a 2-D plot) and is called the intercept or the bias coefficient.

Ensemble Learning Algorithms

Random Forest

Random forest is a supervised learning algorithm and a machine learning model which is popularly used for classification and regression in the data. Here, we have used the Random forest regression for the prediction of the data by training the older dataset. The random forest algorithm consists of many decision trees which work on the data and combine the result. The more trees are in the training of data, the more robust and effective the random forest regression will be. This algorithm creates decision trees on the dataset and then gets the prediction from every tree to select the best solution. First, we select random samples from the given dataset. Next, a random forest constructs a decision tree for every sample data. Then it will get the prediction result from every decision tree. Then, voting will be performed for every predicted result obtained from the decision trees. At last, the most voted prediction result is selected as the final prediction result. This model is very flexible and yields high accuracy results but is also complex which is the main disadvantage for the regression part that predicts these types of dataset a difficult and time-taking task.11-13

XGBoost

XGBoost, the acronym for eXtreme Gradient Boosting, is a decision-tree-based ensemble Machine Learning algorithm that works on a gradient boosting framework. It has recently become popular in machine learning for structured or tabular data processing. This algorithm uses gradient boosted decision trees which helps in the performance and reduces the time taken compared to other algorithms. The gradient boosting used in this model is mainly of three forms: (i) Gradient Boosting Machine. (ii) Stochastic Gradient Boosting. (iii) Regularized Gradient Boosting. One of the main highlights of this model is the use of parallel and distributed computing for faster learning. XGBoost decision trees use gradient boosting and advance regularisation which yields more accurate approximation. These approximations are ensemble and an optimal output is calculated while using parallel computing which makes the model faster for bigger datasets.

AdaBoost

AdaBoost is mainly compatible to work with either decision tree classifiers or random forest classifiers. In AdaBoost, the tree produced is generally based on only a single feature variable. Hence, it can have only two outputs at any given point in time. These types of tree structures with only one node and two leaves are called stumps and are said to be weak learners. An AdaBoost classifier is said to work by combining these stumps where every new stump is created by taking into account the results and errors of the previous stumps by refining them by using measures such as Gini index. Hence, an AdaBoost algorithm effectively acts as an ensemble learning algorithm and some stumps are said to have a greater say in the output. The final decision is then taken by a random forest tree which is a combination of all these stubs.20,21

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this section, we have shown the graphs for the forecasting done by all the models for the next 30 days (1st Nov 2020 to 29th Nov 2020) along with the previous original data. After that, we have shown a performance metric table which evaluates the models based on four evaluation metrics, namely, R-squared, MSE, RMSE and MAE, although we’ll be presenting our inference based on MAE only because it shows considerable difference in its value for every model and every case. Hence, it would be easier to present our inferences according to that metric. Figure 1(a) details the forecasting of total deaths from COVID-19 in India and figure 1(b)details the forecasting of total COVID-19 cases in India. Table 1 details the performance comparison for every model for India.

 INDIA

In Time Series Models, for cumulative cases, ARIMA gives the best results with MAE as 107740.030 followed by LSTM with MAE as 8616082.966. In cumulative deaths, ARIMA is far better than LSTM with MAE of ARIMA as 1315.637 and MAE for LSTM as 114679.320.

                                    In Machine Learning Models, it is observed that for cumulative cases, the MAE for SVR and linear regression is 1719540.726 and 1508130.682 respectively, and for cumulative deaths, the MAE for SVR and linear regression is 37992.886 and 17203.704 respectively. From this, we can say that linear regression outperforms SVR in all cumulative cases and cumulative deaths

In Ensemble Learning Models, it is observed that for cumulative cases Random forest outperformed all the three models in this section with MAE as 30311.440 followed by XGBoost with MAE as 30531.9477, AdaBoost performed least best with MAE as 42925.859. For cumulative deaths Random Forest outperformed all the three models in this section with MAE as 459.386, followed by AdaBoost with MAE as 566.521, XGBoost performed least best with MAE as 631.741.

 

United States of America

In Time Series Models, it is observed that for cumulative cases, the MAE for ARIMA and LSTM are 757658.254 and 13695809.436 respectively, for cumulative deaths, the MAE for ARIMA and LSTM are 5275.695 and 180772.712 respectively. Hence from these values, we can infer that ARIMA outperforms LSTM in cumulative cases and cumulative deaths ( Fig 2a and b).

In the Machine Learning models for the cumulative cases, the performance comparison shows that the MAE for Support Vector regression is 38814.565 whereas the Linear regression model gave 17334.325 as MAE. Again, for the cumulative deaths, Support vector regression scored the MAE as 93497.918 and Linear regression with the MAE of 10546.31. Therefore, we can say that  Linear Regression outperforms SVR in every case ( Table 2).

In the Ensemble Learning Models, it is observed that AdaBoost performs the best among the three ensemble learning models in Cumulative cases with the MAE of 547.453  whereas XGBoost gave the MAE of 566.871 and Random Forest MAE gave 584.867 which is the least among the three. For the Total deaths, XGBoost scored the MAE value as 1348.747 followed by AdaBoost as 1418.414 then Random Forest with the MAE value as 1446.547. Hence we can conclude that XGBoost performs the best in this case. Figure 2(a) details the forecasting of total deaths from COVID-19 in the USA and figure 2(b)details the forecasting of total COVID-19 cases in the USA. Table 2 details the performance comparison for every model for the USA

Brazil

In Time Series Models, it is observed that for cumulative cases, the MAE for ARIMA and LSTM are 212248.019 and 4521220.961 respectively, for cumulative deaths, the MAE for ARIMA and LSTM are 1999.133 and 82919.289 respectively. Hence from these values, we can infer that ARIMA outperforms LSTM in both cumulative cases and cumulative deaths ( Fig 3 a and b).

In the Machine Learning models for the cumulative cases, the performance comparison shows that the MAE for Support Vector regression is 2289047.022 whereas the Linear regression model gave 406039.526 as MAE. Again, for the cumulative deaths, Support vector regression scored the MAE as 57368.560 and Linear regression the least with the MAE of 7879.481 Therefore, we can say that  Linear Regression outperforms SVR in every case (Table 3).

In the Ensemble Learning Models, it is observed that XGBoost performs the best among the three ensemble learning models in Cumulative cases with the MAE of 21933.902 whereas AdaBoost gave the MAE of 27662.759 which is the least among the three and Random forest MAE gave 23866.147. For the Total deaths, again AdaBoost scored the MAE value as 773.260 followed by XGBoost as 835.352 then Random Forest with the MAE value as 720.713. Hence we can conclude that Random forest performs the best in this case. Figure 3(a) details the forecasting of total deaths from COVID-19 in Brazil and figure 3(b)details the forecasting of total COVID-19 cases in Brazil. Table 2 details the performance comparison for every model for Brazil.

CONCLUSION

To conclude, in this paper, seven models, namely, ARIMA and LSTM models under time-series analysis models, support vector regression and linear regression under machine learning models and random forest regression, XGBoost and AdaBoost under ensemble learning were discussed. We first looked at the sample fits and then successfully forecasted the trends for the new cases, deaths and total cases for the next 30 days in the two countries with the highest number of cases, namely, India and the US. From the resultant graphs and table values, we could infer that overall, time-series models like ARIMA and LSTM perform the best in situations like these where data is continuous and forms a series. These are followed by the ensemble learning models like random forest regression, XGBoost and AdaBoost which perform the next best and finally followed by the machine learning models like support vector regression and linear regression performing not as per expectations. From our analysis, we can safely conclude that time-series models perform the best in situations where a continuous series of data is involved. As a caution about using these models, it is advised to not fully rely on the forecasting produced by the models every time as they highly depend upon the dynamics of the daily changing COVID-19 data.

Acknowledgement: Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed."

Conflict of Interest: The Author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interest.

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One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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