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IJCRR - 2nd Wave of COVID-19: Role of Social Awareness, Health and Technology Sector, June, 2021

Pages: 55-62

Date of Publication: 11-Jun-2021


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Prediction of COVID-19 with Supervised Regression Algorithm Through Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator

Author: Manikandan A, Shriram S, Sarathchandran C, Palaniappan S, Rohith ND

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: COVID-19 is found as an irresistible sickness pandemic that has carried uncommon difficulties to worldwide networks across open and private sectors. Data processing and creating awareness is the important tool that implements the powerful actions to mitigate the spread of covid-19. Objective: To develop a supervised regression algorithm with minimum variance unbiased estimator which could the data on daily basis to assure the safety movement in post-covid-19. Based on the number of infected cases, the data will be trained for better prediction to create awareness for the public in the safety movement. Methods: The proposed supervised regression algorithm was able to model the relationship between the number of cases registered and a continuous target variable. By optimizing the error rate, the training algorithm was fine-tuned and the prediction was able to closely approximate the actual values. The proposed method was compared with other methods like Linear Regression, Logistic Regression and Supporting Vector machine (SVM). Results: Simulation results proved that the proposed supervised regression with minimum variance unbiased estimation provides better prediction when compared to the other methods. Conclusion: An attempt was made to predict the number of cases by a suitable regression algorithm and the prediction was compared with other regression algorithms. The algorithm was able to predict the infections rates and death count with the least error when provided with training data. This data purely depends on the lockdown implementations, movement of people without restrictions and the lack of awareness to face this pandemic situation. In future, the aspects can also be incorporated into the model for a better and accurate prediction.

Keywords: Covid-19, Machine Learning, Prediction, Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Supervised Regression

Full Text:

Introduction

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) in China has been declared by World Health Organization as a Pandemic.1 Virus found to be transmitted through respiratory droplets from an infected person and can stay on different surfaces ranging from hours to 10 days, which makes it a highly transmissible disease. The virus has spread to more than 200 countries with the number of people infected as 56,563,840 and has taken 1,354,806 human lives (as of 19/11/2020). Vaccinating the entire human population is estimated to be completed by 2024 according to WHO, which renders human need to employ other methods to prevent the virus infection. Identification and isolation of infected people become a critical parameter in controlling a pandemic. Symptoms in an infected person surface after 3 days and in some cases it could 14-28 days, which adds another dimension to the pandemic control.2 The infected person could transmit the virus to multiple people before identification of the virus and isolation.

Government agencies across the world employed methods like the closure of schools, colleges, offices, factories and restricting the movement of people, have yielded positive response to contain the virus spread. However, a prolonged closure of community has hit the economy of the world by bringing down the global growth at -4.9% in 2020. It has hit millions of people under poverty and hunger. At this moment, there is no specific treatment and the therapeutic methods to deal with the infection are only supportive, and prevention aimed at reducing community transmission. This situation has brought intense research into traditional systems of medicine.3 An approach of social distancing and restricted movement has emerged as the way for economic recovery and to control the spread of the virus.4,5  Such approach was found to delay the peak of the virus spread and also reduce the load on the health industry like hospitals, testing centre etc. A simulated study estimated a reduction of 23% in the transmission of H1N1 when workplace social distancing was followed and reduced the peak of the virus. Physical distancing measures were found to be effective to reduce the infection rate by 92% if the working pattern was staggered across the employees. A study on social contact matrices highlighted that social contact patterns has not been developed or understood at a large scale across the world.Such a study would help in understanding the behaviour of people movement and predict the transmission of the virus. A model with a capability to understand the contact pattern and restrict the movement of infected person would bring down the level of transmission of the virus and help to isolate the infected people. Machine learning has proved its potential in recent days of research by solving complex real-time problems with suitable algorithms.

Machine learning uses Artificial Intelligence (AI) that gives frameworks the capacity to consequently take in and improve for a fact without being unequivocally modified.  Supervised learning involves autonomous training to obtain information and predicts the outcome of the input data.  It begins with observation of data from different population and derives the pattern to make better decisions further. However, semi-supervised learning methods were found to be employed in the prediction of many real-world applications like medicine, manufacturing industry due to lack of time and cost involved in data collection.7-12 Reviews indicate that machine learning methods have been successfully used in the epidemiological study to predict the number of infections and provide a forecast to government agencies to take adequate measure and methods to control the spread of infections.13-15  Machine learning techniques like Support Vector Machine, Long-Short term memory networks, artificial neural networks have been used in various applications for better prediction.16-18 As the information on Covid-19 data are widely available which makes the supervised regression algorithm a potential machine learning tool to predict the infection numbers accurately henceforth.  This paper proposes a safety movement algorithm derived from the supervised regression method based on the historic data on the number of infections recorded in the region. The algorithm would predict the number of infections at the required time intervals which can be used as a tool to employ methods to contain the virus or take adequate actions to restrict/allow the movement of people in the region. Section 2 would describe the data collection process (data from India) for the training and prediction of the supervised regression algorithm. Section 3 elaborates the methodology of the supervised regression algorithm and Section 4 demonstrates the efficiency of the developed algorithm and also compares the predicted data with Linear Regression, Logistic Regression and SVM. Section 5 concludes the paper and also provides future directions in the research area.

Data Collection

The main objective of this work is to study the future forecasting of the virus spreading based on the infected case, recovered cases and the number of deaths. The approximate data has been acquired from

https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who- director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-mission-briefing-on- covid-19—12-march-2020.  for the period over January 2020 to December 2020.  In the proposed work, the dataset for India has been taken to analyze with a supervised algorithm from January 2020 to December 2020.

Linear Regression

Linear regression is the basic form of regression in which the dependent variable is continuous and the dependent variable depends on the independent variable is linear.19 A simple linear regression model with the regression coefficient b can be expressed by

y=βo+β1x+ε                                   (1)

Where βo and β1 are the unknown constants that define the intercept and slope respectively. Here the error ε  is derived based on the assumption with zero mean and variance of σ2. Here one error is uncorrelated with another error in nature. To train any machine learning model with this linear regression model y is represented with the current data set. The main objective of this linear regression model is to find the unknown regression coefficients βo and β1 that will make the error to minimum or zero. In this paper, all the models have been compared through the Mean Square Error (MSE) which is described in section 6.

Logistic Regression

The logistic regression model for machine learning is another famous regression model which is most widely used in biological sciences. The linear regression model may not be suitable for some of the applications since it requires some threshold value to classify the data. The logistic function z can be defined as,20

Here α and β are unknown parameters and X is the independent variable of interest. This model defined logistic regression since the probability of developing the disease can be defined with X as

Here α and β are to be estimated for the given group of objects. Once the values α and β found then X will be determined easily for the virus spread through this logistic model.

SVM

SVM is another important machine learning algorithm that can be used for both regression and classification. This algorithm search for the optimal separating surface through its kernel functions. The main objective of this vector machine is to find the optimum function in a suitable multidimensional space that will be able to classify the training data into known classification criterion. Due to the control over the error and stability in multidimensional data, this SVM is preferred in most of the pieces of training and classifications. Here the optimum function will be obtained with a minimum cost function of,21

Where  ωT, xiR2  and b∈R1, ω2= ωTω, C is the fixing parameter between the margin error and the training data.  Here the parameter C is common for all the kernels. The lowest value of C will give the smooth decision surface and the high value of C will concentrate the classification of the training samples accurately.

Supervised Regression

Linear regression explained in section 3 is very much prone to outliers. Before applying the linear regression, it is mandatory to remove the anomalies from the data set.  But it is not possible for the cases like virus prediction since it will possess more uncertainties. Even though logistic regression is very simple with its low dimensional data sets, on high dimensional data sets this model will compromise inaccuracy in the test.  Also, this model will face some issues due to its non-linearity optimization in the decision surface. SVM depicted in section 5 is relatively fair with clear margin specification during the classification. But when the data sets are large, SVM performs poor due to the overlapping in the data sets. Among these issues, since non-linearity will be treated as an important issue, in this work it is identified that the linear regression depicted in section 3 can be modified with a suitable estimator to address the above-discussed issues.  In this work, a supervised regression model with minimum variance unbiased estimation has been proposed to predict the virus spread with unknown input data. In supervised regression, it defines an algorithm that learns the pattern mapping from the input to the output. The objective of the regression is to approximate the mapping function that can predict the output for the new input with the help of trained data. 

This supervised regression will train the data with well-known input in training mode and predict the optimized values as shown in Figure 3. For example, a classification algorithm will train to identify the alphabets or numbers after being trained on a particular data set of images with alphabets and numbers through some identifying characteristics. The output of the supervised regression can be linearly expressed as,22

Where x=x1,x2…..xkT, f1, f2…..fn are known parameters and y1, y2……yn are the unknown parameters to be estimated. These parameters to be estimated are called regression parameters. Here the known parameters can be represented in a matrix form as (6)

Also,

z=F.y                      (7)

To derive the genuine value of y,

y=F-1. z    (8)

For better optimization, the error will be calculated as the difference between the actual values and the predicted values with mean square formula as,

Where  are the predicted values and yi are actual values.

Based on the Mean Square Error (MSE) it is must find the dependent parameters with an optimized fit line. To minimize the error and to find the optimized fit line, Mean square estimators are used. These estimators minimize the distance between the fit line and actual outputs. Evaluate the statistical qualities of MSE equation (7) has to be investigated in a statistical framework.

The error mentioned in equation (9) will be minimized when =yi with the condition,

If the term FTF in the left side of the equation (6), is non singular, unbiased and minimum variance then

Now the Accuracy of the estimated value through this MSE can be done by

Also,

Then

 From these equations, it is evident that the estimator depends on two components bias {}and variance of{} Here the tradeoff between the variance and bias will decide the rate of change of MSE. When the estimator is purely unbiased, MSE ()=Var ().  Also while increasing the bias, the variance will decrease and when decreasing the bias the variance will increase. To obtain the minimum MSE through this minimum variance unbiased estimator, the known parameters in x can be obtained by gradient descent optimization as,23

Equation (15) helps us to find the optimized updates of known parameters proposed in the regression model as equation (5). The weights are initialized with zeros and ones with truncated normal distribution. The prediction has been accomplished by using supervised machine learning approaches. The data sets utilized here include the number of daily cases and deaths from December 2019 to December 2020.

Figure 3 depicts the process of the data classification and prediction with supervised regression.  In the first step, the data will be collected from the authorized sites and it will be processed and classified based on the geographical area. In this paper, the prediction will be done for India based on the data from January 2020 to December 2020.  Here, the prediction was done based on the relationship between the dependent variable and some independent variables. 

Results and discussion

Once the data for the geographical area has been preprocessed, the data will be divided into two sets, one is a training set and another one is a tracking set. The window size of the training set is fixed as 236 days and the tracking set is 100 days. The prediction will be based on the training set with the supervised external target from tracking a set of 25 days. As mentioned in the previous section, the weights are initialized with truncated normal distribution and the batch size as 10 sets. After each batch has been processed, the bias and variance will be calculated to update the weights further which will minimize the MSE further. The pattern for infected cases and death was captured using the supervised regression model to minimize the MSE between the actual and the fit line.  Based on the pattern, the MSE will be evaluated and optimized under unbiased and minimum variance conditions. Figure 4 depicts the prediction of the linear regression through curve fitting for infected cases. The ideal way to fit curves with the data using linear regression is to track the polynomial coefficients as predictors. Each transition in the data will make more bends in the line. The optimum fit line will be found with the help of MSE.  When the MSE is high, the fitted line will underpredict the data points. This linear model with reciprocal coefficients will provide the best curve fitting line for optimized prediction.  From the figure, it is visible that the linear regression model fails to find the optimum fit line for a huge volume of data.   Figure 5 elucidates the prediction of infected cases through curve fitting optimization for logistic regression. Logistic regression can provide a better prediction when the range of uncertainties is wide.  Figure 6 depicts the prediction of infected cases with SVM. From the figure, it is visible that even though SVM is more efficient with high dimensional cases but with the ambiguity in the margin separation, SVM fails to predict the cases in certain situations. Figure 7 projects the predicted cases with supervised regression for infected cases. Even though it is a modified version of linear regression, the curve fitting can be optimized through equation (10) to equation 15. To determine the optimized polynomial, the number of bends will be counted in the curve fitting and the MSE will be updated by Eqn(9). Based on the number of bends, the variance and the biasing of the estimation will be done to update the weight coefficients further. The range of error and the MSE for all the models projected in Table- 1.  From Table- 1 it is evident that the proposed supervised regression with minimum variance unbiased estimator can predict the infected cases better than other models with margin MSE. Also, it is observed that SVM attempts to find the best margin that will make the crisp boundary between classes of data and risk towards the error. But due to the large volume of data set, SVM was not able to predict well when compared to the supervised regression algorithm.  Figure 8,9,10 and 11 projects the prediction for the deaths with linear regression, logistic regression, SVM and supervised regression respectively. The newly confirmed cases for day by day also projected for different models. Figure 8,9,10 and 11 projects the prediction of deaths with Linear regression, Logistic Regression, SVM and Supervised regression respectively. Here the models have been trained with the available data from 30.1.2020 to 21.09.2020.  The predicted death rate has been compared with the actual deaths that happened during the next 100 days.  From the figures, it is visible that the supervised regression can predict reasonably when compared to the remaining algorithms. With more clarity, the range of error and the MSE for different algorithms are depicted in Table II. The number of deaths was predicted well in the supervised regression algorithm when compared to the former algorithms. MSE also marginally low in supervised regression when compared to the remaining algorithms. 

Conclusion

Data availability and awareness on the number of infections in the localized region may hinder the movement of people and/or follow the safety requirement to protect them from infections. Government agencies need the information to foresee the infection rates and take suitable measures to contain the virus spread.  This paper attempted to compare the predictions made by linear regression, logistic regression, support vector machine and supervised regression algorithm based on the historic data available. The algorithm was able to predict the infections rates and death count with the least error when provided with training data. The proposed supervised regression model proved that the prediction can be done for any geographical area with a suitable window, batch size and weights.   Simulation results also proved that the proposed algorithm performed better when compared to the other models of machine learning. Our model has been proposed to predict the data based on the historic data alone. However, in a pandemic the infection rates and death rates can vary depending on various factors like imposing lockdown for a brief period, restricting movement of people, increased rates of testing and isolation etc in the particular region. In future, the aspects can also be incorporated into the model for a better and accurate prediction.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are grateful to faculty members of Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Chennai.

Conflict of Interest: The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding: No funding

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Manikandan Arunachalam; Methodology and Validation, Manikandan Arunchalam, Palaniappan S,  Neeruvai Devaiah Rohith; Writing – Manikandan Arunchalam and Shriram S; Review and editing, Sarathchandran.

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Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

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SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


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One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
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A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
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A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
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A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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