International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 13(11), June, 2021

Pages: 206-211

Date of Publication: 04-Jun-2021


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A Cross-sectional Descriptive Study to Understand Knowledge and Attitude of Japanese Encephalitis Among Health Professionals in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Pune

Author: Dipendra Singh, Jyoti A. Landge

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: Japanese encephalitis distribution all over India is not uniform, and there is diversity about incidence, occurrence and prevention strategy in different state of the country. Health care professionals are graduated differently in different parts of the country about managing health problems depending on local health needs so knowledge and perception towards Japanese encephalitis may not be uniform among them all over the country.
Objective: Present study was carried out to assess the knowledge and perception about JE among Health care professionals in a tertiary care centre.
Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out involving 103 health professionals working in various departments above the rank of first year junior residents in the same hospital for six months. Study was conducted after taking consent from participants using preformed self-administered questionnaire.
Results: There were participants of position from junior resident of 2&3 year (64.1%) to faculty (35.9%) and many (57.3%) were from clinical departments. Overall knowledge (68%) of study participants was good and perception was positive (58.3%). There was no variation in knowledge and perception across gender, clinical and para-clinical department (chi-square P< 0.05). Regarding perception towards disease, there was no much difference in resident doctors and faculty as well duration of experience. Conclusion: Health care professionals have optimized JE knowledge, but there is a need to improve their perception of JE.

Full Text:

Introduction

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by Group B arbovirus (Flavivirus). It is a zoonotic disease i.e., infecting mainly animals and accidentally man. The vast majority of cases occur among children less than 15 years of age. Nearly 10% cases among those above 60 years perhaps reflecting waning protective immunity.1 The high fatality rate and frequent residual neuropsychiatric sequelae in survivors make JE a considerable health problem.2

According to World Health Organization (WHO) report, in Southeast Asia and Western Pacific region approximately 3 billion people are living in countries, which are at risk of JE.3 In India also JE is a serious pediatric problem. its epidemic has been reported from many places of the country since 1952. However it was first detected in 1952 through sero-epidemiological surveys in Nagpur district of Maharashtra and Chingleput district of Tamil Nadu.4 Till 2001, there was no problem of JE in Maharashtra State. But during 2002 & 2003 JE infection was introduced in eastern districts such as Bhandara, Gondiya, & Nagpur. After that in 2004, three focal outbreaks of JE occurred in districts of Gadchiroli, Parbhani&Wardha.In the year of 2005 there were 6 focal outbreaks of JE in districts of Amravati, Yeotmal& Nagpur .5

Social, cultural, agricultural and occupational practices, health-seeking behavior, gender roles, and human interaction with animals are all important factors that have failed to grab the attention of researchers and program managers and hence not suitably informed the intervention strategies for prevention and control of JE. Furthermore, the vast diversity of these ecological and social factors has led to different patterns of epidemiologic risks associated with JE incidence in different states and districts. Thus, JE is not merely a zoonotic disease, but a greater developmental issue with multiple linkages to several social and cultural drivers.6

The healthcare professionals are important members of the society to combat the disease outbreaks like JE. Additionally, they are important source of information to the general public to provide counselling, education and prevention measures for disease. Therefore, the knowledge and perception of JE among Health professionals needed to be uniformly standardized as it will be critical in educating and protecting communities. In view of this, and due to the paucity of published data in the study area, we conducted this study to assess the knowledge and perception about JE among Health care professionals in a tertiary care centre of Pune city, Maharashtra.

Material and methods

A cross-sectional study was carried out in tertiary care hospital at Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra from April 2018 to October 2018. Study participants were physicians working in various departments above the rank of first year junior residents in the same hospital. From previous study it was found that 40.4% participants exhibited good knowledge of JE7considering same proportion calculated Sample size using formula for proportionate sample size with 10% allowable error at 95% confidence interval was 93(Open epi software). A total of 103 study participants were included. A convenience sampling, method was applied, and participants were approached on a continuous basis until the required sample size achieved. Intern doctors, visiting doctors, and doctors not willing to participate were excluded from the study.

Knowledge and perception about JE were assessed with the help of preformed self-assessment questionnaire from existing literature.7 Knowledge assessment: there were total 17 questions to assess knowledge of study participants. Each correct response were given 1 score and wrong response zero score.  Knowledge scores ranged from 0–17 and cut off level of <12 considered as poor knowledge and ≥12 as good knowledge. Perception questions consisted of 4-point Likert scale of agreement. A score of 1 was given to strongly disagree, 2 to disagree, 3 agree and 4 to strongly agree. The scale measuredperception from maximum 52 to minimum 13. Scores of <40 were taken as negative perception, > 40 as positive perception.

Ethical clearance (Ref No. I.E.S.C/C-10/18) was obtained from Institutional Ethical Review Board before the start of the study. Verbal informed consent was obtained from the study participants and confidentiality was maintained.

Data Analysis

Data was entered in Microsoft Excel 2007. The responses of the participants were statistically analyzed using SPSS v.20. Descriptive analysis for categorical and continuous variable was performed. Categorical variable results expressed in frequency (percentages) and continuous variable results expressed in mean & standard deviation (SD) or Median and quartile depending on distribution of variable. Chi-square test was used to check any difference in knowledge and perception in relation to gender, department, designation, and years of experience after MBBS. P-value of less than 0.05 was reported as statistically significant at 95% Confidence interval.

Results

Out of total 103 health care professional interviewed, 57.3% were male and 42.7% female participants. More than half (57.3%) were from clinical departments, and 64.1% were of junior resident of 2nd & 3rd year [Table 1]. Mean years of experience among professionals was 4.17yrs and range 1-40yrs. Based on the total score for knowledge, 68% had good knowledge about disease. About perception scoring 53.4% had positive perception toward disease concerned [table 1]. Surprisingly 25.2% professional responded antibiotics as a first line of treatment for JE and 43.7% responded antiviral drugs are highly effective against JE. Most of them (94.3%) said that precautions need to be taken when dealing with JE patients [Table 2].

Proportionately faculty (75%) had good knowledge of disease compared to resident doctors (60.6%). However, there was no statistically significant difference for knowledge and perception towards JE in relation to gender, designation, years of experience and working department (P>0.05) [Table 4].

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has evaluated the knowledge and perceptions of medical practitioners about JE in Maharashtra and India.The results of the study found that the overall knowledge and perception of participants in this study was good, but their knowledge about incubation period, role of antiviral in treating JE and role of antibiotics in treating JE, risk of JE for health worker were not satisfactory. Their knowledge was relatively better for disease transmission, symptoms of JE and vaccines. Similar findings were found when knowledge about JE was evaluated among health caregivers in a study at Shaanxi Province, China and One Indian study.7,8 Though Present study includes only medical practioner many were uncertain about disease epidemiology as they use to handle very few JE cases in the study area.

Regarding JE case management-in spite of fact that JE is a viral disease and there is no role of antibiotics; also, there is no specific antiviral medication available in the treatment of JE9 participants showed unsatisfactory knowledge about pharmacotherapy, as one fourth of participants (25.2%) felt that antibiotics are the first line of treatment. These findings indicate the need to take essential measures to bridge this knowledge gap by implementing effective interventions such as intensifying educational programs in the form of continuous medical education activities and webinars, etc., as JE is a life-threatening disease. In educational Programme, there should be a focus on the case management aspect. These strategies were also supported by previous researchers in their report on the knowledge of Ebola virus disease (EVD) among HCWS in 2014.10

One fifth of participants (19.4%) in this study wrongly answered that JE is not seasonal in its occurrence. This possibly conclude that there was lack of literature reading habit or participation in workshops or symposia by health care professionals.11 Such health care professionals will mislead diagnosis of Acute encephalitic syndrome (AES) and that will be life-threatening to patients and reduced notification of disease burden. Efforts should be made to address this issue by encouraging health professionals to attend and participate in continuous medical education Programme. Impact of continuous medical education Programme results were helpful to improve case management when a research was carried out at the time of swine flu epidemic in Saudi Arabia.12

It is noteworthy to mention that experienced senior doctors (faculty) were more knowledgeable as compared to junior ones. The results are in line with another study.14The possible reason for these findings could be due to administrative positions held by faculty, which allow them to participate in different educational forums, conferences, and discussion panels which may increase the overall knowledge of workers about healthcare issues associated with current epidemics. Our study findings are similar to a report which suggested that experienced workers are more effective in dealing with patients in healthcare settings.15 Our study suggests that junior doctors should also focus while conducting training and other educational programs to increase their knowledge about JE. There was no difference in relation to gender, pre and paraclinical department and years of experience for perception towards JE. Even perceptions of the resident doctors and faculty didn’t show much difference towards JE. Study in north India found that the perceptions of the physicians were more positive as compared to nurses, while older participants also showed positive perceptions towards JE.7

In the present study perception concerning management part of disease like serious illness, its risk of transmission among health care workers, intensive and emergency treatment suggests a wide gap between theory and practical knowledge of managing JE. This gap in practice could be due to no disease burden and management experience by health care professional in the study area. Also, literature showed that the there is no occurrence or outbreak of JE or acute encephalitis syndrome since more than a decade in the study area.5 As of current training pattern of health care professionals in India, they are graduated differently in different parts of the country about managing various health problems depending on local health needs and resources availability so perception about Japanese encephalitis as a serious problem may not be uniform among them all over country.

Perception towards acknowledgingthemselves with the information about disease, interventions like mosquito breeding place reduction, community participation, vaccination, and universal standard precaution while handling JE cases was also not satisfactory. These findings suggest that healthcare professionals being pillars of the society should equip uniformly throughout the country to combat future outbreaks of JE, which may be an important public health problem due to lack of intervention or manmade activities.6 Healthcare professionals are also important source of information to general public to provide counselling, education and prevention measures for diseases so it is need of time to strengthen preventive and curative knowledge of post graduate doctors irrespective of disease burden they are handing in particular geographical area during their training. This finding suggests that there is a need to in cult habit of conducting uniform training of health care professionals through seminar/webinar during disease outbreak in different geographical area. Also, there is a need to promote health research uniformly in India as it may provide important information about disease trends, risk factors, and required public health interventions. Arranging research seminars on outbreak of diseases and other health issues on a regular basis may aid in improving perception. Literature found that participation in research activities may change perception of healthcare workers regarding different disease conditions.13

Conclusion

Health care professionals have optimized knowledge but not up to the mark. Today’s resident doctors are future health care manager, so they should uniformly empower through medical education Programmes like conferences, seminar, and workshop on Japanese encephalitis, epidemiology, management and epidemiological shift in disease patterns. The study has explored an area where much research needs to be done. Additionally, study findings will help the stakeholders in India to design customized interventions to optimize the knowledge and perceptions of Health care professionals towards JE. The present study has some limitations like small sample size, convenience sampling approach and single-center study, which may not be generalizable to the whole state or country. Our findings address one of the major healthcare problems that may confront India in future. Further studies large size multicentric studies are required to establish these results by including other major referrals hospitals of the affected states of India. Our findings could be a basis for further development of educational campaigns by targeting less knowledgeable areas as highlighted in this study.

Conflict of Interest: No

Source of Funding: Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

Author’s contribution:

Dipendra Singh: Conception, data collection and drafting the article

Dr. Jyoti Landge: Data analysis and interpretation, critical revision of article, final approval of the version to be published

Acknowledgement: Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed."

References:

1. Park K. Epidemiology of communicable disease. Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine. 24th edition Bhanot publication, Jabalpur. 2017;302.

2. Srivastava P, Singh A, Srivastava AK, Singh AP, Prakash D. Role of Education and Counseling for the Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis in the Eastern U.P, India. Epidemiology 2014;4:161.

3. Halstead SB, Jacobson J. Japanese encephalitis. Adv Virus Res. 2003;61:103–138.

4. Dhillon GP, Raina VK. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in context with Indian scenario. J Indian Med Assoc. 2008;106(10):660-3.

5. National Japanese Encephalitis Control Programme. Accessed from: http://www.aarogya.com/health-resources/health-programs/national-japanese-encephalitis-control-programme.html dated 23/01/2018

6.  Chaturvedi S, Sharma N, Kakkar M. Perceptions, practices and health-seeking behaviour constrain JE/AES interventions in high endemic district of North India. BMC Public Health .2017; 17:645.

7. Ahmad A, Khan MU, Gogoi LJ, Kalita M, Sikdar AP, Pandey S, et al. Japanese Encephalitis in Assam, India: Need to Increase Healthcare Workers’ Perception to Improve Health Care. PLoS ONE 2015;10(8):e0135767.

8. Zhang S, Yin Z, Suraratdecha C, Liu X, Li Y, Hills S, et al. Knowledge, perceptions and practices of caregivers regarding Japanese encephalitis in Shaanxi Province, China, Public Health. 2011; 125:79–83.

9. Guidelines for surveillance of acute Encephalitis syndrome (with special reference to Japanese Encephalitis), Directorate of National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India 2006.

10. Kilmarx PH, Clarke KR, Dietz PM, Hamel MJ, Husain F. Ebola Virus Disease in Health Care Workers- Sierra Leone, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63:1168–1171.

11. Ho TS, Huang MC, Wang SM, Hsu HC, Liu CC. Knowledge, perception, and practice of dengue disease among healthcare professionals in southern Taiwan, J Formos Med Assoc. 2013; 112: 18–23.

12. Rahman A, Al Mulehim ARS, Almuhaidib NS, Almuhaidib NS, Al Humam A. Knowledge and risk perception among health care workers regarding infection control measures during swine flu epidemic in Al Ahsa Governorate in Eastern Province, KSA. Asian J Med Res. 2013;2:10–14.

13. Dulce B. The importance of clinical research in improving health care practice. Acta Paul Enferm. 2010;23: 8

14. Suchitra JB. Impact of education on knowledge, perceptions and practices among various categories of health care workers on nosocomial infections. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2007; 25:181–187.

15. Munnell A, Sass S, Soto M. Employer Perceptions Towards Older Workers: Survey Results. Work Opportunities for Older Americans, 2006 Available: http://crr.bc.edu/images/stories/Briefs/wob_3.pdf

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

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SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

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A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
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A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
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A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
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A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
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A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
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A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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