International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
logo
slider
slider
slider
slider
Bootstrap Slider

Indexed and Abstracted in: Crossref, CAS Abstracts, Publons, Google Scholar, Open J-Gate, ROAD, Indian Citation Index (ICI), ResearchGATE, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, WorldCat (World's largest network of library content and services)

Search Articles

Track manuscript

Full Html

IJCRR - 13(11), June, 2021

Pages: 117-121

Date of Publication: 04-Jun-2021


Print Article   Download XML  Download PDF

Role of Computed Tomography of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses in COVID-19 Patients with Anosmia: Our Experiences at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Author: Swain SK, Das S, Kar D, Das SR

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: Olfactory dysfunction is a unique clinical presentation reported among coronavirus diseases 2019(COVID-19) patients. The exact pathophysiology for olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 infections is poorly understood. Objective: To evaluate the anosmia in COVID-19 infections with help of computed tomography (CT) scan of the nose and paranasal sinus. Methods: This prospective study was performed in COVID-19 patients with symptoms of olfactory dysfunction. We evaluated the conductive etiologies of the anosmia with help of the CT scan of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Results: There were 62 patients with anosmia with COVID-19 infections included in this study. The age ranges of the study patients were 18 to 76 years with a mean age of 46.3\?14 years. Complete anosmia was found in 67.74% of cases and 82.25% of cases presented with sudden onset of olfactory dysfunction. Gustatory dysfunction or dysgeusia was found in 51.61% of the cases. There were no pathological lesions of the olfactory cleft in the CT scan of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Conclusion: Obstructive or conductive pathology in the sinonasal tract does not play a significant role in causing the anosmia in COVID-19 patients. We did not find much sinonasal pathology in the CT scan of the nose and paranasal sinuses in COVID-19 patients with anosmia.

Keywords: Computed tomography, Anosmia, COVID-19 patients, Olfactory cleft

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2) and currently presenting as a global threat.1 The common clinical manifestations in COVID-19 patients are fever, dry cough and dyspnea. Other additional clinical presentations include fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, anosmia and dysgeusia.2 The olfactory dysfunction may be anosmia (complete loss of smell), hyposmia(partial loss of smell), phantosmia(sensing odour without any external stimulant) and parosmia(a change in the usual feeling of odour). Anosmia is a cardinal clinical manifestation found in a COVID-19 patient.3 Although SARS-CoV-2 of COVID-19 pandemic and SARS-CoV have similar genetic sequencing, pathogenesis and cellular entry, the olfactory dysfunction was not documented during the previous SARS-CoV epidemic.4 The pathogenesis for post-viral anosmia includes conductive, sensorineural and mixed etiologies. The sinonasal pathology may block the entrance of the odorants to the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity, so causing conductive olfactory dysfunction. So, treatment of the olfactory dysfunction may by obstructive sinonasal pathology or conductive pathology is different from the sensorineural loss. So, detailed history and clinical examinations are vital before evaluating the anosmia in the COVID-19 pandemic. The detailed clinical examination includes complete ear, nose and throat examination along with diagnostic nasal endoscopy. However, performing the diagnostic nasal endoscopy in COVID-19 patients is considered a high-risk procedure for viral transmission to health care professionals. So, the CT scan of the nose and paranasal sinuses is the investigation of the choice for studying the sinonasal pathology in COVID-19 patients with anosmia.5 In this study, we considered the computed tomography (CT) scan of the nose and paranasal sinuses as an alternative to the diagnostic nasal endoscopy for evaluating the etiopathology of the olfactory dysfunction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This prospective study was done at a tertiary care teaching hospital attached to a 500 bedded COVID-19 hospital. This study was conducted between March 2020 to October 2020 and approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee (IEC) with the reference number of IEC/IMS/SOA/12.03.2020. The COVID-19 patients with anosmia attending the outpatient department were included in this study. The COVID-19 patients were confirmed by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasopharyngeal samples. Patients with age less than 18 years, previous history of smell abnormalities, neurological diseases, sinonasal surgery, endonasal neurosurgery and pregnant lady were excluded from this study. The sinonasal symptoms including smell status were evaluated subjectively with help of the questionnaires including different co-morbidities of the participants. The screening of the CT scan of the nose and paranasal sinuses with coronal views (Siemens, 64-channel) was performed for assessing the diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses along with the status of the stomatal complex(OMC), ethmoidal sinuses, maxillary sinuses, sphenoid sinuses and olfactory cleft. The Lund-Mackay CT scan scoring was used for evaluating the nose and paranasal sinuses where 0 indicates normal, 1 partial and 2 indicates total opacity for the paranasal sinuses. The mucosal thickening and swelling at the olfactory cleft and ethmoidal sinuses are considered as obstructive olfactory dysfunction. Data were analyzed by SPSS and reports were reported as mean, standard deviation and percentage.

RESULTS

There were 62 COVID-19 patients with anosmia included in this study. The age ranges of the study patients were 20 to 76 years with a mean age of 46.3±14 years. There were 38 (68.29%) males and 24 (38.70%) females with male to female ratio of 1.58:1. The commonest morbidity associated with COVID-19 patients with anosmia was diabetes mellitus (30.64%) (Table 1).

Out of the 62 patients, 42 (67.74%) presented with complete anosmia and 20 (32.25%) with partial anosmia (hyposmia). Along with anosmia, the COVID-19 patients presented with certain accompanying symptoms such as fever (17.74%), headache (16.12%), cough (24.19%), nasal obstruction (14.51%), rhinorrhea (9.67%) and fatigue (8.06%) (Table 2).

Out of 62 patients, 51(82.25%) were presented with sudden onset of olfactory dysfunction. There were 32 patients (51.61%) who presented with associated taste disturbances.  The involvement of the paranasal sinuses in the CT scan was analyzed as per Lund-Mackay score. Total Lund-Mackay score was 0 in 61(98.38%)  and 1 in 1(1.61%) patients at the right side of the stomatal complex whereas  0 in 60 (90.77%) patients and 1  in 2 (3.22%) patients on the left side of the stomatal complex (Table 3)  There were no opacification or abnormalities at the olfactory cleft in any of the patients.

DISCUSSION

COVID-19 is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by a novel virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-Co-2) and primarily spreads from human to human by droplets which carry virus. Novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) was an outbreak which emerged in China in December 2019 and has rapidly spread into a global pandemic.6 There are varieties of clinical presentations reported since starting of the COVID-19 pandemic including the symptom of anosmia.7 This infection often causes respiratory symptoms and even causes respiratory distress and death.8 Rapid spread of the COVID-19 infections currently threatens the world and also the healthcare system. In the COVID-19 pandemic, many patients have reported an acute loss of smell and taste. The association between the smell and taste disturbances in COVID-19 patients may carry important implications towards future investigations for understanding the SARS-CoV-2 virus ability to overwhelm the host immune response. The sudden onset of anosmia or dysgeusia should be considered an important symptom in the international forum for early diagnosis of COVID-19 patients. In this study, 82.25% of patients were presented with sudden onset of olfactory dysfunction. These symptoms act as a biomarker in this pandemic for early isolation of the patient. The most efficient method for preventing the spread of the COVID-19 infection is the early identification of the symptoms like smell and taste abnormalities and isolation of the patient. Olfactory dysfunction is usually associated with poor quality of life. Now the early identification of COVID-19 patient is urgently needed to isolate the patient and control the spread of the infection.8 The exact pathophysiology for smell disturbances in COVID-19 infections is not clear. There are controversies regarding the aetiology of impaired smell in COVID-19 patients whether by infecting directly or by neurological disease or other infections or direct damage of the organ itself. There are two potential mechanisms for explaining the olfactory dysfunctions such as mechanical blockage of the olfactory function due to inflammation, as found in the olfactory cleft syndrome or neuro-epithelial injury occurred when the olfactory epithelium and sensory neurons damaged by the infections.9,10  

The explanations for olfactory dysfunction in the post-viral period are secretions, congestion and inflammatory changes in the mucosal lining of the sinonasal tract.11 The obstruction to the olfactory cleft or neurogenic invasion/involvement of the olfactory bulb in post-viral infections is also the explanation for the olfactory dysfunctions.12 So, the disturbances in the olfaction are mostly due to blockage of the airway, sensory deficits by neuroepithelial injury or damage to the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract or central olfactory tract including prefrontal lobe, septal nuclei, amygdala and temporal lobe.13 The neuroinvasive property of the SARS-CoV-2 might have a role in the pathophysiology of smell and taste disturbances.14 As the olfactory mucosa is found at the roof of the nasal cavity, a direct or indirect effect of the SARS-CoV-2 in situ may be another explanation for these clinical manifestations. Infections, inflammations and certain chemical agents have an impact on the dendritic processes at the olfactory epithelium by inflammatory cytokine release, so induces apoptosis of the olfactory neurons.15 SARS-CoV-2   is also directly responsible for causing olfactory dysfunctions.16 In the current COVID-19 pandemic, the symptoms such as anosmia and ageusia are found as isolated symptoms or in association with other respiratory symptoms.17 In this study, 32 patients (51.61%) presented with taste disturbances out of the 62 COVID-19 patients with anosmia.

Smell disturbances are often found in COVID-19 patients. These symptoms may be presented as the first and/or only symptoms by COVID-19 patients. Olfactory dysfunction due to diseases of the sinonasal mucosa has a high chance of recovery whereas the recovery of the olfactory dysfunction by sensorineural loss is uncertain or late recovery. So, the proper understanding of the exact mechanism for olfactory dysfunction is an important part of the treatment and prognostication of this symptom. The mucosal lining of the nasal cavity has high angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressions, so permit for the route of the virus.18 Despite these findings, nasal symptoms are absent in the majority of the COVID-19 patients. In this study, nasal symptoms like rhinorrhea (9.67%), nasal block (14.51%) and sneezing (8.86%) were uncommon.  One study documented that non-neuronal cells of the olfactory epithelium and non-olfactory neurons are the direct target of the SARS-CoV-2.18 The olfactory epithelium express genes involved for virus entry such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2) receptor and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRESS2) whereas the sensory neuron of the olfactory area nor neurons of the olfactory bulb express these genes.19 The two proteins ACE2 and TMPRESS2 are needed for the host cell entry which facilitates replication, accumulation and binding of the SARS-CoV-2 and expressed in the sustentacular cells, receptor neurons of the olfactory neuro-epithelium which have a potential role in the loss of smell in COVID-19 patients.20 These reports explain that infection of the non-neural cell types in olfactory epithelium causes anosmia in COVID-19 patients.

Now the early identification of COVID-19 patient is urgently needed to isolate the patient and control the spread of the infection. Performing the diagnostic nasal endoscopy in COVID-19 patients is vulnerable to the spread of the infections to other persons. Imaging like CT scan is useful imaging for proper assessment of the nose and paranasal sinuses There is almost very little research related to imaging in the COVID-19 patients with anosmia. A study of MRI in cases of isolated anosmia in COVID-19 patients reveals a normal olfactory bulb. In another study, no mucosal congestion was found in the olfactory cleft.21 One study of FDG PET/CT scan in COVID-19 patients with anosmia showed metabolic activity of the olfactory pathways where hypometabolism was seen in the left orbit-frontal cortex under the neutral olfactory condition which suggest an impaired neural function as an underlying cause for anosmia.22 In this study, the olfactory tract was not blocked by any sinonasal pathologies.

Proper history taking, clinical examinations and imaging like CT scan and MRI are required for assessing the anosmia patients to rule out the underlying aetiology. Performing diagnostic nasal endoscopy for assessing the anosmia is a high-risk procedure during the COVID-19 pandemic as it often spread infections to health care professionals. So, imaging is useful for evaluating the nose and paranasal sinuses in COVID-19 patients with anosmia. Different imaging studies like CT scan and/or MRI are useful for assessment of the anosmia to confirm the underlying aetiology. In this study, we evaluated the COVID-19 patients with anosmia and performed a CT scan of the nose and paranasal sinuses to rule out the conductive mechanism for anosmia. We did not found significant pathologies like mucosal thickening or opacification at the sinonasal tract and olfactory region. In this study, clinical presentations like nasal obstruction were found in 14.51% and rhinorrhea found in 9.67%. So, this study favours the non-conductive mechanism such as sensorineural olfactory dysfunction as the important cause for anosmia in COVID-19 patients. The anosmia due to mucosal thickening or sinonasal obstructive pathology has a rapid recovery rate but in the case of neural pathology of the olfactory pathway, the recovery rate is uncertain or delayed. So, the exact understanding of the mechanism of anosmia in COVID-19 patients is an important prognostication and helpful for the treatment of this symptom in the current pandemic.

CONCLUSION

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic posed an overwhelming challenge for clinicians across the world in the last few months. The exact pathophysiology for the development of the anosmia in COVID-19 patients is still poorly understood. Diagnostic nasal endoscopy is not safe for routine assessment of the nose in COVID-19 patients with anosmia. The nasal endoscopy has a high risk for transmission of infections to health care professionals. CT scan of the nose and paranasal sinuses is very useful and safe for assessing the anosmia in COVID-19 patients and provides anatomical details in lieu of the diagnostic nasal endoscopy. As there was no significant obstructive or conductive pathology in the nose and paranasal sinuses found in this study among COVID-19 patients with anosmia, so certain therapies like steroids for treatment of the anosmia is questionable.

Conflict of Interest: Nil

Funding: Nil

Author Contributions: SKS: Concept, data collection and data analysis; SD: Data collection, data analysis; DK: Data collection and drafting the manuscript; SRD: Data collection.

References:

  1. Swain SK, Agrawal R. Mastoid surgery: a high risk aerosol-generating surgical procedure in COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Otorhinol Head Neck Surg. 2020; 6(10):1941.

  2. Xu YH, Dong JH, An WM, Lv XY, Yin XP, Zhang JZ, et al. Clinical and computed tomographic imaging features of novel coronavirus pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2. J Infect. 2020;80:394-400.

  3. Swain SK, Acharya S, Sahajan N. Otorhinolaryngological manifestations in COVID-19 infections: An early indicator for isolating the positive cases. J Sci Soc. 2020; 47(2):63.

  4. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020; 395:565-74.

  5. Busaba NY. Is imaging necessary in the evaluation of the patient with an isolated complaint of anosmia? J Ear Nose Throat. 2001;80(12):892-6.

  6. Swain SK, Behera IC. Managing pediatric otorhinolaryngology patients in coronavirus disease-19 pandemic-A real challenge to the clinicians. Ind J Child Health. 2020;7(9):357-62.

  7. Filatov AA, Sharma PP, Hindi FF, Espinosa PS. Neurological complications of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Encephalopathy. 2020;12(3):e7352.

  8. Swain SK, Das S, Padhy RN. Performing tracheostomy in intensive care unit-A challenge during COVID-19 pandemic. Sir Med J. 2020; 72(5):436-442.

  9. Zhang W, Du RH, Li B, Zheng XS, Yang XL, Hu B, et al. Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes. Emerg Microb Infect.  2020;9(1):386-9.

  10. Gane SB, Kelly C, Hopkins C. Isolated sudden onset anosmia in COVID-19 infection. A novel syndrome. Rhinology 2020;10:1-4.

  11. Li KY, Liu J, Xiao W, Wu Y, Ren YY, Wei YX. Characteristics of post viral olfactory disorder. Chinese J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;51(11):838-41.

  12. Yao L, Yi X, Pinto JM, Yuan X, Guo Y, Liu Y, et al. Olfactory cortex and olfactory bulb volume alterations in patients with post-infectious olfactory loss. Brain Imag Behav. 2018;12: 1355-62.

  13. Vaira LA, Deiana G, Fois AG, Pirina P, Madeddu G, De Vito A, et al. Objective evaluation of anosmia and ageusia in COVID-19 patients: Single centre experience on 72 cases. Head Neck. 2020; 42 (6):1252-8.  .

  14. Bilinska K, Jakubowska P, Von Bartheld CS, Butowt R. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in cells of the olfactory epithelium: identification of cell types and trends with age. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020; 11 (11):155-62.

  15. Kim BG, Kang JM, Shin JH, Choi HN, Jung YH, Park SY. Do sinus computed tomography findings predict olfactory dysfunction and its postoperative recovery in chronic rhinosinusitis patients? Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2015;29 (2015):69-76.

  16. Hwang CS. Olfactory neuropathy in severe acute respiratory syndrome: report of a case. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2006; 15(1):26-8.

  17. Vavougios GD. Potentially irreversible olfactory and gustatory impairments in COVID-19: indolent vs. fulminant SARS-CoV-2 neuroinfection. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; S0889-1591(20):30674-7.

  18. Sungnak W, Huang N, Bécavin C, Berg M, Queen R, Litvinukova M, et al. SARS-CoV- 2 entry genes are most highly expressed in nasal goblet and ciliated cells within human airways. Nat Med. 2020; 26:681-7.

  19. Brann DH, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Marcela Lipovsek M, Koen Van den Berge K, Gong B, et al. Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. BioRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.25.009084.

  20. Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryng. 2020; 277:2251-61.

  21. Karimi Galougahi M, Ghorbani J, Bakhshayeshkaram M, Safavi Naeini A, Haseli S. Olfactory bulb magnetic resonance imaging in SARS-CoV-2-induced anosmia: the first report. Acad Radiol. 2020; 27(6):892-3.

  22. Karimi Galougahi M. Yosefi-Koma A, Bakhshayeshkaram M, Raad N, Haseli S. FDG PET/CT scan reveals hypoactive orbitofrontal cortex in anosmia of covid-19. Acad Radiol. 2020;27(7): 1042-43.

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


RSS feed

Indexed and Abstracted in


Antiplagiarism Policy: IJCRR strongly condemn and discourage practice of plagiarism. All received manuscripts have to pass through "Plagiarism Detection Software" test before Toto Macau forwarding for peer review. We consider "Plagiarism is a crime"

IJCRR Code of Conduct: To achieve a high standard of publication, we adopt Good Publishing Practices (updated in 2022) which are inspired by guidelines provided by Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) and International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)

Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



ABOUT US

International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

Contact

148, IMSR Building, Ayurvedic Layout,
        Near NIT Complex, Sakkardara,
        Nagpur-24, Maharashtra State, India

editor@ijcrr.com

editor.ijcrr@gmail.com


Copyright © 2024 IJCRR. Specialized online journals by ubijournal .Website by Ubitech solutions