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IJCRR - 13(11), June, 2021

Pages: 27-34

Date of Publication: 04-Jun-2021


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Highlights on Synthetic, Natural, and Hybrid Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Effective Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review

Author: Kishor Danao, Yogesh Kodape, Debarshi Mahapatra, Sachin Borikar, Nilesh Karande

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disorder and is the most common form of dementia among the elderly (65 years). The main pathological hallmarks of AD are the accumulation of amyloid plaques, or senile plaques, containing extracellular deposits of amyloid-\? peptide (A\?) and the presence of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which result from hyperphosphorylated tau-protein. While preparing this review article, a huge collection of published literature from diverse pharmaceutical databases, life science databases, and medical databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, etc. were explored and the literature was classified duly. The article focuses on various cholinesterase inhibitors obtained from diverse sources or categories such as established synthetic inhibitors (Physostigmine, Tacrine, Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine, and Metrifonate), novel synthetic inhibitors (Phenserine, Tolserine, Tesofensine, and Esolerine), natural inhibitors (Huperzine A, Neferine, Galangin, and Cardanol), synthetic hybrid derivatives (Donepezil and AP2238; Donepezil-Tacrine Hybrid; Tacrine-Ferulic acid Hybrid and Beta Carboline Derivatives; and Tacrine-8-hydroxyquinoline Hybrid), and new experimental synthetic analogues (Phenyl-5,6-dimethoxy-1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-2-indenylmethanone and N-alkyl-7-methoxymatrine). This interesting piece of literature may serve as a readymade reference text material (particularly molecular-weight inhibitors) to the enthusiastic researchers (pharmacologists and medicinal chemists) working delicately in the area of AD. This study will positively open novel opportunities for research and futuristic pharmacotherapeutic application perceptive.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s, Natural, Hybrid, Synthetic, Inhibitor, Cholinesterase’s

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive age-related neurodegenerative disorder and is the most common form of dementia among the elderly.1 It is generally diagnosed in individuals over the age of 65 years.2 The main pathological hallmarks of AD are the accumulation of amyloid plaques, or senile plaques, containing extracellular deposits of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and the presence of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which result from hyperphosphorylated tau-protein.3 Secondary,  pathological hallmark of AD is the oxidation of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in neurons.4 The aetiology of AD is still unknown, but several factors have been suggested that appear to reduce the incidence of the disease.5

Three main approaches have been taken:

  1. The first involves the reestablishment of neurotransmitters levels, with the inhibition of cholinesterases such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes.6

  2. The second one concerns neuroprotection where oxidative stress is considered to be an early event in the pathological cascade for the disease, suggesting the potential use of antioxidants to limit the effects of free radicals on nerve cells.7

  3. The third approach deals with specific aspects related to AD, including the decrease in the production or aggregation of Aβ peptide, and inhibition of γ and β-secretase enzymes which play a critical role in the amyloidogenic and tau protein pathways, among others. Intracellular NFT is made up of paired microtubule-associated protein tau helical filaments, which are abnormally hyperphosphorylated.8 The emphasis on studies that the protein deposition viz. oligomeric Aβ and P-tau.9 Researcher is eagerly viewing the contribution of Aβ and P-tau in AD. Also, they studied the expression of other essential brain proteins, and eventually how they cause neurodegeneration.10 However, to understand the mechanism of neurotoxicity and to ensure successful treatment, it is also important to discern how both Aβ and P-tau communicate.11 Various types of neurons deteriorate through the development of AD, and there is a deep depletion of forebrain cholinergic neurons, which is followed by a gradual decrease in acetylcholine.12 AChE is regulated by both the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the acetylcholine-hydrolyzing enzyme AChE.13 To a large degree, therapies intended to reverse the cholinergic deficit are focused on the relevance of cholinergic activity in cognition. Despite the general reduction in AChE activity in the AD brain, current AD treatment is primarily based on AChE antagonists, which improve cholinergic transmission but have limited and intermittent therapeutic effects.14 For almost 50 years, it has been well known that the distribution of AChE molecular types in the AD brain is especially disturbed, but the physiopathological importance and consequent effects of these fascinating changes in AChE organisms remain unclear.15 A typical characteristic of AD neuropathology is an improvement in AChE levels around amyloid plaques and NFT, but the importance of this rise remains to be determined.16,17

ADNI's main successes were as follows:18-20

  1. Production in a multicenter environment of systematic techniques for clinical studies, positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers;

  2. Elucidation of trends, imaging transition frequencies, and biomarker measures of CSF in control subjects, patients with MCI, and patients with AD. CSF biomarkers are compatible with β-amyloid cascade and tau-mediated neurodegeneration theories for AD expected disease trajectories, while brain atrophy and hypometabolism levels show predicted trends, but show varying rates of change depending on area and seriousness of disease;

  3. The evaluation of alternate medical categorization approaches. The best classifiers currently integrate optimal features from several modalities, including MRI, fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, CSF biomarkers and clinical trials;

  4. In mildly symptomatic or even non-symptomatic subjects, β-amyloid, CSF biomarkers, and tau, as well as amyloid PET, can represent the earliest steps in AD pathology and are leading candidates for the detection of AD in its preclinical stages;

  5. Improving the quality of clinical trials by recognizing the samples who are more likely to suffer imminent potential clinical deterioration by using more responsive outcome tests to minimize sample sizes. Baseline cognitive and/or MRI tests typically expected a better potential regression than other modalities, whereas the most successful outcome measures were found to be MRI measures of improvement;

  6. Confirmation of the CR1, CLU, and PICALM AD risk loci and recognition of new nominee risk loci;

  7. Worldwide influence in Europe, Asia, and Australia through the development of ADNI-like programmes;

  8. Understanding the biology and pathobiology of normal ageing, MCI, and AD by combining ADNI biomarker data with ADNI clinical data to promote studies to address disputes regarding contradictory theories about AD etiopathogenesis, thus advancing efforts to identify disease-modifying ADNI drugs;

  9. The construction of networks to allow all raw and processed data to be exchanged without embargo by interested science investigators worldwide. The ADNI research was expanded by a two-year 2009 Grand Opportunities grant and a renewal of the ADNI (ADNI-2) from October 2010 to 2016, with an additional 550 participants participating in the study.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Alzheimer’s disease occurs due to the formation of senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle in the brain (mostly hippocampus and cortex region), where the senile plaque is formed at the surface of the neuron and NFT is created inside the neuron.21 A senile plaque is formed by β-amyloid protein and NFT is formed by tau protein due to hyperphosphorylation. Amyloid precursor proteins are present on the surface of the neuron and are normally cut by the enzymes such as β-secretase and γ-secretase enzyme and this cut part is referred to as β-amyloid.22 This is collected in forming a fibre-like structure called senile plaque. NFT is formed and the signal is transferred from soma to the synapse, further, the signal is transferred from a neuron which is made up of microtubules.23 These microtubules are stabilized by tau protein. In Alzheimer’s disease, this tau protein becomes defective and removes from microtubules.24 The defective tau protein is assembling in neurons and formed filament. An abnormal accumulation of tau filament in neuron form NFT. Senile plaque and NFT are deposited at the synaptic junction due to a decrease the released and concentration of acetylcholine.25

ESTABLISHED SYNTHETIC CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS

Physostigmine is a carbamate ester and an indole alkaloid that was the first ChE inhibitor investigated for the treatment of AD. It was isolated from the seeds of Physostigma venenosum, a para-sympathomimetic plant alkaloid. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) can move through, has a short half-life, and a small therapeutic index. It also has several side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dizziness, and headaches. It was previously used for glaucoma treatment and delayed gastric emptying. However, because of the above-listed drawbacks, the drug was not licenced and was discarded for AD use. With a lower side effect profile, the newer medications proved to be more successful.26

Tacrine is a 1,2,3-triazole derivative that acts both as AchE and BuchE. It was first approved for the treatment of AD in 1993 for its efficacy on the ADAS-Cog and the global measure compared to placebo in phase-II and phase-III clinical trials. For AD subjects, it was found to be quite limited owing to poor tolerance and precipitation of a number of side effects including vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, syncope, and seizures. Also, the route of administration and patient compliance were challenging due to 4-times a day dosing regimen as a result of a short half-life. In addition, patients under treatment with this drug are required to have periodic blood monitoring due to hepatotoxicity. Finally, believed to be caused by the preference for BuChE and the availability of less toxic, better-tolerated medications with a simplified dosing schedule, tacrine was discontinued.27

Donepezil is a piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of AchE. Donepezil was approved in 1996 for the treatment of mild-to-moderate AD. A high dose (23mg) formulation was approved for use for moderate to severe AD. It is well absorbed with a relative oral bioavailability of 100% and reaches peak plasma concentrations in 3-4 hrs. The elimination half-life is ~70 hrs and is approximately 96% bound to human plasma proteins. It is primarily metabolized by CYP450 isoenzymes 2D6 and 3A4 and undergoes glucuronidation. Donepezil is known to function not just at the level of the neurotransmitter, but even at the molecular and cellular level in virtually any stage involved in AD pathogenesis.28

It is a carbamate derivative of reversible cholinesterase inhibitor that is selective for the central nervous system and is used for the treatment of AD. It is a small molecule and has easy BBB permeability which enables fantastic BuChE and AChE inhibitory properties. Rivastigmine was approved for the treatment of mild-to-moderate AD,  in the year 2000 and has since gained approval for PAD after a trial with 699 patients. In capsular form, the drug has been assorting with side effects like nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and diarrhoea. In 2007, Rivastigmine was reformulated for delivery through a transdermal patch which resulted in significantly lowered GI side effects compared to the oral capsule. It is minimally metabolized by the CYP450 cytochrome system with weak binding to plasma proteins (~40%). The duration of ChE activity in cerebrospinal fluid is ~10 hrs after a 6-mg oral dose.29

It is a benzazepine derivative obtained from norbelladine. It is found in Galanthus and Other Amaryllidaceae. Galantamine has been  medicinal activity due to its sensitising action on nAChRs rather than general cholinergic stimulation due to cholinesterase inhibition. For the treatment of mild-to-moderate AD, it was accepted. A substantial increase in the ADAS-cog score of 3.3 points for the 16 mg/day group and 3.6 points for the 24 mg/day group was correlated with the administration of this medication, as well as a noticeable improvement in the physiological, emotional and functional symptoms of AD compared with placebo.30

                      Metrifonate was originally developed for treating schistosomiasis but later found to be a long-acting irreversible ChE inhibitor. Chemically, it is dimethyl phosphonate (phosphonic ester) where the hydrogen atom attached to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group. Although there was a low risk of side effects with short-term use, long-term uses caused respiratory paralysis and neuromuscular transmission dysfunction similar to a myasthenic crisis. As such, the FDA submission was halted and the clinical trials were discontinued during phase-III. However, show a robust therapeutic impact on ADAS-cog and other tests. However, before the further study of the relationship between metrifonate and neuromuscular disease is conducted, metrifonate is currently not an alternative for treatment with AD. Metrifonate is not an authorized for AD medication but demonstrates effectiveness that has been outweighed by safety hazards.31

NOVEL SYNTHETIC CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS

Phenserine is the phenyl carbamate derivation of physostigmine that has a dual effect due to the addition of methyl group on phenyl carbamate moiety by decreasing β-amyloid precursor protein and has a reversible AChE inhibition. It is less toxic than physostigmine and tacrine and has a rapid absorption rate. In elderly rats and dogs, increased learning and memory have also been demonstrated. Another, research on a dog found that phenserine increased learning and memory relative to dogs consuming the placebo group. During 2003-2004, 384 AD patients were enrolled at 10 mg and 15 mg twice daily doses in phase III clinical trial. Phenserine, however, did not substantially boost ADAS-cog scores relative to placebo.32

Tolserine

Tolserine only differs from Phenserine at the 2-methyl substitution on its phenyl carbamoyl moiety. The pre-clinical studies were initiated in the year 2000 and it showed 200-fold more selectivity against AChE vs. BuChE. Tolserine proved to be a highly potent inhibitor of human AChE compared to its structural analogues physostigmine and phenserine.33

Tesofensine belongs to the phenyl tropane category. It inhibits the presynaptic uptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitters in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The compound increases the function of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine, noradrenaline, and dopamine, both of which are impaired in patients with AD. A decrease β-amyloid concentration was found in mice after the use of tesofensine which was thought to be a neuroprotective effect. Phase-IIA trials showed significant cognitive improvement in those with mild AD. However, Phase-IIB trials showed limited activity. Currently, tesofensine is being marketed as a drug against obesity.34

Esolerine

Esolerine, a cyclic alkyl carbamate and a tacrine derivative which has been identified as a very strong AChE inhibitor and significantly favoured AChE over BuChE. But, there are no published reports in humans, so it is difficult to identify potential risks and benefits in pre-clinical and clinical models.35

NATURAL DERIVATIVES

Huperzine-A (HupA) is a lycopodium alkaloid used for memory deficiency isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Huperzia serrata. The plant is widely grown in China and several other regions of Asia. The famous Chinese Medicine tradition emphasizes this plant and its products in various herbal remedies owing to high selectivity, reversibility, and potent AChE inhibition action. It is often considered to be the drug of choice in China for the treatment of memory disorders. However, it has been noticed that the synthetic racemic mixture of HupA has less AChE inhibitory effect than the HupA of natural origin. For enhancing the potency and efficacy, Tacrine and donepezil have also been hybridised with HupA. Since the donepezil hybrid was less successful, the HupA-tacrine hybrids were called huprines (huprine Y and huprine X) have shown to be more effective in inhibiting the enzyme AChE in vitro than tacrine. Huprine Y and Huprine Z have shown better inhibitory activity than either of the parent drugs as well HupA with a higher oral bioavailability as compared to tacrine and donepezil. The improvement is more noticeable on working memory than reference memory as compared to donepezil and tacrine. In terms of inhibition functions, HupA is also found to be more active than tacrine, rivastigmine, and galantamine, although it has the least amount of BuChE activity.36

Nelumbo nucifera is an aquatic plant with numerous medicinal properties. It has been recently observed that the stamens of this plant drastically improved the maze learning tasks in rats when fed for a specific duration. Few compounds have been identified as neferine, 5-O-methyladenosine, cycloartenol, vanilloloside, a β-cyclogeraniol diglycoside, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, etc. which demonstrated excellent non-competitive inhibition of AChE and BuChE which opened new avenues for treating AD.37

Galangin

Himatanthus lancifolius is a shrub that contains several indole alkaloids having several medicinal properties such as antimicrobial effects, gastroprotection, and the ability to affect the vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle responsiveness. The AChE inhibiting properties of ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extracts (containing 21 different flavonoids) have been in vitro studied where significant inhibition of the target was observed. Because of their free radical scavenging properties, flavonoids have been of considerable importance in AD science and care. Epidemiological data shows that higher flavonoid intake is associated with lower AD incidence. Galangin, a flavonol has demonstrated the highest inhibitory effects on AChE activity. However, it is unknown whether galangin binds to the AChE directly or has the same binding site as the ATCh substrate38.

The cashew nut-shell liquid (CNSL) containing primary non-isoprenoid phenolic lipids (NIPL) components such as cardols, cardanols, anacardic acids, and methylcardols have been recognized as potential templates for the development of AChE inhibitors. The produced derivatives had electrical, hydrophobic, and structural properties that are required to act potentially as AChE molecules. The promising candidates for AD treatment have been identified from cardanols because of the abundance of the raw material source. Although, there are no human studies reported to date.39

SYNTHETIC HYBRID DERIVATIVES

AP2238 is the first published compound to bind with both the anionic sites of AChE. The inhibitory potency against AChE is comparable to donepezil, while its ability to contrast β-amyloid aggregation is higher. A sequence of donepezil and AP2238 hybrids was formed in which the donepezil idanone centre is bound to the AP2238 phenyl-N-methylbenzylamino moiety. A derivative in which the AP2238 phenyl-N-methylbenzylamino moiety was substituted by the AP2243 phenyl-N-methylbenzylamino moiety and a tetralone scaffold was replaced by the idanone ring. The hybrids showed improved inhibition of AChE-induced aggregation vastly when compared to the reference compounds.40


 

Researchers engineered a new sequence of donepezil-tacrine hybrids, interacting concurrently at the periphery, active, and mid gorge binding sites of AChE. They are appealing because both compounds have known effectiveness and BBB permeability with rather distinct MOAs. They were tested for the ability to inhibit BuChE, AChE, and β-amyloid accumulation caused by AChE. The compounds are a mixture of donepezil and 6-chlorotacrine 5,6-dimethoxy-2-[(4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-idanone molecules. All of the recent hybrids have proved to be incredibly potent inhibitors of hAChE. Both of the new compounds also displayed strong β amyloid aggregation inhibition and were found to be more active than the parent molecules.41

Tacrine-Ferulic acid Hybrid and Beta Carboline Derivatives

There were 3 β-carboline derivatives and 2 tacrine/ferulic acid combinations tested in vivo in 3-month-old female rats. The tacrine/ferulic acid hybrids exhibited stronger AChE inhibition and similar BuChE inhibition as compared with tacrine in vitro. However, neither compounds showed any therapeutic effects against scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits in vivo. Despite the promising in vitro information, none of the compounds is currently suitable for AChE inhibition against AD.42

Both tacrine and tacrine 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative are known for ChE inhibition and decreasing β-amyloid concentrations, respectively. Recently, few novel tacrine-8-hdroxyquinoline hybrids have been synthesized and evaluated as possible therapeutic drugs for AD treatment where the hybrids were found to be more effective than tacrine against AChE and BuChE with low cell level toxicity and better BBB penetration.43

NEW EXPERIMENTAL SYNTHETIC ANALOGS

Phenyl-5,6-dimethoxy-1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-2-indenylmethanone

This series of synthetic analogues are currently under development because of targeted pharmacological development, class-specific hepatotoxicity, and known gastrointestinal side effects which may be avoided. The possibility of producing synthetic analogues is that as naturally derived ChEIs they will have the strength and BBB permeability or they may have unanticipated pharmacological properties. This phenyl-5,6-dimethoxy-1-oxo-2,3-dihydro1H-2-indenylmethanone series showed that the majority of the compounds had moderate AChE inhibitory activity.44

N-Alkyl-7-methoxytacrine

Tetrahydro amino acridine (THA) was the first AChEI developed, but dose-dependent but reversible liver toxicity was caused by using the drug. 7-methoxytacrine (7-MEOTA) is a much less toxic THA analogue that is pharmacologically similar to THA. The synthesized 7-MEOTA analogues presented in vitro human recombinant AChE (hAChE) and human plasmatic BuChE (hBuChE) enzyme inhibition which was compared to both THA and 7-MEOTA. The structure-activity relationship findings point at the C6-C7 N-alkyl chains for ChE inhibition.45

CONCLUSION

This vital review content largely underlined the synopsis of various causes of Alzheimer’s disease including the pathogenesis. The article focuses on various cholinesterase inhibitors obtained from diverse sources or categories such as established synthetic inhibitors (Physostigmine, Tacrine, Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine, and Metrifonate), novel synthetic inhibitors (Phenserine, Tolserine, Tesofensine, and Esolerine), natural inhibitors (Huperzine A, Neferine, Galangin, and Cardanol), synthetic hybrid derivatives (Donepezil and AP2238; Donepezil-Tacrine Hybrid; Tacrine-Ferulic acid Hybrid and Beta Carboline Derivatives; and Tacrine-8-hydroxyquinoline Hybrid), and new experimental synthetic analogues (Phenyl-5,6-dimethoxy-1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-2-indenylmethanone and N-alkyl-7-methoxytacrine). This interesting piece of literature may serve as a readymade reference text material (particularly the low molecular-weight inhibitors) to the enthusiastic researchers (pharmacologists and medicinal chemists) working in the area of Alzheimer’s disease. This study will positively open novel opportunities for research and futuristic pharmacotherapeutic application perceptive.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors acknowledge the kind support of the college management for providing internet facilities for the literature review.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors stated No Conflict of Interest for the Publication of this review article in the Journal.

FUNDING INFORMATION

None acknowledged.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION

KRD: Supervise the literature survery and drafting and editing of the manuscript

YK: Complete literature survey performed

DKM: Made Chemical Structures, Wrote Structured Abstract, Drawn Graphical Abstract, Set References, Grammatical corrections

SPB: Removed plagiarized contents and attended manuscript revisions

UNM: Final reviewing of this manuscript and provided suggestions

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This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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