International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 13(9), May, 2021

Pages: 13-15

Date of Publication: 07-May-2021


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Management of Multiple Gingival Recessions by Coronally Advanced Flap with and without Connective Tissue Graft: A Case Report

Author: Mohammad Almagbol

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: Gingival recession is the most common and undesirable condition of the gingiva and usually caused by improper tooth brushing technique. The techniques used for the root coverage are based on tissue displacement either by displacement flap or by subepithelial connective tissue grafting (SCTG).
Case Presentation: In the present case report, a 38 years old, healthy male patient reported to the clinic with bilateral class I gingival recession on the buccal aspect of maxillary canines and premolars. The patient used a medium bristle toothbrush with horizontal strokes for oral hygiene maintenance. The depth of gingival recession was measured 2-3 mm from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). After scaling and root planning correct brushing technique was advised to the patient. The main objective of the treatment was to cover the exposed root surfaces to improve esthetics and reduce dentinal hypersensitivity. According to the treatment plan, the 1stquadrant was treated by a coronally advanced flap (CAF) and the 2nd quadrant by CAF+SCTG.
Results and Conclusion: One-year post-operative evaluation revealed uneventful healing at both surgical sites. Almost 80 % and 100% root coverage was reported at the 1st and 2nd quadrant respectively. In the present case, CAF+SCTG showed a favourable outcome for root coverage and hypersensitivity compared to CAF alone.

Keywords: Gingival recession, Coronally advanced flap, Connective tissue graft, Root coverage procedure, Dentinal hypersensitivity

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Gingival recession is the most common and undesirable condition of the gingiva with a high prevalence rate in the adult population. More than 50 % of the population has one or more sites with a gingival recession of 1 mm or more.1 Furthermore, improper tooth brushing is one of the important etiological factors for gingival recession.2 Patient education and sustained motivation about brushing technique is the key to the long-term success of the management for traumatic gingival recession.3 Even though the gingival recession may occur without any symptoms it can give rise to pain from exposed dentin, patient concern about tooth loss, poor esthetics and inability to perform proper oral hygiene procedures or development of root caries.4 The recessions can act as a local contributing factor for the initiation and progression of periodontal inflammation because the alteration in gingival morphology leads to greater plaque accumulation.

The widely used clinical classification for the gingival recession was proposed by Miller in 1985.5 The classification is based on the amount of periodontal tissue loss and prognosis of the case. The greater the amount of periodontal tissue loss, the worst will be the prognosis related to the root overage procedure. The techniques used for root coverage are based on tissue displacement whether by displacement flap or by free soft tissue grafting. Several modifications to the conventional techniques have been developed in an attempt to obtain optimal root coverage and better esthetic integration. The present case report aimed to describe the management of multiple gingival recessions by coronally advanced flap with and without connective tissue graft, as well as to compare the success predictability of both techniques.

CASE REPORT

Thirty-eight years old, male patient was referred to the Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry at King Khalid University with a complaint of the sensitive tooth to cold and long tooth display while smiling. Complete clinical examination revealed bilateral class I gingival recession, 2-3 mm in depth from CEJ, on the buccal aspect of maxillary canines and premolars (Figure 1a). Moreover, no significant findings were recorded on radiographic examination. The patient was using a medium bristle toothbrush with horizontal strokes for oral hygiene maintenance. The patient was instructed to use Modified Stillman’s technique to prevent a progressive recession. Scaling and root planing was done to eliminate the local etiological factors. After re-evaluation, it was decided to treat the quadrants by Coronally Advanced Flap (CAF) with and without Connective tissue graft depending on the availability of keratinized tissue in each quadrant.

It was decided to treat the 1st quadrant by CAF alone, because of the presence of an adequate zone of keratinized tissue and attached gingiva. Following administering infiltration local anaesthesia, the surgical site was prepared according to the technique described by Allen & Miller (figure 1b).6  Initial incisions comprised of two oblique divergent bevelled incisions directed apically in the alveolar mucosa, by using no.15 blade at the mesial and distal line angles of the teeth with gingival recession (Figure 1b). After intrasulcular incisions, cross sub-marginal and interproximal incisions preserved the interdental surgical papillae which were de-epithelized. A split-full-split approach was used to elevate the flap. A passive coronal mobilization of flap was achieved at the level of the cemento-enamel junction by sharp apical dissection. The flap was secured in coronal position by using a sling and simple interrupted 4-0 Vicryl suture material (Figure 1c).

For the 2nd quadrant, it was decided to use CTG along with CAF for the management of recession. This technique was selected due to the availability of inadequate width of attached gingiva with the area of interest (figure 1a). Following the administration of local anaesthesia (infiltration), the recipient site was prepared according to the technique described by Allen & Miller.6 Recipient site was prepared similarly as described in the 1st quadrant operation. The recipient site was covered with a moist gauze piece to avoid dehydration. A tinfoil template was used to transfer measurements on the palate for the donor tissue. A similar size of subepithelial connective tissue graft was harvested by the trap door approach from the right palatal vault, 10 mm away from the gingival margin and mesial to the first maxillary molar. The harvested graft was kept in a moist gauge piece and inspected for size and thickness. Excess connective tissue and fat were carefully removed with the help of Castroviejo scissor. The graft was placed on the recipient site, stretched and stabilized with the help of a 4-0 Vicryl suture (Figure 2b). The flap was secured in coronal position by sling and simple interrupted suture using 4-0 Vicryl suture (Figure 2c).

Post-operative medications and instructions were prescribed to the patient and directed to avoid brushing at the surgical site for at least two weeks. Follow up on the tenth day revealed signs of graft acceptance in the 2nd quadrant and uneventful healing of the flap in the 1st quadrant. At the same time, sutures were removed from the donor as well as recipient site in quadrant 1 and 2 respectively. Oral hygiene instructions were reinforced and the patient was kept under regular follow-up. One year follow-up showed that the entire graft was accepted with complete root coverage (100%) in the 2nd quadrant compared to partial (80%) in the 1st quadrant (Figure 1d and 2d).  Besides, the patient reported a marked reduction in dentinal hypersensitivity as compared to baseline in both quadrants.

DISCUSSION

The present case report evaluated and compared the clinical efficacy of CAF alone and in combination with SCTG to cover the exposed root surfaces of Miller Class I. The success of surgical procedures for root coverage depends on several factors,  such as elimination and/or control of the aetiology of gingival recession, evaluations of the interproximal bone level and choice for the most appropriate surgical technique.5 In 1985, Langer and Langer described a technique of subepithelial connective tissue graft for root coverage in the treatment of recessions at single or multiple areas.7 Although all periodontal plastic surgical procedures are e?ective in reducing the extent of the exposed root surface, with a concomitant gain in clinical attachment level (CAL) and width of keratinized tissue but from an aesthetic and subjective point of view, complete root coverage represents the desired treatment goal.

Several techniques have been introduced in the literature such as coronally positioned flap, laterally displaced flap, and the combination of coronally positioned flap with free gingival graft. The use of subepithelial Connective tissue graft was disseminated; assuring the obtainment of excellent results in areas with localized root exposure.8 The objective of mucogingival plastic surgeries was the successful coverage of exposed root surfaces, assuming patient’s esthetic and function. Many surgical techniques have been evaluated in an attempt to achieve a more effective and predictable root recession coverage while minimizing surgical complications.9 The only limiting criterion in utilizing a coronally advanced flap is the need for a band of at least 1mm of keratinized tissue.10 This rate of long-term successful outcomes of the treatment was similar to that previously reported in the literature for other root coverage procedures.10,11 Some clinical and biological advantages of the technique adopted in the present study might be related to the split–full–split-flap elevation as already suggested by Zucchelli & de Sanctis.12 the split-thickness elevation at the level of the surgical papilla guarantees anchorage and blood supply in the inter-proximal areas mesial and distal to the root exposure; the full-thickness portion, by including the periosteum, confers more thickness, and thus better opportunity to achieve root coverage.

The predictability of the SCTG procedure was excellent. The main advantage of this procedure is that it provides a good blood supply to the graft and, therefore, has very good predictability of success, and provides gingival colour match and esthetics. However, the disadvantages of this technique include technically sensitivity and increase morbidity compared to CAF because of the second surgical site.

CONCLUSION

In the present case report, CAF along with SCTG showed the best outcome for root coverage and a significant increase in the width of the attached gingiva. In addition to root coverage with CAF alone, CAF+SCTG showed good results in terms of colour matching and root coverage. Both surgical procedures resulted in significant relief in dentinal hypersensitivity. A good clinical diagnosis, the width of keratinized gingiva and cooperation of the patient plays a vital role in decision making and expected outcomes.

Acknowledgement: The author has nothing to acknowledge

Conflict of interest: Nothing to declare

Financial support: No financial funding

References:

1. Kassab M, Cohen R. The aetiology and prevalence of gingival recession. J Am Dent Assoc 2003;134:220-225.

2. Khocht A, Simon G, Person P, Denepitiya JL. Gingival recession concerning the history of hard toothbrush use. J Periodontol 1993;64:900-905.

3. Baelum V, Fejerskov O, Karring T. Oral hygiene, gingivitis and periodontal breakdown in adult Tanzanians. J Periodontal Res 1986;21:221-232.

4. Zucchelli G, Cesari C, Amore C, Montebugnoli L, De Sanctis M. Laterally moved coronally advanced flap: a modified surgical approach for isolated recession-type defects. J Periodontol 2004;75:1734-1741.

5. Miller Jr. PD. A classification of marginal tissue recession. Int J Periodon Restor Dent 1985;5:8-13.

6. Allen EP, Miller PD Jr. Coronal positioning of existing gingiva: Short term results in the treatment of shallow marginal tissue recession. J Periodontol 1989;60:316-319.

7. Bouchard P, Malet J, Borghetti A. Decision-making in aesthetics: root coverage revisited. Periodontol 2000;2001:97-120.

8. Langer B, Langer L. Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft Technique for Root Coverage. J Periodontol. 1985;56:715-20.

9. Alghamdi H, Babay N, Sukumaran A.Surgical management of gingival recession: A clinical update. Saudi Dental J. 2009;21:83-94.

10. Wennstrom JL, Zucchelli G. Increased gingival dimensions. A significant factor for the successful outcome of root coverage procedures? A 2-year prospective clinical study. J Clin Period 1996;23:770-7.

11. Zucchelli G, Cesari C, Amore C, Monte-Bagnoli L, de Sanctis M. Laterally moved coronally advanced flap: a modified surgical approach for isolated recession-type defects. J Periodon 2004;75:1734-1741.

12. Zucchelli G, de Sanctis M. Treatment of multiple recession-type defects in patients with esthetic demands. J Periodontol 2000;71:1506-1514.

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Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
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A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
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A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
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A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
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A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
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A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
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A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
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A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
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A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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