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IJCRR - 13(2), January, 2021

Pages: 90-94

Date of Publication: 16-Jan-2021


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Lipid Peroxidation and Hepatoprotective Activity of Bauhinia Vahli Against Carbon Tetra Chloride Induced Toxicity

Author: Amit Kumar Nigam, Phool Chandra, Zeashan Hussain, Neetu Sachan

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: Liver cirrhosis has become a serious health problem because of the wider use of prescribed medications with adverse reactions in the modern life of today or drug misuse. Objective: In the present study, the hepatoprotective activity of the aerial part of Bauhinia vahlii was investigated against the carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity model in Wistar albino mice. Methods: Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione S-transferase (GST), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrom (MOD) were measured in liver and blood samples. The acute toxicity study of the selected plant showed that there is no mortality or adverse reaction at the fixed dose of 2000 mg/kg. The methanolic extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight respectively were administered daily to study the hepatoprotective effect in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxic model for 7 days. Results: A remarkable decrease was observed in bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels in the treatment group as compared to the hepatotoxic group. In a histopathological study, hepatocytic necrosis and inflammation in the centrilobular region with portal triaditis was found in hepatotoxicity induced group whereas minimal inflammation with moderate portal triaditis and normal lobular architecture observed in extract treated groups. Conclusion: From the observation, it can be concluded that the methanolic extract of Bauhinia vahlii has the potential to revert the hepatic injury induced by carbon tetrachloride. Comparatively, the methanolic extract at 400 mg/kg w/w resulted in a significant hepatoprotective effect. The standard drug silymarin was used for comparison.

Keywords: Hepatoprotective activity, Lipid peroxidation, Bauhinia vahlii, Silymarin, Carbon tetrachloride

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

The liver is the largest organ in the body weighing 1400-1600 gm. in males and 1200-1400 gm. in females. There are two main anatomical lobes right lobe and left lobe, the right is being about six times the size of the left lobe. It produces bile, an alkaline compound which aids in digestion, via the emulsification of lipids. Besides, it aids the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fat, detoxification, secretion of bile, and storage of vitamins.1,2 The primary function of this organ in the removal of substances from the portal circulation makes it susceptible to first and persistent attacks by offending foreign compounds, culminating in liver dysfunction.3

Liver cirrhosis has become a serious health problem because of the wider use of prescribed medications with adverse reactions in the modern life of today or drug misuse. The current research has targeted on finding new therapeutic alternatives and analyzing their mechanism to get rid of the signalling routes and reduce the loss induced on the liver.4 The numbers of compounds of natural origin are generally used as possible health care options and they are being experimented on various animal models.5,6 Many medicinal plants with hepatoprotective activity have been reported by several researchers.7,8 In continuation of the search of hepatoprotective agents, Malu Creeper was undertaken to investigate the active constituents and its medicinal value. Bauhunia vahlii (Malu Creeper) is a tree of large family Leguminosaceae (subfamily- Caesalpiniaceae); it is traditionally used to treat the liver cirrhosis.9

 Bauhinia genus of family Caesalpiniaceae consists of about 15 species that occur in India. Some of them are shrubs or trees, while a few are climbers.10 Bauhinia vahlii is a giant climber shrub and one of the most common Indian Bauhinia species. The species is distributed in the Sub-Himalayan region and also found in Assam, Central India, Bihar, Eastern, and the Western Ghats.11 Bauhinia vahlii Wight and Arn belonging to family Caesalpiniaceae is a giant evergreen shrub having white flowers. Various part of Bauhinia vahlii is used, as the seeds possess tonic and aphrodisiac properties and leaves are demulcent and mucilaginous. The plant is reported to possess antibacterial,12 anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic13,14,15 antioxidant16 and anti-hyperlipidemic activity.17 It is also used for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhoea, haemorrhoids, piles, oedema, laxative, anthelmintic, astringent, antileprotic, wound healing, antigoitrogenic, antitumor, the antidote for snake poisoning, dyspepsia, carminative.18

Bauhinia vahlii is the largest creeper in India and is called adattige in Telugu and asamantaka in Sanskrit. It has been reported to contain amino acids, proteins,19 minerals,20 and flavonoids.21 They have various medicinal activity, Dried pods, without seeds, yielded 4 new constituents, viz. methyl 4-O-methyl gallate (0.08%), methyl gallate (0.26%), (+)-mopanol (0.07%) and (+)-catechin (0.11%).22 It has also contained betulinic acid, triterpene, campesterol, and steroid. Even though the plant was traditionally used to treat liver disease, but there is no such documented evidence of hepatoprotective activity. Because of this, it is of considerable interest to investigate the above-mentioned plant with the hope to obtain a safe and potent hepatoprotective agent.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection and identification of plant sample

The fresh aerial parts of Bauhinia vahlii were collected from surrounding of Chandi Devi Temple located in Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India. The selected plant was authenticated by CSIR Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (CSIR-NBRI). The authentication reference number is NBRI/CIF/530/2018.

Preparation of Plant Extract

The aerial parts were washed with running tap water, air-dried under the shade at room temperature, and then ground to a coarse powder and stored in an airtight container. The size of the dried parts was reduced, powdered and about 250 g of powder was continuously extracted with methanol and water by soxhlet extractor at room temperature for three days. The methanolic extract was filtered and concentrated to a dark viscous mass (Yield 21.7 % w/w) under reduced pressure at 45-50°C. The dried extract was suspended in distilled water and was further fractionated by using different polarity-based solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate; the obtained dark brown to green colour crude extract was stored in an airtight container at 6-10°C for further studies.23

Animals

Albino mice of weight ranges from 120-150 gm of female mice were used for the study. Female Mice were kept in the animal house of the pharmacy department at maintained room temperature of 22-25°C. During the whole experimental study animals kept in light and dark conditions. The experiments were carried according to guidelines of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee approved the experimental protocol and animals were maintained under standard conditions in an animal house. Ref. no: 2014/PO/Re/S/18/CPCSEA.

Acute toxicity study

The acute toxicity study was done according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines (OECD 423). In acute toxicity study, methanolic extract and aqueous extract were determined on Albino mice of weight ranges from 25-30 gm of female mice. Acute toxicity was calculated as per OECD 423 guidelines and LD50 of test compounds were found at 2000 mg/kg.w/w.

Carbon tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity

Animals were divided into five groups (each group contains 6 animals). Group, I served as vehicle control, which received liquid paraffin. Groups II-V were treated with CCl4 in liquid paraffin (1:2) at the dose of 1 ml/kg body weight intraperitoneal once in every 72 h for 14 days. Groups IV and V were treated with Bauhinia vahlii Methanolic extract (BBME) at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Group III was administered with standard drug silymarin at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight orally. BBME treatment was started 10 days before Carbon tetrachloride administration and continued until the end of the experiment.24

Evaluation of liver damage

At the end of the experiment, after 72 hrs toxicity of CCl4, blood samples were collected from retro-orbital plexus from the overnight fasted animals, after anaesthetized with 100 mg/kg ketamine, i.p. The blood samples were taken with 20 μl Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid  (EDTA) (5%) in each Eppendorf and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 20 min (Sigma 3K30, UK). The supernatant (serum) was separated with the help of a micropipette and placed it in a new Eppendorf with well labelled and stored at -80°c for further analysis. The homogenate was centrifuged at 4°C for 5 min at 3000 r/min and the supernatant used for the estimation of viscous oxidative stress markers. (Biochemical and antioxidant estimation). The opposite liver tissue specimens were used for histopathological examination.25,26 Biochemical parameters like Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transferase (SGOT), Serum glutamate pyruvate transferase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Serum bilirubin were estimated by reported methods.27,28

Statistical analysis

The results of the study were expressed as mean±SEM (Standard error of the mean). The student t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used followed by Newman-Keul’s multiple comparison tests to analyze the experimental data for its significance.

RESULTS

Histopathological Investigation

Control (Group I): Hepatocytes of the normal control group showed normal lobular architecture of the liver (Figure 1A).

Toxic Control Groups (II): Hepatocytic necrosis and inflammation region were observed in the liver treated with carbon tetrachloride (Figure 1B).

Silymarin 25 mg/kg (Groups III): Silymarin pretreated group showed normal hepatocytes normal architecture (Figure 1C).

Methanolic extract 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg (Groups IV & V): Methanolic extract 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg treated group showed recovery of hepatic parenchyma, mild congestion and microvesicular changes (Figure 1D & 1E).

The phytochemical analysis of an extract of aerial parts of Bauhinia Vahli confirmed the presence of various phytoconstituents i.e. alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids. The extract is devoid of toxicity up to 2000 mg/kg in Wistar albino mice. In Carbon, tetrachloride treated mice, the levels of Bilirubin (Total & Direct), serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and Alkaline phosphatase was significantly elevated. Silymarin (25 mg/kg) showed a significant decrease in Bilirubin (Total & Direct), SGOT, SGPT, and Alkaline phosphate level. Treatment with methanolic extract of Bauhinia Vahli at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg showed a significant decrease in Bilirubin (Total & Direct), SGOT, SGPT, and Alkaline phosphatase level. Similarly, the treatment of aqueous extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg but 200 mg/kg showed a significant decrease in the above-mentioned biomarkers. However, 400 mg/kg w/w had shown a profound reduction of the above markers. The detailed result of the biochemical analysis is given in tables 1 & 2. The histopathological studies of the normal liver sections showed the hepatic cells with well-preserved cytoplasm, prominent nucleus, and central vein (Figure 1A). In rats treated with Carbon tetrachloride, the normal architecture of the liver was completely lost with the appearance of centrilobular necrosis, lymphocytes infiltration of the periportal area, and fatty changes were observed (Figure 1B). The mice administrated with silymarin (25 mg/kg) exhibited a significant reversal of the hepatic damage caused by Carbon tetrachloride (Figure. 1C). Methanolic extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg had shown some improvement in damaged hepatocytes whereas the aqueous extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg had shown remarkable improvement in damaged hepatocyte which is evidenced from reversal of damaged hepatocytes to normal hepatic architectural pattern with mild hepatitis (Figure. 1D & 1E).

Discussion

CCl4 intoxication is a widely used experimental model for liver injury. The highly hepatotoxic metabolites, namely, trichloromethyl radicals (CCl3* and CCl3O2*) are generated during the metabolic activation of CCl4 by cytochrome P-450. These radicals have a central role in the initiation of lipid peroxidation, inflammation, and fatty changes of the liver.29,30 Moreover, CCl4 intoxication is associated with oxidative stress since theCCl3* and CCl3O2* radicals alter the antioxidant state of the liver by deactivating the hepatic antioxidant enzymes including SOD, GPx, GR, and GST. Trichloromethyl radicals also react with the sulfhydryl groups of GSH leading to its deactivation.31 In the present study, CCl4 treatment markedly increased the levels of AST, ALT, and ALP. The leakage of the marker enzymes into the blood was associated with marked necrosis, loss of hepatic architecture, hydropic degeneration, fatty changes, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, central vein congestion, and infiltration of the liver by lymphocytes. The MDA level in the liver tissue was markedly increased in response to CCl4 intoxication, indicating oxidative damage of the liver. CCl4 administration also reduced the levels of GPx, SOD, GST, GSH, and GR in the liver tissue compared to the normal mice. The results of the present study demonstrated that treatment with BBME returned the increased MDA to its normal level. The inhibitory effect against lipid peroxidation suggested that BBME could prevent the liver injury induced by free radicals along with the subsequent pathological changes in the liver.33

The marked reduction in the leakage of liver enzymes into the serum also confirmed the inhibitory effect of BBME against lipid peroxidation. In contrast, the GSH, GPx, SOD, GST, and GR levels were markedly improved compared to the silymarin-treated group. Modulation of these antioxidant defences contributed to the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of BBME. The remarkable hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of Bauhinia vahlii Methanolic extract (BBME) may be attributed to a synergistic effect between these compounds.32, 34

Conclusion

Based on the results of this study, the hepatoprotective effect of BBME is attributed to its ability to reduce the rate of lipid peroxidation, to enhance the antioxidant defence status, and to guard against the pathological changes of the liver induced by CCl4 intoxication. The hepatoprotective activity of BBME is concluded to be partly mediated by the antioxidant effect of the extract. Advanced tools and equipment are needed for identification, isolation, and purification of the active ingredients of the hepatoprotective activity and to examine their efficacy and safety through controlled clinical trials. There should be a motivation plan to Medicinal Plants Research Centre in Sudan to create cooperative collaborative research activities among the involved institutions.

ABBREVIATIONS

ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; BBME, Bauhinia vahlii Methanolic extract, CCl4, Carbon tetrachloride; GPx, Glutathione Peroxidase; GSH, Glutathione; GST, Glutathione S-transferase; MOD, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrom; SGOT, Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase; SGPT, Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase; SOD, Superoxide dismutase.

ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE

Not applicable.

HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS

Animals were used for studies that are the basis of this research.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Authors are thankful to CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India for authentication of selected Indian medicinal plant. Authors are also thankful to Er. Mahesh Goel, Chairman, Goel Group of Institutions, Lucknow, India for providing the research facilities to the compilation of present study.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no financial conflict of interest.

FUNDING SOURCES

Nil

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A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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