International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 12(20), October, 2020

Pages: 148-151

Date of Publication: 27-Oct-2020


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Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act: Knowledge and Attitude of Students of Commerce College in Rajasthan

Author: Anand Ranjan, Dilip Kumar L, Pradeep P. Shinde

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act was first enforced in 1994 and then updated 2003 to control an age-old and insistent social problem of female foeticide in India. Aims and Objective: To assess the awareness regarding the PCPNDT Act and sex ratio, among the college's students and to sensitize the students regarding declining sex ratio and create awareness by education. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional opinion study was carried out in the commerce college students of Udaipur under the jurisdiction of the urban health centre area of Pacific Medical College and Research Center. Total of 336 respondents participated with good response. Pre-tested and predesigned proforma was used to collect information under the supervision and analyzed and interpreted using statistical tools. The sensitization was done with lecture and question-answer session. Results: Majority (85.11%) were found in the age bracket of 20 to 22 years with more female respondents. Almost (91.48%) aware of the adverse sex ratio and the PCPNDT Act. The commonest source of information was mass media (82.73%) more than half (58.92%) were aware that sex determination is not permitted legally. Among them (27.97%) exactly knew the punishment profile for violators. Unavailability of brides to marry and rise in violence against women remained common future implication of female foeticide. Girls attitude towards not going for sex determination found statistically significant compared to boys. The commonplace of Male/Female discrimination for girls was outside home and institute while for boys it was in the institute. Conclusion: Although, the majority were aware of the adverse sex ratio and PCPNDT Act, knowledge about exact punishment for violators seemed to be less. Boys attitude towards not going for sex determination in future was less compared with girls. Proper guidance sessions are urged for them.

Keywords: PCPNDT act, Sex ratio, Awareness, Female foeticide

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Since antiquity, we Indian are experiencing a long history of social evils and traditions. The widespread social evils till the first half of the 20th century were the Sati system, female infanticide, child marriage, caste system, devadasi, purdah system, and untouchability. About these very less is known to the people.

A female infanticide is an act of murdering a female infant deliberately Female infanticide and its practice were widely common in Indian families and communities of colonial India, irrespective of class and caste. Sex-selective abortion was also commonly adapted by many families. This resulted in and a significant decline in the number of girl child in India over the years.1 Sociability ratings for male and female is also likely to differ quite significantly many factors often affect sociability ratings among the youths, in general, some include youth age brackets, family, religious disposition, education, gender and cultural values.2

The census 2001 reported alarming sharp fall of sex ratio of children (0-6 year) from 962 (1981), 945 (1991) to 927 in 2001. In 2011 this goes worse and reach down to 914 per 1000 males. Categorical worst performing states are Haryana (830), Punjab (846), Delhi and Chandigarh (867), Rajasthan (883) and Gujarat (886). Government of India enacted legislation in 1994, entitled Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) act to regulates and prevent misuse of technologies for sex determination. The act was implemented in 1996 and was amended in 2003 to Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic techniques. This act provides the prohibition of sex selection before and after conception. As on September 30, 2009, 36477 bodies registered using ultrasound in the country and 431 machines closed with 603 ongoing cases in the court of law.3 Sex ratio is defined as the number of Female per thousand males.4 Female foeticide is perhaps one of the worst forms of violence against women, where women are denied for most basic & fundamental right i.e. “the right to life” 5.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present cross-sectional institution-based opinion study was carried out in commerce college of Udaipur under the jurisdiction of the Urban health centre of Pacific Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centers. Informed written consent was obtained from the Head of the institute and the purpose of the study was explained to him. With the help of teachers from the same institute, a pretested and predesigned proforma was given to all the students with verbal permission from them. Those who were willing and present on the day of the visit were included in the study. In total 336 respondents participated with good response. In presence of investigators and teachers, participants fill the perform as without permitting to discuss with each other. After filling of proforma, a lecture was delivered on the same to resolve the queries if any. Strict confidentiality was maintained about the collected data and Interpreted and analyzed using appropriate statistical techniques.

RESULTS

Demographic representations

In the present study, the majority of the students belonged in the age bracket of 20 to 22 years. Female were more in number than male respondents.

Awareness about gender ratio and PCPNDT act

Almost many respondents were aware of the adverse gender ratio and the PCPNDT Act. The difference in awareness in boys and girls was not statistically significant.

Source of information about the act

Majority of participants voted mass media and internet as their primary sources of information. None of the participants replied that doctors or physicians are their sources of information. Very few agree that family or friends are their sources of information and most were unable to answer.

Awareness about legal permission of gender detection

About 58.92 % of respondents were aware that, prenatal sex determination is not legally permitted. Girls (63.63%) were more aware compared with boys (52.17%). Many participants answered that they do not this acts and whether there is a provision of legal permission to do gender detection.

Awareness about punishment under PCPNDT Act

There are different provisions of punishments under this act for doing illegal prenatal gender detection. This includes monetary fine, imprisonments or both, suspend or dispend form the job if a person is employed somewhere. Only 1/3rd (27.97%) was exactly aware of punishment under the PCPNDT Act. Girls were more aware compared with boys (2.61:1).

 

Opinion on the future consequences

Many participants (80.95%) felt that there will be an increase in crime against women followed by, a smaller number of girls to marry for boys (77.97%). About 57.14% felt that no mothers and sisters will be there in future. Few also responded that this may cause an adverse effect on female health because of repeated pregnancies and forced abortions. Possibility of inter-caste marriages, polyandry were also answered by many participants.

Personal views prenatal gender detection

About 2/3rd of the participants (69.05%) had a positive attitude towards not doing sex determination in future. Girls outnumbered the boys, found to be statistically highly significant.

In life encounter with gender discrimination

About 59.59 % girls & 75.36 % boys never encountered male/female discrimination in life. The commonest place for discrimination for girls was outside home and institute i.e. 40.59 % while boys the place was institute i.e.14.49%.

DISCUSSION

In the present study, Commerce undergraduates participated with the preponderance of female students agreed regarding adverse sex ratio and female foeticide (91.48%). These findings are comparable with the previous study.6 Different cross-sectional studies reported 98% of awareness on medical students in Mumbai and 58% among the general population.7,8 Mass media and the Internet remained the commonest source of information regarding PCPNDT Act awareness.

Previously similar results were reported wherein, 90% agreed and vote to media as a source of knowledge.7,8 Majority of participants voted mass media and internet as their primary sources of information. None of the participants replied that doctors or physicians are their sources of information. Very few agree that family or friends are their sources of information and most were unable to answer.

In our study, about 58.92 % were aware that female foeticide determination is not legally permitted. Many participants answered that they do not this acts and whether there is a provision of legal permission to do gender detection. This percentage of the respondent is less as compared to the previous report who states that 79 % of adolescent girls were aware of it. Only one third (27.97%) students were aware of the correct punishment scenario in PNDT Act, which is the more compared previous study by Murarkar and team who reported 18.33 % among adolescent girls7 but less compared with the study by Metri and team who reported 53 % among teachers of Hassan district Karnataka.8 There are different provisions of punishments under this act for doing illegal prenatal gender detection. This includes monetary fine, imprisonments or both, suspend or dispend form the job if a person is employed somewhere. Girls were more aware compared with boys (2.61:1).

The present study focused increase in sexual and social crime against women as an impact of female foeticide in future (80.95%) followed by a smaller number of girls to marry (77.97%).

Half of the participants also answered that there will be no mothers and sisters in future. Few also responded that this may cause an adverse effect on female health because of repeated pregnancies and forced abortions. Possibility of inter-caste marriages, polyandry was also answered by many participants. Our findings are comparable to study by Dadwani and team who compare the urban and rural population and reported that 76.5% answered the lack of bride in future from urbanities and 73.9% from rural people.6 Further 43% response to the increase in sexual and social crime is also reported.4 Commonest place of discrimination for girls was outside home and institute while for boys institute.

CONCLUSION

The study shows that most of the student are aware of sex determination and female foeticide and voted mass media and the Internet as a primary source of information. More than half were aware that sex determination is illegal and few were aware of the punishment modalities for defaulters. Crime against women may increase in future and there will be no girls to marry are the future demerits of not this social evil. We conclude that the knowledge and attitude regarding PCPNDT act need to reach to maximum sections of the community the provisions have to be implemented compulsorily.

References:

  1. Basumatary A. The study of the institution of female infanticide in colonial India. J IntAcad Res Multidiscipl2015;3(7):26-33.

  1. Baraskar VJ, Shinde PP. To study the gender difference in personality factor and anxiety in adolescents-sociality self-confidence ambition and Anxiety. J Evidence-Based Med Healthcare2018;5(18):123-129.

  1. Yadav KJ, Ganapa P, Fernandes J et al. Awareness and perception regarding female foeticide among adolescents in the rural community of Nalgonda district, Telangana. IntJ Comm Med Pub Health2018;5(7):3106-3110.

  1. Patil P, Singh V, Chavan S. Knowledge and attitude regarding PCPNDT Actamong medical undergraduate. Innovative J Medical Health Science2014;4(2):83-85.

  1. Siddhu TK, Kumar S, Paramjit E, Kaur S. A study of knowledge and attitude regarding the PCPNDT Act among medical undergraduate regarding prenatal sex determination & female foeticide. Int J Med Commu Health2011;13(3):410-417.

  1. Dadwani RS, Thomas T. Knowledge regarding sex ratio & PCPNDT Act: Across sectional study. Int J Sci Res2014;3(8)274-276.

  1. Murarkar SK, Ghate MM, Joshi AM. A study of knowledge and attitude of adolescent girls in the rural area regarding prenatal sex determination and female foeticide. Ind J Mater Child Health2013;15(4):2-7.

  1. Metri SS, Venktesh GM, Thejeseari HL. Awareness regarding Gender preferences female foeticide among the teachers in Hassan District, South India. J Clin Diag Res 2011;5(7):1430-1433.

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Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

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SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
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A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
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A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
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A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
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A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
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A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
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A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
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A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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