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IJCRR - 8(9), May, 2016

Pages: 26-30

Date of Publication: 12-May-2016

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PREVALENCE OF THYROID DISORDERS IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTER

Author: Deokar PG, Nagdeote AN, Lanje MJ, Basutkar DG

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: Thyroid disorders are a widespread endocrinological problem, but data on its prevalence in India is scanty. Aims and Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the proportion of various thyroid disorders in subjects attending a tertiary care center. Material and Methods: This retrospective hospital based study involved 2076 patients who underwent thyroid function test, in the central clinical biochemistry. Thyroid function tests were performed on Siemens Centaur immunoassay analyzer. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 16 software. Results: We found 22.16% subjects having thyroid dysfunction in our study population. Out of these, 4.24% were overt hypothyroid, 9.44% were subclinical hypothyroid, 2.5% overt hyperthyroid and 5.97% were found to be subclinical hyperthyroid. Conclusion: Our study suggested that the prevalence of thyroid disorders in our study population is high and hypothyroidism is more common than hyperthyroidism. Highest prevalence of thyroid disorder was found in 30-49 years age group. The mean TSH concentration increased with age in euthyroid, hypothyroid (both overt and subclinical) and hyperthyroid (both overt and subclinical) groups studied. The highest TSH concentration was seen in the age group 60- 69 years and lowest TSH was seen in age group 10 \? 19 years.

Keywords: Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, TSH

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Diseases of the thyroid gland are among the most abundant endocrine disorders worldwide second only to diabetes, India is no exception. Recent report shows that 300 million people in the world are suffering from thyroid disorders and among them about 42 million people reside in India.1 Thyroid disorders are more common in women than in men. One in every eight women during their life time has risk for thyroid disorder. The exact reason is not known. The higher prevalence in females may be associated with estrogen and progesterone.1 Our understanding of the effects of thyroid hormones under physiological circumstances, as well as in pathological conditions, has increased dramatically during the last two centuries and it has become clear that overt thyroid dysfunction is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have been linked with increased risk from cardiovascular disease and the adverse effects of thyrotoxicosis in terms of osteoporosis risk are well established. Hypothyroidism itself contributes to morbidity from osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular and neuropsychiatry disease in the population. The seriousness of thyroid disorders should not be underestimated as thyroid storm and myxedema coma can lead to death in a significant number of cases.2, 3 Furthermore the prevalence and pattern of thyroid disorders depends on sex, age, ethnic and geographical factors and especially on iodine intake. After successful salt iodinisation adopted by the Indian government, World Health Organization assessment status classified India as having optimal iodine nutrition in 2004. Still thyroid disorders especially hypothyroidism, both subclinical and overt, contributes significantly to burden of thyroid disorders in India. Data available on the prevalence of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism for Indian population is scanty.4, 5

The present study aimed to carry out hospital based study on the proportion of various thyroid disorders. We therefore evaluated cases with high suspicion of thyroid disorders over a six month period to estimate proportion of various thyroid disorders in subjects attending our tertiary care centre.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Serum of individuals with suspicion of thyroid dysfunction was subjected to thyroid profile (Total T4, Total T3, Free T4, Free T3 and TSH) using Siemens Centaur immunoassay analyzer. The TSH levels of serum samples were analyzed using a 3rd generation chemiluminescence sandwich immunoassay. The analytical sensitivity was 0.004 μIU/ml. The T3, T4, FT4 and FT3 levels were also analysed by chemiluminescent immunoassay using Siemens Centaur immunoassay analyzer. The laboratory’s reference values were TSH: 0.55- 4.78 µIU/ml; fT3: 2.3- 4.2 pg/ml; fT4: 0.89- 1.76 ng/dl; T3: 60 -181 ng/dl and T4: 4.5- 12.60 µg/dl. Analytical sensitivity was 0.004 μIU/ml for TSH, 0.4 µg/dl for T4, 35 ng/dl for T3, 0.05 ng/dl for FT4 and 1.0 pg/ml for FT3. Coefficient of variation was < 10% for TSH, T4, T3, FT4 and FT3. Hypothyroidism was classified as clinical (overt) if TSH was ≥ 4.78 μIU/ml and FT4 ≤ 0.89 ng/dL or T4 ≤ 4.5 µg/dl and subclinical if TSH was ≥ 4.78 μIU/ml and FT4 / T4 was within the reference range. Hyperthyroidism was classified as clinical (overt) if TSH was ≤ 0.55 μIU/ml and FT4 ≥ 1.76 ng/dL or T4 ≥ 12.6 µg/dl and subclinical if TSH was ≤ 0.55 μIU/ml and FT4 and T4 was within the reference range.

Statistical Analysis The data collected were analyzed using Excel 2007, R2.8.0 Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows version 16.0 (SPSS Inc.; Chicago, IL, USA). We calculated the odds ratio (OR) and their 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI). The study was carried out over a period of 6 months (June 2014- November 2014). 2076 subjects (250 males; 1826 females) formed part of the study.

RESULTS
The current study was a retrospective hospital based study, carried out from June 2014 – November 2014 (6 months) involving 2076 subjects (250 males and 1826 females) with suspicion of thyroid disorder who were subjected to thyroid function assay. The highest number was in the 20- 29 age group (34.29 %) and lowest number in the 60-69 age group (5.1%). Out of 2076 with suspected thyroid disorder, 77.84% (n=1616; 1442 F and 250 M) were categorized as euthyroid.

The distribution of various thyroid disorders is depicted in fig 1. The overall frequency of thyroid disorders along with percentage and 95% CI are described in Table 1 and table 2 while gender wise distribution given in Table 3 and table 4. Subclinical hypothyroidism was detected in 9.44% subjects (n=196; 164F and 32M). 4.24% (n=88; 66F and 22M) individuals were overt hypothyroid with elevated levels of TSH and low levels of total T3 / fT3 and total T4/ fT4 in serum. 2.5% (n=52; 40F and 12M) cases had hyperthyroidism and the laboratory findings of thyroid profile showed significant elevation of total T3/ fT3, total T4/ fT4 in serum and low levels of TSH. Subclinical hyperthyroidism was detected in 5.97% (n=124; 114F and 10M). The study cohort was divided in six age groups to determine the occurrence of various thyroid disorders in different age groups (Table 4). The age group division was 10-19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 to 39 years, 40-49 years, 50-59 years and 60-69 years. In the age 10-19 years age group, out of 106 cases (6 M,100 F), 92 (86.79%) were euthyroid, 6 (5.66%) were subclinical hypothyroid, 4(3.77%) were clinically hypothyroid, 2(1.88%) were subclinical hyperthyroid whereas 2(1.88%) were clinically hyperthyroid. The 20-29 years age group comprised our largest group with suspicion of thyroid disorders. This group consisted of 712 cases (52 M, 660 F), 616 (86.51%) were euthyroid, 46(6.46%) were subclinical hypothyroid, 18(2.52%) were clinically hypothyroid, 20(2.80%) were subclinical hyperthyroid whereas 12(1.68%) were clinically hyperthyroid. In the age 30-39 years age group, out of 612 cases (62 M,550 F), 470(76.79%) were euthyroid, 62 (10.13%) were subclinical hypothyroid, 22 (3.59%) were clinically hypothyroid, 38(6.20%) were subclinical hyperthyroid whereas 20 (3.26%) were clinically hyperthyroid. In the age 40-49 years age group, out of 364 cases (58 M,306 F), 248 (68.13%) were euthyroid, 56 (15.38 %) were subclinical hypothyroid, 22(6.04%) were clinically hypothyroid, 32 (8.79%) were subclinical hyperthyroid whereas 6(1.64%) were clinically hyperthyroid. In the age 50-59 years age group, out of 176 cases (42 M,134 F), 128 (35.16%) were euthyroid, 14 (3.84%) were subclinical hypothyroid, 12 (3.29%) were clinically hypothyroid, 16 (4.39%) were subclinical hyperthyroid whereas 6 (1.64%) were clinically hyperthyroid. In the age > 60 years age group, out of 106 cases (30 M, 76 F), 62 ( 58.49%) were euthyroid, 12(11.32%) were subclinical hypothyroid, 10 (9.43%) were clinically hypothyroid, 16(15.09%) were subclinical hyperthyroid whereas 6 (5.66%) were clinically hyperthyroid. The mean TSH concentration increased with age in euthyroid, hypothyroid (both overt and subclinical) and hyperthy- roid (both overt and subclinical) groups studied. The highest TSH concentration was seen in the age group 60- 69 years and lowest TSH was seen in age group 10 – 19 years.

DISCUSSION
Thyroid disorders are amongst the most common endocrine diseases in India. However data on the prevalence of thyroid disorders in India is relatively scanty. This retrospective hospital based study was carried out from June 2014 – November 2014 (6 months) involving 2076 subjects (250 males and 1826 females) with suspicion of thyroid disorder who were subjected to thyroid function assay. We found 22.16% subjects having thyroid dysfunction in our study population. Rebecca et al6 reported prevalence of 15.8 % of thyroid dysfunction in a study conducted on 505 women in Pondicherry whereas Arindam Bose et al5 found prevalence of 15.35% in central India in their study. Various studies have reported variable prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism. We found 9.44% of our population having subclinical hypothyroidism. The Rotterdam study2 reported an overall prevalence of 10.8% and Rebecca et al found 9.5% prevalence which was very similar to our finding. In females above 55 years of age, the prevalence was much higher 12.5% as reported by Rebecca et al (our study 9.52% women above 50 years had subclinical hypothyroidism). Colorado study7 and NHANES III8 study found 9.5% (TSH >5.1 μIU/ml) and 4.3% prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism respectively. Other studies reported prevalence of 9.4% 9 , 11% 10, 6.31%5 .The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in our study population was 4.24%. Rebecca et al reported 2%, a study from Cochin on 971 adults revealed 3.9%9 subjects to be hypothyroid whereas Rotterdam study and study by Arindam Bose et al reported 1.1% and 7.45% respectively. Our study population revealed 5.97% subjects to be subclinical hyperthyroid whereas 2.5% were overt hyperthyroid. Rebecca et al reported 1.8% of their study population to be hyperthyroid out of which 1.2% were overt hyperthyroid and 0.6% were subclinical hyperthyroid. Arindam Bose et al reported 1.79% as hyperthyroid in their study whereas the Hoogendoorn11 study found 0.4% o and 0.8% prevalence of overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism respectively. Our study suggested that the prevalence of thyroid disorders in our study population is high and hypothyroidism is more common than hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (9.44 %) as well as subclinical hyperthyroidism (5.97%) is much higher than overt hypothyroidism (4.24%) or overt hyperthyroidism (2.5%). Various studies have shown female preponderance in thyroid disorders. However we found male preponderance (24.7% vs. 18.2%). We believe this bias was introduced in the study since more number of females with complaints of menstrual irregularity, PCOS, infertility were subjected to thyroid function test as a part of routine protocol. However, only those males with suspicion of thyroid disorders were subjected to TFT. Also, we found that highest no of subjects with hypothyroidism (both overt and subclinical) was between 30-49 years age group. Other studies like Arindam Bose et al (19-45 years), Vanderpump MP et al12 (34 years and above) have reported similar age groups. The mean TSH value was found to increase with age in euthyroid, hypothyroid (both overt and subclinical) and hyperthyroid (both overt and subclinical) subjects. Similar finding was reported by Rebecca et al. Several other workers have reported an increase in TSH with age however Hoogendoorn et al12 found decrease in mean TSH level with age.2,7,12,13,14

CONCLUSION
Our study suggested that the prevalence of thyroid disorders in our study population is high and hypothyroidism is more common than hyperthyroidism. Highest prevalence of thyroid disorder was found in 30-49 years age group. The mean TSH concentration increased with age in euthyroid, hypothyroid (both overt and subclinical) and hyperthyroid (both overt and subclinical) groups studied. The highest TSH concentration was seen in the age group 60- 69 years and lowest TSH was seen in age group 10 – 19 years. We found male preponderance (24.7% vs. 18.2%). We believe this bias was introduced in the study since more number of females with complaints of menstrual irregularity, PCOS, infertility were subjected to thyroid function test as a part of routine protocol. However, only those males with suspicion of thyroid disorders were subjected to TFT. The finding that a large number of subjects unknowingly have laboratory evidence of thyroid dysfunction supports the usefulness of screening of thyroid function after age of 30 years, for early detection and treatment to reduce the ill effects of thyroid dysfunction.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to the dean for permitting to publish this article. Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

Source of funding: Study is not supported by any organisation.

Conflicts of interest: There are no conflicts of interest.

References:

1. Nimmy N.J ET AL.A Survey on the Prevalence of Thyroid Disorder Induced by Demography and Food Habits in South Indian Population. Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice. Apr-Jun 2012;5(2):49-52.

2. Hak AE, Pols HAP, Visser TJ, Drexhage HA, Hoffman A, Witteman JCM. Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: The Rotterdam Study. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132:270- 78.

3. Morris MS, Bostom AG, Jacques PF, Selhub J, Rosenberg IH. Hyperhomocysteinemia and hypercholesterolemia associated with hypothyroidism in the third U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination.

4. Unnikrishnan AG, Kalra S, Sahay RK, Bantwal G, John M, Tewari N. Prevalence of hypothyroidism in adults: An epidemiological study in eight cities of India. Indian J Endocrinol and Metab. 2013. 17(5):647-652.

5. Arindam Bose, Norman Sharma, Nanda Hemvani, Dhananjay.S.Chitnis. A Hospital Based Prevalence Study on Thyroid Disorders in Malwa region of Central India. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App.Sci(2015) 4(6): 604-611.

6. Rebecca Abraham, V Srinivasa Murugan, P Pukazhvanthen and S K Sen. Thyroid disorders in women of Puducherry. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 2009 / 24 (1) 52-59.

7. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, Ridgway EC. The Colorado Thyroid Disease Prevalence Study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 526-34.

8. Hollowel JG, Staehling NW, Flanders DW, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, et al. Serum TSH, T4 and Thyroid Antibodies in the United States Population (1988 – 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J ClinEndocrinolMetab 2002; 87:489-99.

9. Usha Menon V, Sundaram KR, Unnikrishnan AG, Jayakumar RV, Nair V, Kumar H. High prevalence of undetected thyroid disorders in an iodine sufficient adult south Indian population. J Indian Med Assoc 2009; 107(2):72-77.

10. Verma A, Jayaraman M, Kumar HK, Modi KD. Hypothyroidism and obesity.Cause or effect? Saudi Med J. 2008; 29(8):1135-8.

11. Hoogendoorn EH, Hermus AR, de Vegt F, Ross AH, Verbeek ALM, Kiemeney LALM et al. Thyroid function and prevalence of Antithyroperoxidase Antibodies in a population with Borderline Sufficient Iodine Intake: Influences of Age and Sex. ClinChem 2006; 52:104 – 11.

12. Vanderpump MP, Turnbridge WM. Epidemiology and prevention of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2002;12(10):839-47.

13. Sawin CT, Castelli WP, Hershman JM, McNamara P, Bacharach P. The aging thyroid.Thyroid deficiency in the Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145:1386-8.

14. Bjoro T, Holmen J, Kruger Q, Midthjell K, Hunstad K, Schreiner T, et al. Prevalence of thyroid disease, thyroid dysfunction and thyroid peroxidase antibodies in a large unselected population. The Health Study of Nord-Trondelag (HUNT). Euro J Endocrinol 2000; 143:639-47.

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A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020

A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"

A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13

A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 12

A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 11

A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 10

A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 09

A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 08

A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 07

A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20

A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR

A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13

A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR

A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR.

A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award

A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award

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