International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 12(3), February, 2020

Pages: 07-11

Date of Publication: 10-Feb-2020


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Long Term Studies on the Role of Parasitic Nematode Hexamermis Sp. in Controlling Brown Planthopper in Farmer's Rice Field of West Bengal, India

Author: Pinaki Acharjee, Chitta Ranjan Satpathi, Malay Kanti Modak

Category: Life Sciences

Abstract:On farm, trials were carried out at rainfed rice growing areas of West Bengal, India during Kharif(rainy) season 2003-04 and an average population of parasitic nematode Hexamermis sp. counted from the same field during 2003-04 to 2018-19 in Birbhum. A similar set of experiment was conducted during boro(summer) season 2008-09 in Bankura and average population of Hexamermis sp. was also calculated from the same field during 2008-09 to 2018-19. Each trial comprised three treatments viz (i) Natural Biological Control (NBC) with no pesticide application throughout the crop season (ii)Need based protection (NBP)- judged by periodic monitoring of brown planthopper population and (iii) Schedule treatment (ST)- involving application of insecticides following usual package of practices. The study revealed that NBC resulted in maintaining highest level of parasitism of Brown Plant hopper by this parasite Nematode as compared to NBP and ST. Identical results were also obtained from 15 years and 10 years average data from Birbhum and Bankura during kharif (rainy) and boro(summer) season rice respectively..

Keywords: Brown planthopper, Hexamermis sp., Natural Biological Control, Need Based protection, Scheduled treatment, Parasite, Pest

Full Text:

India is the second largest producer of rice in the  world. Rice being the principal crop occupied 66% of the gross cropped area of eastern India particularly in West Bengal. Brown plant hopper  Nilaparavata lugens Stål has been recognized  as the major biotic stress responsible for significant reduction in yield of rice in west Bengal (Satpathi et al. 2005, Katti et al. 2006) and  about 30% of the natural control of brown plant hopper in eastern India are due to parasitic nematode (Satpathi et al. 2008). Farmers of eastern India have been relying mostly on chemical pesticides for the management of brown plant hopper, however their indiscriminate use  has led to the destruction of the natural  parasites. Hence on farm trials were conducted by National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) and National Agricultural Innovative project (NAIP) during kharif 2003 & 04 and Boro 2008 & 09 to generate the information on the effect of  different treatment on Hexamermis sp population(Fig-1) in rain fed rice of west Bengal .

 

Fig 1 Hexamermis sp. emerged out from adult brown planthopper in Birbhum

Materials and Methods:

Field trials were conducted in 2 villages spread across Birbhum and Bankura districts of West Bengal during kharif (rainy)season of 2003 & 04 and boro (summer) seasons of 2008 & 09. In each village, 3 hectare field was selected in farmer’s field  , where there were three treatment blocks viz  (i) Natural Biological Control (NBC)  with no pesticide application throughout  the crop season  (ii)Need based protection  (NBP)- judged  by periodic monitoring  of brown planthopper population and  (iii) Schedule treatment (ST)- involving application of insecticides where  all the other agronomic Practices are common to three treatments and followed as per recommended package of practices. The population of brown planthoppers were recorded randomly from 50 hills in each sub plot at weekly interval. For estimation of parasitism the mummified adult and nymphs were collected at regular interval and released on potted plant for laboratory study. The infected hopper pests  were split horizontally and kept in containers with small quantity of water and was collected and retained for examination. Maintaining the identical treatment procedure, the data were collected from  one acre area at the same locality for last 15 years from 2004-2005 to  2018 -19 during Kharif (rainy) and 10 years from 2009-10 to 2018-19 during rabi (summer ) seasons to  estimate  the population level of  Hexamermis sp. in farmer’s field of rain fed rice growing areas of West Bengal. The treatments are applied in each plot is given in Table-1.

Result and Discussions

  The fifteen years  average(2004-18) data presented in Table-2 showed that at Birbhum district  the percent of parasitisation was low 0.8 to 5.7 during the Kharif season 2008 at 60 DAT and the significant differences were there  among the treatments. However the percentage of parasitism was recorded up to 32.60% in NBC treatment showed significantly higher in the range of 18.60-32.60% compared to 1.44 to 4.66% in schedule treatment (ST) and 4.00 to 13.57% in Need Based Protection (NBP) during 70 to 130 DAT. The data confirmed the results of  Satpathi et al. 2011 as given in Table-2.

Although the percentage of parasitism of last 15 years (2005-19) was low at 60 DAT during kharif season in another study but the higher parasitism in the range of 16.00 to 34.00%, 2.00to5.50%,4.20 to 14.00 % were  recorded in NBC, ST and NBP during 70 to130 DAT respectively.  Identical results were also obtained in the same field in 2003 which indicated that the parasitic nematode   population drastically reduced due to the indiscriminate use of pesticides as given inTable-3.

At Bankura the ten years average data (2009-10 to 2018-19) on percentage of parasitism was very low in the range of 1.80 to 3.2 % in NBC treatment during boro(summer) season significantly higher as compare 0.32 to 0.35 % in ST and 0.5 to 1.00 in NBP during 90 to 110 DAT.    The observation on average population on Hexamermis sp. also confirmed the result of 2003 in the same field where the nematode population appeared for short period as given in Table-4.

The result corroborated the study of previous workers from  most  of the rice growing areas round   the world. Mention may be made of the natural incidence of parasitism by  Hexamermis sp on BPH was first reported in south India by Manjunath (1978) and in eastern india by Satpathi  (1999). In addition to this  Grewal et al.  (2006) recorded it in Asia and Pena & Shepared (1985) recorded 50% parasitisation of BHP by Hexamermis sp. in Phillippines. Heong (1983) also reported that an entomopathogenic nematode Amphimermis  unka K&I  caused high mortality  of hoppers pest in China. Ramani, (2003) also reported that mermathrid  Hexamermis sp. was most important  nymphal /adult parasitoid from India . Satpathi et al. (2008) studied in detail about the factor affecting abundance of parasitic nematode Hexamermis sp. in eastern India where the nematode started to build up its population in the month of September starting with very low number of 3 to4 per 100  brown plathopper and two distinct population  peaks were observed with population level of 18.52 and 35.00 per 100 BPH. During first and last week of October respectively. From behavioral study with respect to the ecological niche of the host and parasite a relationship was drawn between Hexamermis sp . and Nilaparvata lugens Stål  in rice crop in Eastern India where it was recorded that peak population of this parasitic nematode was usually found a week after peak appearance of BPH in rice field but the temperature range of 25 to30ºC and relative humidity of 60 to80% were conducive for population build up of both this host as well as parasite in the rice field ( Satpathi 2009) .The quantification of role of Hexamermis sp in controlling brown planthopper was first initiated  with respect to the different plant protection measured was fist initiated in West Bengal during 2003 to 2009 (Satpathi et al.2011)  and this long term data may also taken as consideration for one of the component of biological control in most of the rice growing areas of West Bengal.

Conclusion:                                   

 From the intensive study of last fifteen years during kharif(rainy) season and ten years during boro(summer) season in rainfed rice growing areas of West Bengal, it is to be concluded that Natural Biological control (NBC) had shown the optimum result by exhibiting higher parasitism as compare with that of Schedule Treatment (ST) and Need Based Protection (NBP) due to the considerable reduction the number of application  of insecticide.  Both the Need Based Protection  (NBP) and scheduled protection (ST)resulted in optimum build up of Hexamermis sp population akin to that natural biological control (NBC) making it more environment  friendly.

Acknowledgement

The  authors are thankful to the Director of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krshi Viswavidyalaya, Kalayani, Nadia, West Bengal for providing the facilities to carry out the experiment.  We gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from ICAR under the World Bank aided National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP)and National Agricultural Innovative  Project(NAIP) during the course of study.

References:

Gururaj Katti, Pasalu I.C, Varma N.R.G, Dhandapani N (2001) Quantification of natural biological control in rice ecosystem for possible exploitation in rice  IPM.  Indian Journal of Entomology 63(4)  : 439-444

Gururaj K., Pasalu I.C., Dani R.C., Bora D.K ., Singh, M.P., Satpathi C.R., Reddy P.S., Venkateswariu ,B (2006) Integrated pest Management  in rainfed rice production system of india a farmers partipatory study Oryza (43)4 pp 296-304.

Satpathi C.R., Mukhopadhyay A.K., Katti, G., Pasalu I.C, Venkateswarlu, B. (2005) Quantitication of the role of natural biological control in farmer s ricefield in west Bengal . Indian journal of Entomology 67(3) :211-213

Satpathi C.R., Sarkar, A., Acharjee, P. (2008) Factors affecting abundance of Hexamermis sp in rice plant in Eastern India, International Journal of Nematology 18 (1) :75-78.

Satpathi C.R. 2009 Relationship between parasitic nematode, Hexamermis sp.and brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål in rice crop in Eastern India. International Journal of Nematology 19 (1) :120

Satpathi Chitta Ranjan, Acharjee,Pinaki , Katti, Gururaj, and Prasad, Yenumula Gerard(2011) Quantification of the role of parasitic nematode Hexamermis sp. in controlling brown planthopper in farmers’ rice fieild in Eastern India witnh special reference to West Bengal. Pub in National congress of Parasitology on Oct.30Nov 2011 at the Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani , WB, India

Grewal P.S., Ehlers,R. and Shapiro, D.I. (2006) Nematodes as bio control agents  Wollingford, UK. CBA international  pp 480

Manjunath T.M. (1978)  Two nematode parasites of rice brown planthopper in India. International Rice Research Newsletter 3,11.

Satpathi C.R.(1999) Record of Nematode (Hexamermis sp) on brown planthopper  in West Bengal . Insect Environment  5:89

Pena N.P & B.M. Shepard, 1985. Parasitism of nematode of three species of hopper pests of rice in Laguna, Philippines;  International Rice Research Newsletter(10)19-20     

Heong K.L (1983) Studies on natural enemies of rice insect Pest Acta Phytophlacica Sinica, 10:224

Ramani S. (2003) Biological control of rice insect pests, Biological control of crop pests in India, Kalyani Publisher. pp 349.

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List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


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