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IJCRR - 12(2), January, 2020

Pages: 06-10

Date of Publication: 28-Jan-2020


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Sodium Chromate Influence on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Horse Gram (Dolichos Biflorus Linn.)

Author: Sampath Koppula

Category: Life Sciences

Abstract:Medicinal plant Dolichos biflorus L. used in traditional medicine is well known for its healing properties. Its seeds are majorly used in treatment of various ailments besides used as tonic, astringent, and diuretic. The main purpose of this study is Sodium Chromate (Na2Cro4) contamination in water, soil and plants is a serious health problem throughout the world. We studied the effect of aqueous solutions of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 and 3.0 % Sodium Chromate on seed germination and seedling growth of D. biflorus at the end of 20days of treatment, significant reduction in root length, shoot length, seedling length, Rooting length/shoot length ratio (cm) and fresh weight, % of germination were observed at increasing Chromate concentration. Response of D.biflorus varied on all growth parameters viz root, shoot, seedling length, dry weight and root / shoot ratio. There was also reducing rate of seed germination of D. biflorus with all treatment of chromium was recorded. The treatment of chromium at 3% produced significant 2.4 cm length of plant with effects on root, shoot and seedling length of D. biflorus as compared to control. The reduction in the seedling dry weight of D. biflorus at 3% of Sodium chromate was reduced and was more prominent with the increase in concentration at 3% of Sodium Chromate treatments. Tolerance indices and seedling vigor index of 3% for chromium treatment decreased with the increase in chromium concentration in the substrate as compared to control. More reduction in seedling tolerance and seedling vigor indices percentage of D. biflorus was recorded at 1.0 % for chromium treatment. There was further reduction in seedling vigor and tolerance indices of D. biflorus at 3% of Sodium chromate concentration as compared to control.

Keywords: Sodium Chromate and Seedling growth, Root length, Shoot length and Leaf length

Full Text:

Introduction:

Dolichos biflorus Linn (Fabaceae), is commonly known as Muthira in Telugu and horse gram in English. It is a branched, and dowsing herb, sub-erect or trailing annaul, with small trifoliate leaves, bearing, when mature, narrow, flat, curved pods, 1½ - 2 inches long, tipped with a persistent style. The pods contain 5-6 flattened, ellipsoid seeds, 1/8 - 1/4 in long. The plant is native of India and is distributed throughout the tropical regions of the old world. It occurs all over India up to an altitude of 5000 feet. It is an important pulse crop particularly in Madras, Mysore, Bombay and Hyderabad.

Chromium is present in food and feed plants, but the form is not well characterized (Cary, 1982; Das et al., 2005). The likely form is soluble in chromium (III)  organic compounds such as chromium (III) oxalate in plants (Smith et al., 1989). Chromium is an important micronutrient for animals and humans (Bahijri and Mufti, 2002). Humans must consume organically bound or chelated chromium as part of the proper metabolism of Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF). Although chromium (VI) can be rapidly absorbed through the intestinal wall, any ingested chromium (VI) is believed to be quickly reduced in the stomach where the pH is around 1 and numerous organic reducing agents can be found.

Chromium plays a key role in the biological life but above critical level it is toxic (Balamurugan et, al., 2004; Han e, al., 2004;) mutagenic (Gili et,al., 2002; Puzon et,  al., 2002; Wise et, al., 2005), carcinogenic (Codd et, al., 2003; Reddy et, al., 2003; Sato et, al., 2003) and teratogenic (Asmatullah et, al., 1998). Trivalent form of chromium is more common and its compounds are less soluble and less toxic than hexavalent  chromium  (Smith. E and  K. Ghiassi, 2006). Trivalent chromium forms stable complex with legends on DNA, proteins and small molecules such as glutathione (Adach and Cielak-Golonka, 2005). Trivalent chromium bounds to the DNA template cause increased DNA polymerase processivity and decreased DNA replication fidelity. These alterations in DNA function can result in greatly increased bypass of oxidative DNA lesions, which are  promutagenic (Adach and Cielak-Golonka, 2005).

D. biflorus belongs to the family fabaceace. It was formerly called as Horse gram its vernacular names are Papataku in Telugu, Badachandrika in Hindi and Pampukaalchchedi in Tamil. (Mathews, 1983) have reported the high Chromate concentration in ground water at Hyderabad Telangana state, The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of varying

concentration of chromium on seed germination and seedling growth performance of legume crop D. biflorus. The results of the study could be useful as selection criteria for cultivation in chromium-contaminated areas.

Material Methods:

The healthy legume seeds of horse gram D. biflorus were collected from the Agriculture Research Station Hyderabad) at Botanical garden, Osmania University Campus Hyderabad and soaked in distilled water. The percentage of germination was first checked. To prevent fungal contamination, seeds of the D.biflorus were surface sterilized using dilute Sodium hypochlorite for one minute. The seeds were washed with double distilled water and placed in Petri plates on filter paper (Whatman No.42)  at room temperature. Twenty seeds were placed in each Petri plate for replicates. Solutions of chromium salt as Sodium chromate were prepared having five 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 percentage of concentrations for treatment. The concentration of zero (0) served as control. The experiment starts with 5 ml of metal solution of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 concentrations to each set of respective treatment was applied. After every two days, 2ml of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 percentage solutions of chromium were added to respective treatment. The control received only 2ml of distilled water on alternate days. The experiment was designed on the basis of three replicates, the Petri dishes were kept at room temperature (32±2°C) with 240 Lux light intensity, and the experiment lasted for 10 days. The experiment was completely randomized. Seed germination, root, shoot, seedling lengths and root/shoot, ratios were recorded. The seedling dry weight was determined by drying the 3 tallest seedling from each replicate for each concentration, the one having good growth and placing the seedling in an oven at 80°C for 24 hours. Seedling dry biomass was measured with electrical balance.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), standard error and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to determine the level of significance at p < 0.05 on personnel computer using COSTAT version 3, statistically analyzed the seed germination and seedling growth data.

Tolerance indices of seedlings were determined with the help of the following formula.

Tolerance indices (T.I.). Mean root length of treated seedlings X 100

Mean root length of control seedlings

Results and Discussion:

Sodium Chromate treatment also produce significant effects on seed germination percentage of D. biflorus as compared to control (Table -1). Chromium treatments at 0.5 % significantly (p<0.05) affected root, shoot and seedling growth of D. biflorus as compared to control. The results indicated that root was strongly affected by all concentration of chromium treatments as compared to shoot length of D. biflorus. The results for shoot length of D. biflorus showed similar trend as in case of root growth. With the increase in concentration of chromium at 3% profound effects on seedling length of D. biflorus were recorded. Seedling size of D. biflorus which includes the length of root and shoot was recorded as compared to shoot length of D. biflorus. The results for shoot length of D. biflorus showed similar trend as in case of root growth. With the increase in concentration of chromium at 3% a profound effects on seedling length of D. biflorus were recorded. Seedling size of D. biflorus which includes the length of root and shoot was recorded as 6.5 cm for control and which decreased to 5.5 cm, 4.0 cm, 3.8 cm 3.0,2.8 and 2.4 cm when treated with 0.5, 1.0,2.0 and 2.5 % of Sodium chromate solution, respectively (Plate-I). A gradual decrease in seedling dry weight of D. biflorus, was recorded when treated with different concentration of chromium as compared to control. The seedling dry weight of D. biflorus was significantly decreased with increase in concentration up to 3.0 % of Sodium chromate.

The seedlings of D. biflorus showed different percentage of tolerance to Sodium chromate treatment as compared to control (Fig. 1). A high percentage of tolerance to chromium treatment at 0.5 % for D. biflorus as compared to control was recorded. The better percentage of chromium tolerance indices for D. biflorus seedlings was recorded at 1.0%. The lowest percentage of seedling germination indices for D. biflorus was recorded at 3% for Sodium chromate treatment. The Seed germination in seedlings of D. biflorus to chromium treatment were reduced with the values 95, 93, 90, 85, 84 and 82 percentage of seed germination when treated with 0.5, 1.0,2.0, 2.5 and 3% Sodium chromate concentration as compared to control, respectively.

Plate; I Effect of Sodium Chromate treated on seedling growth of D.biflorus effect of root, shoot and Seedling length on Control (A) treated 0.5(b), 1.0 (c), 2.0(d), 2.5(e) and 3%(f) Sodium chromate concentration.

DISCUSSION
The increasing concentration of Sodium Chromate effect on morphological determining Chromate causes reduction in root length and shoot length due to unbalanced nutrient uptake by seedlings in presence of Chromate (Sabal et, al.,2006). Fresh weight and % of seedlings decreased monotonically with increasing Chromate concentration due to reduction of metabolic activity in presence of Chromate (Because germination is a one kind of metabolism and Chromate acts as a metabolic inhibitor (Gulzar and Khan, 2001; Gupta et al., 2009; Sabal et al., 2006).
This study provides evidence that the application of various concentration of chromium contributes to decreased seedling growth in Horse gram. There was less significant reduction in seed germination percentage of horse gram was observed which might be due to its resistance to chromium at all concentration to some extent. Germination and seedling establishment are critical stage in the life cycle of plant and can be affected in the presence of high level of metals in the immediate environment. Heavy metals have specific function and role in plant growth. Chromium is toxic heavy metal and easily available in air, water and soil. It was observed that among the heavy metal, chromium was found toxic at higher level. The plant under stress conditions are most likely to be adversely affected by heavy metals treatments. In the present studies, the toxicity of chromium at 0.5, 1.0,2.0, 2.5 and 3% on seedling growth and yield performances of D. biflorus were significantly affected. D. biflorus was subjected to different concentrations of chromium. The root growth of D. biflorus was more affected with the Cr treatment as compared to shoot. A significant inhibition in root length of D. biflorus was found at 3% as compared to control.

 

This study provides evidence that the application of various concentration of chromium contributes to decreased seedling growth in Horse gram. There was less significant reduction in seed germination percentage of horse gram was observed which might be due to its resistance to chromium at all concentration to some extent. Germination and seedling establishment are critical stage in the life cycle of plant and can be affected in the presence of high level of metals in the immediate environment. Heavy metals have specific function and role in plant growth. Chromium is toxic heavy metal and easily available in air, water and soil. It was observed that among the heavy metal, chromium was found toxic at higher level. The plant under stress conditions are most likely to be adversely affected by heavy metals treatments. In the present studies, the toxicity of chromium at 0.5, 1.0,2.0, 2.5 and 3% on seedling growth and  yield performances of D. biflorus were significantly affected. D. biflorus was subjected to different concentrations of chromium. The root growth of D. biflorus was more affected with the Cr treatment as compared to shoot. A significant inhibition in root length of D. biflorus was found at 3% as compared to control.

Excessive foliar spray of sodium Chromate reduced growth and development of litchi plants (Litchi chinensis) and also inhibited pollen germination (Zhang et al., 1998). Growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) was severely affected by sodium Chromate (Singh et,al., 2001). Sodium Chromate decreased the fresh and dry weights of the growing embryo axis of maize seedlings (Nagoor, 1997).

In another study, the toxic effect of PbCl2 at 3% on the root growth of lentil (Lens culinaris) was recorded (Kiran et.al., 2005). The roots of  P. oleracea seedlings were more sensitive to heavy metal in comparison with shoot (Naz et.al., 2013) . The results for shoot length showed similar trend as in case of root growth, the shoot length of D. biflorus decreased with the reduction in root length, which might be due to decreased in nutrients and water uptake from the substrate. The seedling size, which includes the length of root and shoot, was greatly decreased when treated with 3% of chromium as compared to control. Tolerance in seedlings of D. biflorus was decreased with the increase of chromium.

The results also showed that seedling dry weights of D. biflorus were also declined with increased concentration of chromium treatment. Essential and non-essential heavy metals generally produce common toxic effects on the production of low biomass, photosynthesis, alteration in water balance and nutrient assimilation (Singh et.al., 2015). The present investigation confirmed that seed germination and seedling growth was affected under different concentrations of chromium.

The response of horse gram seedlings at optimum dose of chromium at 3% can help in understanding the tolerance limit to chromium stress. In addition to growth inhibition of D. biflorus, chromium treatment reduced biomass production. The effects of Cr has been reported in several studies over the last few years. At the cellular level, oxidative stress have been reported  as a common mechanism in both stress situations (Smeets et.al., 2009). All results treated with different concentration of chromium when compared with the control treatment showed reduction in seedling and vigor indices of D. biflorus and agreed with the findings of other researchers. Chromium treatment at 100 mg kg-1 in pot adversely affected seedling growth, and seedling vigor index and biochemical attributes of Hibiscus esculentum L. (Amin et.al., 2013). It was found that lemon grass (Cymbopogan flexuosus.) did not tolerate Cr beyond 50 ppm in pot culture experiment (Patra et al., 2014).

Conclusion

At different concentration of chromium toxic effect on seedling growth of D. biflorus was observed and significant reduction in yield parameters as compared with control treatment. The tolerance and seedling vigor index of chromium treatment decreased with increase in chromium application. The difference in tolerance to chromium toxicity should be considered while cultivated in chromium contaminated areas and to cover the risk of chromium reference role in food chain. It was also concluded that chromium concentrations at 1.0 and 3% have negative effects on germination and seedling growth of horse gram. High Cr concentration (3%) caused more damage.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

Author acknowledges the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The author is also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

Conflict of Interest: Authors have no conflict of interest.

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A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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