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IJCRR - 11(15), August, 2019

Pages: 16-22

Date of Publication: 03-Aug-2019


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A Study on the Anatomical Variations in Diaphyseal Nutrient Foramina of Humerus and its Clinical Implications

Author: Chintala Durga Sukumar

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Aim: The study is aimed to determine number, location and direction of nutrient foramen, to assess whether nutrient foramen obeys rule of ossification, that is directed away from the growing end of the bone or not.
Methodology: The study constituted n = 122 (68 right, 54 left) humeri collected from the Department of Anatomy, Nimra Institute of Medical Sciences, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India. All the measurements were taken using standard anthropometric techniques.
Results: Number, direction and location of nutrient foramen in relation with surfaces and zones of humeri were determined. Majority 79.51% of the humeri had single nutrient foramen, 13.93% double, 3.28% triple, whereas 3.28% humeri no nutrient foramina. Majority 85.24% of the nutrient foramina were located on antero-medial surface, followed by 10.65% on posterior surface and 6.56% on anterolateral surface of shaft of the humerus. In majority 85.24% of bones foramina were present in zone II, followed by zone I (9.02%), then zone III (5.74%). All foramina were found to be directed towards the lower end of humeri.
Conclusion: The results confirm that the knowledge of the number and position of the nutrient foramina in humerus would be very useful in providing clinical information in preventing intra-operative injury of nutrient artery during orthopedic surgeries and will be relevant as reference for surgical procedures.

Keywords: Clinical implications, Foraminal index, Humerus, Nutrient foramen

Full Text:

Introduction

Humerus is largest and longest bone of upper limb and is supplied by a nutrient artery which is a branch of brachial artery. The nutrient foramen is an opening on the surface bone into the shaft of humerus bone, passing through cortex, ultimately opens into the medullary cavity. The main nutrient foramina is usually located on antero-medial surface of the humerus a little below its midpoint directed downwards[1], opens close to medial border, although various variations have been reported in number and position of the fo­ramina[2].

Henderson[3] also reported that their location in mammalian bones are variable and may alter during the growth. Any manipulation in this area in the form of close or open reduction may cause damage to nutrient arteries, leading to non-union or delayed union

The nutrient artery of the humerus arises from the brachial artery, enters the shaft divides into ascending and descending branches in the medul­lary cavity and supply bone marrow and inner two-thirds of cortex of the humerus [4]. The diaphyseal nutrient artery is the main source of blood supply to long bones, especially during active growth period and the early stages of ossification [2] and it should be preserved in order to promote the fracture healing [5]. Moreover, the presence of preserved nutrient blood supply is essential for the survival of osteocytes in cases of tumor resection, trauma, and congenital pseudoarthrosis [6]. Nutrient arteries play important role particularly during active growth period in the embryo and fetus, uniting callus formation in fractured bone [1].

The knowledge regarding the number and location of nutrient foramen helps the surgeon to avoid these complications during certain surgical procedures like bone grafting and microsurgical vascularized bone transplantation [7] and manipulation in the fracture of humerus [8,9].

Though studies on the vascularization of long bones of various populations were conducted, the nutrient foramina of humeri among Andhra Pradesh population was rarely studied.

This study was aimed at analyzing diaphyseal nutrient foramina with reference to variation in number, location, position and direction of nutrient foramina of the humerus of Andhra Pradesh population.

The aim of the present study was to determine any variations in number, direction and location of nutrient foramen in humerus of Andhra Pradesh population and see whether the nutrient foramina obey the general rule that is, directed away from the growing end of the bone.

Materials and Methods

The present study was conducted consisting of 122 (68 right and 54 left) dried and cleaned humeri collected from the Department of Anatomy, Nimra Institute of Medical Sciences, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India. All the bones were of adults (>20 years) and of unknown sex. The size determination was done for the entire material collected. All the humeri taken for the study were normal and with any fracture or pathological abnormalities was excluded from the study. Prior approval was taken from the College Ethical Committee to conduct the study.

In each humerus, the nutrient foramen was examined and studied carefully under proper illumination for number, location and direction of nutrient foramina on its diaphysis. A magnifying lens was used to observe the foramina. 

Osteometric board with sliding caliper, magnifying lens, scale and alpin were used for measuring the required parameters.

Nutrient foramina (NF) was identified by the presence of a well-marked groove leading to the foramen, and by a well-marked often slightly raised margins at the edge of the foramen at the commencement of the canal. Only well-defined foramina on the diaphysis were accepted. Foramina at the ends of the bones were ignored.

Location of NF in relation with surface and borders were observed and recorded. Direction of NF in relation with growing end of humerus was observed and noted by inserting an alpin.

Total length of each bone and distance from proximal end of bone to each NF was measured with the help of osteometric board and sliding caliper in millimeters. Total length of each humerus was taken as distance between superior aspect of the head and most distal aspect of the trochlea. All measurements were taken to the nearest 0.1mm using Vernier caliper [7].

Foraminal index was calculated which can help clinicians to locate the nutrient artery.

The position of nutrient foramen in relation to zone was determined by calculating a Foraminal Index (FI) using the Hughes formula [10,11]: 

FI= (DNF\TL) x 100

Where,

DNF - distance from proximal end of the bone to nutrient foramina.

TL - Total length of bone in millimeter.

The position of foramina was divided into three zones as follows:

Zone I: FI up to 33.33%, the foramen in proximal third of the bone.

Zone II: FI from 33.33% to 66.66%, the foramen in middle third of bone.

Zone III: FI above 66.66%, the foramen in distal third of bone.

Statistical analysis

All measurements were recorded separately for right and left sided humeri using measuring scale, thread and vernier calliper. All the collected data were represented as mean and then analyzed with MS Excel 2007 software. The numerical data was statistically analyzed by calculating the percentage, mean and SD.

Results

Number of foramina

The data of the distribution of number of the nutrient foramina (NF) recorded in the selected humeri is presented in Table 1. Of the total n = 122 subjects selected for the present study, n=68 were of right sided humeri and n = 54 were left sided.

The frequency of bone with single NF was present in n = 55 (80.88%) and n = 42 (77.78%) of right and left sided humeri respectively, two NF in n = 9 (13.24%) right and n = 8 (14.82%) left humeri and three NF in n = 2 (2.94%) right humeri and n = 2 (3.70%) in the left sided humeri whereas, no humeri had four NF. The NF was absent in n = 2 (2.94%) right humeri and n = 3 (3.70%) in left sided humeri. When the right and left sided humeri were analyzed separately, the frequency of variation in the number of NF was almost similar.

The data in the table shows that number of NF in humeri was variable. Of the total n = 122 subjects, the percentage of bones having one NF is 79.51% (n = 97), two in 13.93% (n = 17) and three in 3.28% (n = 4) humeri and 3.28% (n = 4) were found with no foramina.

Location of foramina

The data of frequency of distribution of NF in respect to the surface of right (n = 68) and left (n = 54) sided humeri subjects studied is presented in Table 1.  

In relation to surfaces, NF were located on antero-medial surface

(AMS) in 82.36% (n = 56) in right sided humeri and 87.04% (n = 47) NF in left sided humeri, NF located on posterior surface (PS) was observed in 10.29% (n = 7) right sided humeri and 7.41% (n = 4) in left sided humeri and location of NF on the antero-lateral surface (ALS) was found in 7.35% (n = 5) and 5.55% (n = 3) in the right sided and left sided humeri respectively.

Of the total n = 122 subjects, majority (82.79%) of NF were located on the AMS of the shaft of humeri, followed by 10.65% on posterior surface (PS) and then 6.56% ALS of the shaft of humeri (Fig. 1).

Location of nutrient foramen in respect to zone

The distribution of NF in respect to the Zone (Fig 2) of the shaft of humerus observed in the present study humeri subjects is shown in Table 1. The incidence of NF present in upper one-third or Zone I of humeral shaft was found in n = 6 (8.83%) right sided humeri whereas, in n = 5 (9.26%) left sided humeri. Majority of the bones n = 58 (85.29%) and n = 46 (85.19%) had NF located in the middle one-third or Zone II of right and left sided humeri respectively. In n = 4 (5.88%), NF were present in lower one-third or Zone III of right sided humeri and n = 3 (5.55%) in Zone III of the left sided humeri.

The higher incidence of NF was recorded in n=104 (85.24%) in Zone II of the humeral shaft, followed by upper one-third or Zone I in n= 11 (9.02%) and least in lower one-third or zone III of n = 7 (5.74%).

Direction of foramina

In the present study, the direction of the NF showed no deviation from the normal anatomical feature even in a single case. It was observed that all n = 122 (100%) NF (Table 1) were directed distally downwards, towards the elbow joint or towards the lower end of humerus i.e. away from the growing end.

The mean total length of the present study humerus bones and mean distance from proximal end of humerus to NF (right and left sided) and the Foraminal Index are presented in Table 2. The mean total length was found to be 269.32 mm in right and 268.17 mm in left sided humeri, the mean distance from proximal end of humeri to NF was 151.24 mm in right and 150.85 mm in left humeri and the Foraminal Index (FI) was recorded to be 53.46% for right humeri and 53.83% for left humeri. Therefore, mean and SD values of total mean length of humeral bones was 268.64±21.42 mm; and mean distance from proximal end of humeri to NF was 150.82 ± 16.46. The mean foraminal index was 54.25%.

Discussion

The knowledge of variations of NF will be helpful for orthopaedic surgeons to avoid causing damage to the nutrient artery during an open reduction to improve fracture healing [5].

Inspite of giving optimal treatment, some fractures either heal slowly or fail to heal [9] and may be related to the severity of the injury, poor blood supply, age and nutritional status of the patient or other factors [12,13]. The arterial supply is very important factor for effective healing of a fractured bone [9,14,15].

Number of foramina

In the present study, majority (79.51%) humeri bones had single NF followed by double (13.93%) and then triple foramina in 3.28%, 3.28% humeri had no foramina similar to earlier reports [5,12,16]. Similar findings were observed by several authors. Forriol et al. [17] reported 75% bones had single foramina from a sample size 36 collected from Medical School of Alcala de Henares University, Yaseen et al. [18] 79% among 100 sample size and Ramya Sree et al. [19] 80% in Telangana region of sample size 218.

In contrast, several studies reported humeri with single foramen in only 58% [20] in Indian population. Similar findings were reported with incidence of 60.87% [22] in Nepalese population, 61.29% [23] in Haryana population, 63% [24] incidence among Gujarati population.

Whereas, many studies reported higher incidence of single NF compared to the present study results. Asharani and Ajay Ningaiah [26] in their study on Karnataka samples reported 87%, Kizilkanat et al.[2] reported in 88% bones, 88.5% by Peirere et al.[27] in Southern Brazil samples, 90% by Bhatnagar et al. [28] in Uttar Pradesh, India samples, 90% by Khan et al. [29], 90.62% by Rita Kumari and Renu Prasad [30], Laing [15] reported the incidence of single foramen in 93%, and Aashish and Sanjay [31] in 94.12% humeri.

The present study, 13.91% humeri bones had double NF similar to the findings of Longia et al. [5], Kizilkanat et al. [2], with their occurrence 13%, 13.91% and 22% humeral bones respectively. Similar findings were also observed by Halagatti and Rangasubhe [32] in 17.5%, Ukoha et al. [25] in 18% humeri bones.

The incidence of double NF was lesser in studies made by Bhatnagar et al. [28] in 7.14% and Solanke et al. [33] in only 4% bones.

In contrast to the present study results, higher incidence of double NF was reported by Mysorekar [20] in 42%, Shaheen [21] in 33.3%, Joshi et al. [24] in 33%, Mansur et al [22] reported in 28.85%, Carroll [9] in 28.16% and Kumar et al. [34] in 26% shaft of humeri.

Only few authors observed the presence of triple NF in accordance with the present study results recording triple NF in 3.28% humeral bones.

Kizilkanat et al. [2] reported triple NF in 7% humerus. Nearly similar results were reported by Kizilikant et al. [2] reported 6.93% in Turkey, Shaheen [21] in 6.7% among Saudi Arabia samples, Mansur et al. [22] in 6.32% of Nepal samples. Whereas, the findings of Bhatnagar et al. [28] were in 1.42%, and Halagatti and Rangasubhe [32] in 2%, Yaseen et al. [18] in 2% comparatively lesser than the finding observed in the present study (3.28%).

None of the humeri in our study had more than three NF while, Mysorekar [20] and Kizilkanat et al. [2] have observed humeri with even up to 4 NF.

In the present study, absence of NF was observed in 3.28% subjects. The results are almost in agreement with results reported by Vijayalakshmi et al. [16], Malukar and Joshi [7], Kizilkanat et al. [2], Asharani and Ajay Ningaiah [26]. Ankana et al. [35] reported absence of NF in 5% humeri. A higher incidence of absence of the nutrient foramina (26% of humeri) was reported by Ukoha et al. [25] study on 150 humeri in Nigerian population. Absence of NF in long bones is well known.

Location of nutrient foramen in respect to surface of humeri

The NF is located a little below its midpoint on the AMS close the medial border of humeri. However, location of the foramina may vary in position.  

In the present study, 82.79% of the NF is situated on AMS of the humeri almost in accordance with the observations of Halagatti and Rangasubhe [32] showing 87% and Yaseen et al. [18] 88.5%.  

In contrast to our results, higher incidence of NF located on the AMS of the humeral shaft were reported by Khan et al. [29] studies on 96% humeri of Pakistan population, Vikram Singh et al. [23] in 89.92%,

However, several authors reported lesser incidence of NF on the AMS of humeri. Gopalakrishna et al. [37] reported in 70.97%, Vinay et al. [38] in only 30.23%. These findings are supported by another study made by Chandrasekaran and Shanthi [12].  

In the present study, majority (82.79%) of the NF were located on AMS of the humeral shaft, followed by PS (10.65%) and later ALS (5.55%), in accordance with results of Yaseen et al. [18] showing 11% and 3.5% on the PS  and ALS respectively. In addition, the percentage of location of NF was recorded in 8.53% on PS and 1.55% on ALS, 2.67% on the PS and 1.33% on the ALS by Khan et al.[29] and Vikram Singh et al.[23] respectively. This finding is supported by the observations of NF located on the PS by Ukoha et al. [25] in humeri of Nigerian population with the incidence of 7.5% and Gopalakrishna et al. [37] 8.06%.

However, a study conducted by Anusha and Naidu [39] reported higher incidence (19%) of the presence of NF on PS than the present study results. Similarly, Forriol et al. [17] reported 15.55% of foramina in Spanish population and Kizilikant et al. [2] (18.1%) in Turkish population comparatively higher than the present study results.

Location of foramina in respect to zone of humeri

In the present study, majority of NF (85.24%) were found to be located on zone II (the middle one-third) of the shaft of humeri and are in correlation with the studies conducted by Halagatti and Rangasubhe [32] who reported the incidence in 84%, Aashish and Sanjay [18] in 86.11%, Asharani and Ajay Ningaiah [26] in 87% of NF in the middle one-third of the shaft of humeri.

Several authors in their studies reported high incidence of NF in zone II (middle one-third) of the shaft of the humeri similar to the present study results. Khan et al. [29] reported 96.20% in Pakistan cadavers, Mansur et al. [22] in 94.84%. While, Ukoha et al. [25] found 100% incidence in the humeri of Nigerian population, similar trend was recorded by Kumar et al. [34] with 100% incidence in Indian population which was much higher than the present study results.

In the present study, in 9.02% bones the NF were found to be located in zone I and 5.74% in zone III of the humeral shaft. Asharani and Ajay Ningaiah [26] observed 11% in zone II and none of them were located in Zone I Yaseen et al. [18]. Asharani and Ajay Ningaiah[26] reported NF were located in 22% in Zone I and 2% in the Zone III.

Direction of foramina

In the present study, the direction of the NF showed no deviation from the normal anatomical feature even in a single case. It was also observed that all NF were directed distally downwards, away from the growing end.

Several studies were conducted to observe the direction of NF in humerus to determine whether it follows the law of ossification or not.

The data in the present study, showed that the direction of all the NF of humeri was directed towards the lower end of humeri supported by many studies (Halagatti and Rangasubhe [32], Khan et al. [29], Gopalakrishna et al. [37], Kumar et al. [34] which revealed that the direction of NF were constant and obeys the law of ossiossification.

Foraminal Index

In the present study, the mean total length of right and left sided humeri showed negligible variation recording 269.32 mm and 268.17 mm respectively (Table 2). Solanke, et al. [33] reported the mean length of right sided humeri as 28.53±1.78 cm and left sided humeri as 28.89 ±1.75cm. Mansur et al. [22] in their study on 253 adult humeri observed that the mean length of right side humeri as 27.05 cm and left sided as 26.99 cm, with foramen index 55.18%.

In the present study, the mean total length and standard deviation and the distance from proximal end of the NF (mm) was observed to be 268.64 ± 21.42 and 150.82 ± 16.46 respectively and the Forminal Index 54.25%.

Pereira et al. [27] reported mean foraminal index as 55.2% and Pramar et al. [42] also reported as 55.2% in accordance with the present study results.

Ukoha et al. [25] recorded mean foraminal index of humeri as 56.28% in Nigerian population and Muralimanju et al. [43] reported 57.6% among Indian population slightly higher in comparison to the present study results. However, Halagatti and Rangasubhe[32] reported 52.65% mean foraminal index for humeri, slightly lower than the other results.

CONCLUSION

The anatomical knowledge of number, location, and direction of nutrient foramina of humerus are very important for orthopedic surgeons during various surgical operations on the humerus like treatment of fracture, bone repair, bone grafting, micro-surgical bone transplantation, in many fractures and during extensive stripping of the periosteum so that they can minimize the damage to the nutrient artery of humeri. It helps to prevent intra-operative injuries in orthopedic, as well as in plastic and reconstructive surgery. The knowledge about the location and variations in the position of the nutrient foramina may also be helpful for appropriate placement of internal fixation devices during open or close procedures to limit the chances of delayed or non-union during fracture of the humeral shaft.

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge the immense help received from the authors whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The author is also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

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‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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