International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 10(24), December, 2018

Pages: 01-05

Date of Publication: 29-Dec-2018


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Axial length and Refractive Status of Adults in South Western Nigeria

Author: Onabolu Oluwatoni, Jagun Omodele, Ajibode Haruna, Fakolujo Victoria

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: The axial length of the eye is the distance between the centre of the cornea and the retina. This is one of the determinants of the refractive state of the eye and a knowledge of this is useful in intraocular lens power calculation during cataract surgery. The main objective of this study is to report the normal distribution of axial length and refractive. Status of the adult eye in South Western Nigeria.
Methods: A multistage cluster random sampling technique was used to select participants. In Sagamu Local Government, who had axial length determination, automated refraction and biometry done.
Results: Three hundred and two adults participated in this study. There were 121 (40%) males. In 83% the axial length ranged between 22 mm and 24.5 mm. The mean axial length was 23.31\?0.91mm with males being significantly longer [p< 0.001] and a progressive increase noted between 18 to 40 years of age. There were 213 participants with refractive errors, 55% were hyperopic while 16% were myopic. Axial length also showed a statistically significant but weak [R2 = 0.07] inverse correlation with the refractive states of the eye.
Conclusion: Axial length of the adult eye in South Western Nigeria was found to be inversely related to; but not an independently strong determinant of the refractive state of the eye..

Keywords: Axial length, Refractive, Nigerians

Full Text:

Introduction: At birth, the average axial length [AL] of the eye is 17.0mm and this increases with age following a triphasic pattern1-3. The first phase of increase occurs within the first two years of life with an average growth of 4.4mm, the second increase of about 1.5mm occurs between ages 2 to 6 years, while the last phase extends into adulthood with another 1.0mm, resulting in an average adult eye of 23.9mm1, 4.

The average refractive power of the adult human eye is +60.0 D5 and axial errors of refraction [myopia and hyperopia] are major causes of visual impairment and are correctable by lenses4.

Previous studies in different races have documented average AL diameters ranging from 22.61mm to 23.57mm.6-11 These values are higher in individuals with myopia as compared to emmetropia and hypermetropia.6-10

AL has also been shown to accounts for variability in the refractive state of the eye in different studies7,9,12

The purpose of this population based study is to determine the relationship between axial length and refractive status of normal adult eyes in South Western Nigeria as a possible predictive indices of the refraction of the eye.

Materials and Methods: The study area was Sagamu Local Government Area [SLGA] which  is one of the twenty local government areas in Ogun state located in the South western region of Nigeria. SLGA has a population of 253,421 people with 51% females and is divided into two health districts – Makun and Offin with a population of 74,900 and 178,521 respectively14.

For this study, a minimum sample size of 300 adults was calculated using the Leslie Kish formula. Study participants were selected using a multistage random sampling technique such that 2 clusters of 50 subjects each were chosen from Makun and 4 clusters from Offin.

The inclusion criteria were, adults 18 years and above, with no known ocular pathology apart from cataracts and refractive error. Exclusion criteria were denial of consent, a history of extraocular or intraocular surgery and history of severe ocular trauma determined by the number of treatment days and visual outcome. All subjects with vertical cup-to-disc ratio of the Optic nerve head, greater than 0.4 in either eye were excluded and referred to the nearest Teaching Hospital for further evaluation.

Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ethical review board of Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu. Informed verbal consent was obtained from the local heads of each community and informed written consent from each participant.

The study was conducted over a period of four months. And at each location, examinations were performed at the available Community hall. Snellen’s visual acuity was assessed and the anterior and posterior segments were examined with a pen torch and direct ophthalmoscope respectively. Non-cycloplegic refraction was performed using an automated refractor (SRJ-9900 CRT model, India)R and the average of two readings were recorded per eye. Keratometry was done with a keratometer (Bausch and Lomb Inc., Rochester, NY, USA)R. An average of two readings were recorded for k1/k2 in dioptres (D) for each eye and used for biometry [intraocular lens power calculation]. Axial length were measured using A-scan ultrasonography (Sueor SW-1000; China)R in each eye. The posterior chamber intraocular lens power (PCIOL) was subsequently calculated (using the formula already incorporated into the A-scan) and was also recorded in Dioptres [D].

Data analysis: All data obtained were analysed using the SPSS software Version 21 (IBM Corp, New York, NY, USA).

Results: A total of 302 study participants were examined. There were 121 males (40%) and 181 females (60%). Due to media opacity [cataract], only 280 (93%) had automated refractions performed. Table 1 presents the age distribution by gender for the total study population. The age range of participants were between 18 years and 93 years, with a mean of 43.59 ±17.96 years.

Visual acuity

The presenting [unaided] visual acuity showed that 39(13%) had 6/5 vision, 101(33%) had 6/6, 60(20%) had 6/9, 33(11%) 6/12 and 11(4%) had 6/18 vision. Overall, a total of 244 (81%) study participants had equal to or better than 6/18, 38(13%) had <6/18 to 6/60, 11(4%) had <6/60 to 3/60 while only 9(3%) were blind (<3/60).

Axial length

The mean axial length [AL] was 23.31±0.91mm and most of the study participants [257, 85%] had AL measurements of between 22mm to 24.5 mm, 26 (9%) were longer than 24.5mm and only 19(6%) were shorter than 22.0mm. Males had longer statistically significant AL of 23.68±0.92mm versus 23.05±0.81mm for females [p<0.001]. Variation of AL with age showed a significant initial increase from 23.17±0.81mm to 23.64±1.00mm between the ages of 18 years and 40 years of age [p<0.05] and this was followed by a progressive decrease after 40 years [Table 2]. AL also showed a significant inverse correlation with the refractive states [SER] of the participants [p<0.05; r = -0.26] as shown in Figure 1, but the regression equation15 [x=9.51+ (-0.39) y] generated had a low coefficient of determination [R2=0.07; Fig 1].

Refraction

Two hundred and thirteen [71%] study participants had refractive error and the mean SER was 0.46±1.34D.

Astigmatism [40.7%] was the commonest refractive state amongst the participants, followed by hyperopia [28.8%], emmetropia [13.6%] and myopia [8.6%].When these were converted to spherical equivalents, most participants 165 [55%] were hyperopic and 48 [16%] were myopic.

Variation of the refractive states with age showed a statistically significant mean myopic refractive state between ages 18 years and 20 years [p<0.05], followed by a progressive increase in hypermetropia until after age 60yrs [Table 2].

Discussion

The refractive state of the eye is determined by its overall biometric variables which includes, axial length, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, posterior chamber depth and keratometric values but a knowledge of the average axial length especially in resource poor communities, where biometric facilities may be lacking can be helpful in the evaluation of refractive dilemmas.

There was a female preponderance [59%] in this study population, which can be explained by the gender socio economic behaviour of males in this community who were mostly away at work during the day when the enumeration for the study was carried out.

Data analysis for each eye showed that both the right eye [RE] and left eye [LE] had similar biometric measurements and spherical equivalent refraction [SER] as also documented by the Blue Mountain Eye Study[BMES]8.

There were 244 (81%) study participants with no visual impairment [defined by visual acuity <6/12] which is comparable to previous studies by Onakpoyaet al18, and the National blindness and visual impairment survey19.

 Although, most of the respondents in this study population did not have visual impairment, many [236, 78%] had refractive errors, with hyperopia being more prevalent on consideration of spherical equivalence. These refraction values were however obtained from automated refraction which may not portray the actual clinically significant or subjective refractive errors. 

Hyperopia was more common than myopia in this study population and this differs from previous studies which showed a reverse pattern20-22, although these previous studies were hospital-based, and could infer that myopes rather than hyperopes are more likely to access hospital optical services in Nigeria.

Refractive errors studies in other races have however shown that there is a higher prevalence of myopia in the Chinese than Caucasians and Afro-Americans23 as further documented by the Barbados eye study24 in an Afro-American population, where a higher prevalence of hyperopia [46.9%] compared to myopia [21.9%] in people of African descent was seen. Our study also revealed an increase in the rate of myopia and decrease in hyperopia after 60 years of age which was also documented by the Barbados eye study24.

This study also showed that 85% of our study participants had ALs between 22mm and 24.5mm which is the value used in most Regression formulae for IOL power calculation. The average AL of 23.31±0.91mm obtained in this study was comparable to 23.5713 and 23.74mm12 previously documented in South eastern and mid-western Nigeria respectively. This was also comparable to Caucasians (23.44mm)8 and Chinese (23.48mm)9 but shorter than values from India (22.6mm)10 and Ivory Coast (22.9mm)7 respectively.

Male participants had significantly longer AL (0.62mm) than females as also documented in previous

Studies8,12,25,26. This outcome is likely because males are generally physically bigger than females and hence have larger eyes as suggested by the Blue Mountain Eye Study8.

There was an increase in mean AL with age amongst the young adults [up to age 40 years] which was followed by a progressive decrease after age 40 years. This is noteworthy as previous studies only documented a decrease in AL with increasing age in older adults 40 years and above4,8,9. This initial increase in our study could mean that progressive AL elongation still continues far beyond the age of sixteen as previously documented5.

AL was found to be inversely related to the refractive state of the eye in this study but this showed a low coefficient of determination [R2 = 0.07]. This could be because the final refractive state of the eye is not only dependent on its AL but also the interaction between the individual’s corneal curvature and its lens power6,27.

Conclusion

Ocular biometrics have become important in different diagnostic and operative procedures in  Ophthalmology. Axial length was found to have a significant inverse relationship with the refractive state of the eye, but it was not a strong determinant of this refraction.

Acknowledgement:

We acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in the references of this manuscript.

The authors are also grateful to author/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books

from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

Source of funding: No external source of funding. Research was solely sponsored by the authors.

Conflict of interest: No conflict of interest

References:

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12. Iyamu E, Iyamu J, Obiakor CI. The role of axial length to corneal radius of curvature ratio in refractive state categorization in a Nigerian population. ISRN Ophthalmol 2011;13: 138941. Doi 10:5402/2011/138941.

13. Adio AO, Onua DO, Arowolo D. Ocular axial length and keratometry reading of normal eyes in Southern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Ophthalmology 2009;18[1]:12-14

14.  Ogun State of Nigeria: Nigeria information and guide//www.nigeriagalleria.com. Nigeria/Ogun states. html. [Accessed 21/10/2018].

 15. Araoye MO. Research methodology with statistics for health and social sciences. Ilorin, Nigeria: Nathadex Publishers;2003:pg128.

16.  Kirkwood BR, Sterne AC. Linear regression and correlation in essential medical statistics. 2nd Edition, Blackwell publishing company. Oxford; 2003:87-93.

17. Forster PJ, Broadway DC, Havat S, et al. Refractive error axial length and anterior chamber depth of the eye in British adults. Br.J .Ophthalmol.2010;94:827-30

18. Onakpoya OH, Adeleye AO, Akinsola FB, Adegbeingbe BO. Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in Atakumosa West Local Government area of South Western Nigeria. Tanzania Health Research Bulletin 2007; 9:126-131

19. Kyari F, Gudlavaleti MV. Sivsubramaniam S, et al. Nigerian national blindness and study group. Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment: The Nigerian Nation Blindness and Visual impairment study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009;50 2033-9

20.  Adefule-Ositelu AO. Refractive error in Lagos, Nigeria. Niger Med J 1995; 29(3): 101-103

21.  Adegbehingbe BO, Majekodunmi AA, Akinsola FB.  Pattern of refractive errors at Obafemi Awolowo Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Ophthalmology 2003 Dec;11(2):76-79

22. Adeoti CO, Egbewale BE. Refractive errors in Mercyland specialist hospital Osogbo Western Nigeria. Nig Postgrad Med J 2008; 15:116-119

23. Pan CW, Klein BE, Cotch MF, Shrager S, Klein R, Folsom A. et al. Racial variations in the prevalence of refractive error. The multi-ethnic study of Atherosclerosis. Am J. Ophthalmol. 2013; 155(6):1129-1138.

24. Suh-Yuh W, Nemesure B, Leske C. Refractive error in a black population. The Barbados eye study. Invest Ophthalmol and Vis Sci 1999; 40:2179-2184.

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A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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