International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 10(15), August, 2018

Pages: 20-25

Date of Publication: 16-Aug-2018


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Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology [FNAC] \? Review Article

Author: Sachin B. Ingle, Chitra R. Hinge (Ingle)

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology) as we know it today dates back to around 1950. FNAC being easy, safe, cost effective should be preferred as first line diagnostic method by all clinicians. Before any surgical intervention, FNAC reports direct surgeon about what treatment modality to be used. Surgical pathology has its own confirmatory role post- operatively but importance of FNAC is also well known by all clinicians. Therefore, there has to be a setting of dedicated FNAC clinic in the department of pathology. With the help of imaging modalities, FNAC has evolved as more accurate and specific method, while the use of ancillary techniques makes even this easy procedure as highly useful for diagnosis and prognosis of various lesions.

Keywords: FNAC, Preoperative, Diagnostic test

Full Text:

The Origins of FNAC /Historical Aspects

In mid –nineteenth century, Kun [1] (1847) and Lebert[2] (1851) and Menetrier[3] (1886) used  needles to  obtain cells and tissue fragments to diagnose malignant tumours. Kun described this technique as “new instrument for diagnosis of tumours”.

Leyden [4] (1883) employed the same method to isolate pneumonic microorganisms. Grieg and Gray who in 1904 diagnosed trypanosomiasis in cervical lymph node aspirates from patients with sleeping sickness in Uganda. Their findings were reported by a captain Bruce in a British Medical Journal memorandum in 1904.

In the mid -1920s there were attempts in New York and Chicago to employ large needle aspiration for a variety of sites ranging through lymph nodes, prostate and breast.

In the UK in 1927, Dudgeon and Patrick [5] suggested the needling of tumours as a means of rapid microscopic diagnosis.

Interest in the procedure was resurrected by Europeans in mid 1950s. It was in Europe that “FNAC” as the technique was usually called began to flourish in 1950s and1960s.

Soderstrom [6] and Franzen [7] in Sweden, Lopes Cardazo [8, 9] in Holland, Zajdela [8] in France and others became major proponents, studying thousands of cases each year.

FNAC soon established its place as a diagnostic routine to be used by team of pathologists and clinicians.

History of FNAC has been very well documented by Grunze and Spriggs,[10] and Naylor [11].

FNAC as an important clinical TOOL

FNAC is a simple, inexpensive, easily performed outpatient procedure which can provide a rapid diagnosis. It has been widely used in Europe for decades, mainly in Scandinavian countries [12-15] .

A technique which is safe, rapid, relatively pain free, cost effective and accurate is always a clinician’s first choice  and this is what FNAC is about .

It is eminently suitable as first line investigation for almost all superficial palpable swellings as well as many deep seated lesions. FNAC was initially conceived as a means to confirm a clinical suspicion of local recurrence or metastasis of known cancer without subjecting the patient to further surgical intervention.

FNAC is a time tested simple office procedure having a high degree of diagnostic accuracy and precision. The specificity and sensitivity of diagnostic precision lie in range of 60% and 80% respectively.

The acceptance both by surgeons and pathologists itself speaks of the tale of comfort which it allows.

The art of medicine is practiced within a community of caregivers who are perched on innumerable speciality branches and these braches intersect each other at various times.

Clinical consultations help to acquaint cytopathologist about probable diagnoses possible for any lesion. Often a major surgical biopsy can be avoided by performing a needle aspiration instead.

FNAC SURPRISES THE SURGEON MANY TIMES

Surgeons are always impressed by the help of FNAC to make diagnoses which affect treatment of patient in a wide manner. Many tumours being diagnosed high grade on FNAC make the surgeon to go for chemotherapy before surgical intervention.

Such a simple technique and so many wonders.

Benefits of FNAC are innumerable.

 Cost effective

  1. It has lower risk than surgical biopsy.

  2. It is readily repeatable and useful for multifocal lesions.

  3. Minimal physical and psychological discomfort for the patient.

  4. Rapid reporting and bedside diagnosis of neoplastic, hyperplastic and inflammatory  masses.

  5. Active participation of patient in treatment planning and provides opportunity for fuller preoperative counselling.

  6. Elimination of a two stage procedure

  7. Therapeutic procedure for evacuation of cystic lesions.

  8. Allows cases to be  prioritized  when there is a waiting time for surgery

  9.  Permits the diagnosis of some benign conditions for which  there is no need for surgery

  10. It is a rapid means of confirmation and recurrence of previously treated malignancy without surgery.

 Technique of FNAC (Fig1)

Success of FNAC depends to a high degree on perfecting the technique of sampling and preparation of samples. Palpation skills learnt through practice and experience, judiciously complemented by radiological image guidance when appropriate are essential to obtain representative samples.

Choice of needles, the use or not of aspiration and the manipulation of needle within the target relative to type of tissue decide the adequacy of sample.

Finally, correct smearing, fixation and staining of samples is critical to assure optimal preservation and presentation of cells.

Specific staining defines and highlights specific features of aspirate smears. Comparisons between two commonly used methods are

  1. Air drying followed by a Romanowsky type stain such as MGG.

  2. Alcohol fixation followed by H and E staining.

Usually, pathologists trained in gynaecological cytology prefer alcohol fixed –Pap stained smears while those trained in haematology choose air dried MGG stained smears.

Utility of special stains in diagnosing lesions

  1. PAS /diastase or alcian blue for mucins -  mucins can help in diagnosing mucin producing tumours of many anatomic sites (breast, gastrointestinal site, pancreas, ovary ) and sometimes can be completely devoid of cells (e.g. pseudomyxomaperitonei or pure mucinous carcinoma), yielding a false negative diagnosis.

  2. Prussian blue for Iron in hemosiderin containing lesions.

  3. Masson Fontana for melanin in melanoma

  4. Grimelius for argyrophilic granules

  5. Congo red for amyloid

  6. PAS  for glycogen –extracellular glycogen production is appreciated in tumours like  Ewing’s sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma , and glycogen rich clear cell tumours).

  7. Oil red O for fat

  8. Fouchet’s reagent counterstained with Sirius red  for bile pigments

  9. Microorganisms identified by Gram, PAS, ZN or Gomori silver stain.

 Pitfalls or drawbacks of morphological diagnosis

As every other technique in this world, FNAC also has some complications and limitations. These have been enlisted below:

  1. Instances of serious complications have been reported in relation to different sites and organs, such as major haemorrhage, septicaemia, vasovagal reaction, seeding of tumour, bile peritonitis, acute pancreatitis, pneumothorax etc[16].

  2. Pre-operative FNAC may cause local tissue changes which could render subsequent histological diagnosis difficult .Such changes include hematoma, infarction, capsular pseudoinvasion, reparative reactions have been reported[17]

  3. Results and accuracy are highly dependent on quality of samples and smears.

  4. Many pathological processes are heterogeneous and tiny sample obtained from FNAC may not be representative.

  5. Some lesions are recognised on basis of  specific micro architectural pattern, which may not be represented in cytological preparations

  6. Small FNA sample may not allow full armamentarium of ancillary techniques to be drawn upon.

Aspiration cytology requires highly skilled and trained personnel in both aspiration and assessment .Stewart commented in 1933 that “until the pathologist has familiarized himself with the various pitfalls, errors are certain to occur” and “it must not be inferred that the diagnosis is always a simple and that no errors have been made”.

Extrinsic factors which may lead to diagnostic pitfalls are lack of or misleading clinical information, non-representative samples, contamination of samples by tissue adjacent to target lesion, artefacts due to poor processing of samples and too much reliance on and technical failure of ancillary tests.

Intrinsic factors which may lead to diagnostic pitfalls arise mainly due to deviations from general cytodiagnostic criteria which can occur in various benign and malignant tumours.

Pitfalls are an inseparable part of the practice of FNAC, but they can be minimised, if requisite diagnostic rigours are applied and care taken to correlate cytology with clinical an radiological findings. Judicious use of ancillary techniques also helps in reducing incidence of pitfalls.

Ancillary techniques

No wonder that technology is the fastest spreading tumour in pathology, but this tumour is having all gains.

Various new techniques have revolutionised FNAC since its history. The pathologist must always keep in mind to apply any of these appropriate ancillary diagnostic techniques to cytological preparations.

  1. Electron microscopy –It is particularly useful in unusual lung or mediastinal lesions. Valuable information is obtained in recognizing neuroendocrine tumours, in specific diagnosis of melanoma, mesothelioma, and some carcinomas where immunocytochemistry often cannot provide such positive diagnostic features[18.19] .

  2. Immunocytochemistry- It is the most important recent development in diagnostic cytology. Monoclonal antisera to various proteins and cell products are nowadays commercially available.    Alcohol fixed smears are usually preferred over air dried smears. The avidin –biotin complex method is the most commonly used with both monoclonal and polyclonal primary antibodies. Diaminobenzidine is used as marker dye. Appropriate controls are crucial to achieve diagnostic accuracy[20]..The results of immunocytochemistry should be interpreted with caution in relation of conventional cytomorphology and clinical data [21]                                                                                                                                   

  3. Image analysis – there are 3 ways of image analysis

  4. Morphometry-quantitative analysis of geometric features of structures such as tissues, cells, nuclei or nucleoli [22,23].

B. Object counting – quantitation of mitosis or measurement of proliferation fraction of a cell population using antibodies. It also makes it possible to quantitate apoptotic figure by TUNEL assay [24].

C. Cytometry –based on ability to detect a particular substance of interest by a specific dye and to measure the concentration of dye by assessing optical density [25].

Fluorochromes can also be used such as propidium iodide dyes [26-28].

 Powerful computers also have automatic cell classification based on pattern recognition for diagnostic [29,30], prognostic [31,32] and predictive purpose [33].

Quantitation of nuclear immunostain of  Estrogen and progesterone receptors [34], proliferation markers [35-37] can be done.

  1. Flow cytometry

Based on fundamental work showing that DNA content , measured by UV visible light in unstained cells , double during cell cycle [38], followed by improved detection of antigens using fluorescence methods [39] and development of apparatus capable of counting [40] and sizing blood cells [41].

  1. Molecular cytopathology

Application of molecular probes to cytologic samples of human malignancies has refined the diagnostic and prognostic armamentarium [42-45].

In situ hybridization – It is a newly developed and global approach to detect genetic changes in tumors.

For localization of specific nucleic acid within individual cells based on complementary binding of a nucleotide probe, labelled with non-isotopic reporter molecule, to a special target sequence of DNA or RNA [46].

Using probes to chromosome specific sequence, it is possible to detect aneuploidy in interphase nuclei [47-48] and losses, gains or amplification of chromosome regions with known prognostic value [49-50].

In situ amplification – based on PCR this allows recovery of large amount of DNA from minute quantities of starting material [51].

Various adaptations of PCR have been developed for cytological preparations  [52] such as PCR in situ hybridisation ,in situ PCR, reverse transcriptase in situ PCR[53], methylation specific PCR [54],and primed in situ synthesis [55] . The most crucial steps in optimising in situ amplifications are fixation and preparation of cells.

 IMAGING METHODS FOR GUIDANCE OF ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY

Nowadays, to make FNAC more accurate and precise, imaging modalities have been used for guiding the tract of needle. Various imaging modalities used are

  1. Fluoroscopy

Uses-

  1. Quick alternative for radiologist not experienced in USG guidance.

  2. Is most useful in guidance for small, very mobile lesions.

  3. Efficient sampling options for cortical bony lesions.

  4. Ultrasound

Only real time guidance which allows imaging in any plane and is only suitable guidance for biopsy of foetal tissues.

Some parts of body [56] such as chest wall, musculoskeletal system, through neglected in past, have undergone an increase in interest for both diagnosis and interventional studies.

  1. CT scanning – localization of needle tip with in a lesion is very accurate with CT. There are very few areas of body which cannot be biopsied under CT control and extremely small lesions can be sampled.

  2. MRI – its sensitivity is generally greater than that of other imaging methods, particularly useful in brain, liver and breast [57].

Conclusion –Fine needle aspiration cytology has an utmost importance in the current era of surgical practice in the preoperative stage as it guides the clinician a lot in the treatment plan and mostly clear the pathological aspects of the disease avoid untoward complications related to disease and treatment for the sake of pathological diagnosis. Many times it avoids unnecessary surgical intervention

Acknowledgement-

Dr Ingle is grateful to the past and present members of his laboratory for their contributions to his studies. He is very much thankful to his journal team of IJCRR for invaluable suggestions and guidelines throughout the publication process of the manuscript. He also wishes to express his gratitude to several investigators worldwide for their collaborations. Indeed, he is Grateful to his Chief Patron and Executive president Hon. Prof V.D. Karad and Patron Hon. Executive director Shri Ramesh Appa Karad for their constant and strong support throughout my academic journey

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Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

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A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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