International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
logo
slider
slider
slider
slider
Bootstrap Slider

Indexed and Abstracted in: Crossref, CAS Abstracts, Publons, Google Scholar, Open J-Gate, ROAD, Indian Citation Index (ICI), ResearchGATE, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, WorldCat (World's largest network of library content and services)

Search Articles

Track manuscript

Full Html

IJCRR - 10(1), January, 2018

Pages: 31-37

Date of Publication: 10-Jan-2018


Print Article   Download XML  Download PDF

Comparison of Cardiovascular Risk Between Diabetic and Non - Diabetic End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Patients Undergoing Haemodialysis

Author: Priya K., Sangeeta K.

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: This study proposes to see whether end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing haemodialysis with additional diabetes mellitus exhibit increased cardiovascular risk markers in comparison to end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing haemodialysis without diabetes mellitus.

Objectives: In this study, an attempt has been made to compare the Lipid profile and fibrinogen as inflammatory markers for assessing cardiovascular risk between diabetic and non-diabetic end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis.

Material and Methods: We enrolled 32 patients of both sex suffering from diabetes mellitus end stage renal disease undergoing haemodialysis and 32 non- diabetic end stage renal disease undergoing haemodialysis for this study. Results: We found that there is significant increase in the parameters like plasma fibrinogen, plasma glucose concentration, atherogenic index (TC/HDLc), serum lipid profile (TC, LDLc, TG, VLDLc) and decrease in serum HDLc in diabetic ESRD patients in comparison to non diabetic ESRD patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis. Conclusion: We conclude that elevation in plasma fibrinogen level, serum lipid profile and atherogenic index (TC/HDLc) in diabetic ESRD patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis which indicates higher risk of adverse cardiac events and atherosclerosis as a major cause of coronary heart disease in diabetic ESRD patients.

Keywords: Plasma Fibrinogen, Haemodialysis, Diabetes

DOI: 10.7324/IJCRR.2018.1018

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It is a chronic disease that causes serious health complications including renal (kidney) failure, heart disease, stroke and blindness. Diabetes mellitus is associated with a number of changes in thrombotic and fibrinolytic coagulation factor level or activity, which collectively increases the risk of thrombus formation. Hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance induce qualitative and quantitative changes in clotting factors, resulting in dense and compact clot structure and resistance to fibrinolysis [1]. Fibrinogen is the major coagulation protein in blood by mass, the precursor of fibrin and an important determinant of blood viscosity and platelet aggregation [2]. As a clotting factor, fibrinogen is an essential component of the blood coagulation system, being the precursor of fibrin. Fibrinogen has been identified as a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. There are several mechanisms by which fibrinogen may increase cardiovascular risk. First, it binds specifically to activate platelets via glycoprotein iib/iiia, contributing to platelet aggregation. Second, increased fibrinogen levels promote fibrin formation. Third, it is a major contributor to plasma viscosity. Finally, it is an acute phase reactant that is increased in cardiovascular diseases [6]. High fibrinogen levels are associated with more compact clot structure, whereas elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor – I (PAI-I) levels impairs the fibrinolytic process. In addition to the quantitative changes, qualitative changes in clotting factors can affect the structure of the clots. High serum glucose has been shown to increase glycation of fibrinogen and clots formed from glycated fibrinogen have a more compact structure and increased resistance to lysis. A by-product of protein glycation that is glycoaldehyde induces post-translational modifications in fibrinogen, which impairs the fibrinolytic process, other post-translational modifications in fibrinogen such as oxidation, a known pathogenic process in diabetes mellitus, can also modify clot structure [1]. Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increase in low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The alterations in the level and properties of LDL and HDL together contribute to the increased risk for Coronary artery disease (CAD) in diabetics [7]. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is markedly increased in diabetes mellitus with end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD). As atherogenesis is mediated by inflammation of vessel walls and as evidence evolves that atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus share a common inflammatory basis. Lipid profile and fibrinogen level has been compared as inflammatory markers for assessing cardiovascular risk between diabetic and nondiabetic end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis in this study. Atherogenic index (TC/HDLc) has also been determined and compared between control group and diabetes mellitus patients.

Hence, this study proposes to see whether end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing haemodialysis with additional diabetes mellitus exhibit increased cardiovascular risk markers in comparison to end stage renal (ESRD) patients undergoing haemodialysis without diabetes mellitus.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
Study Design and Subjects: This study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre and Dialysis unit of Teerthanker Mahaveer Hospital, Moradabad, U.P, and India. The investigation was conducted on 32 patients of both sex suffering from diabetes mellitus end stage renal disease undergoing haemodialysis and 32 non-diabetic end stage renal disease undergoing haemodialysis. Inclusion criteria: Patients undergoing maintenance HD for atleast one year. Exclusion criteria: Patients with any infective diseases such as AIDS, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C, and treatment with cholesterol lowering drugs, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), anticoagulant therapy , pregnant women, and postmenopausal state conditions (which can alter the plasma fibrinogen and serum lipid profile level ) were excluded from the study. Sample collection: Blood samples were collected from an anticubital vein between 8 and 9 AM after an overnight fast from all subjects and dispensed into following vials for various biochemical tests:

1. Fluoride oxalate vial for fasting plasma glucose estimation.

2. Plain vial for Total cholesterol, Total triglycerides and High density lipoprotein cholesterol.

3. Vial containing 3.8% tri sodium citrate for fibrinogen estimation.

Analysis of Sample:
• Estimation of Plasma fibrinogen level by KjeldahlNesslerization method.

• Estimation of fasting blood sugar (FBS) level by GOD-POD method (Glucose oxidase and peroxidase).

• Estimation of serum Cholesterol by end point CHODPAP method.

• Estimation of serum triglycerides by end point GPOTRINDER method.

• Estimation of serum HDLc by end point TRINDER reaction.

Calculation
• VLDLc = [TG/5]

• LDLc = [Total Cholesterol] - [HDLc] - [(TG/5)] (Friedewald equation)

• Atherogenic index = [TC/HDLc]

Statistical analysis
Mean ± SD were calculated for all the parameters analyzed and were compared by Student’s t-test (2 tailed) using SPSS. P-values considered significant were as follows:- P <0.05 – As significant P <0.001 – As highly significant


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DISCUSSION
In the present study, the comparison of lipid profile and plasma fibrinogen level as inflammatory markers for assessing cardiovascular risk between 32 diabetic and 32 non diabetic ESRD patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis was done. In this study, atherogenic index (TC/HDLc) had also been determined and compared between control group and diabetes mellitus ESRD patients.

A. Plasma fibrinogen level determination in diabetic and non diabetic ESRD patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis:
The comparison between the plasma fibrinogen levels of diabetic ESRD patients with (mean ± S.D 510.81 ± 113.32 mg/ dl) was found to be significantly higher than non diabetic (mean ± S.D 257.71 ± 15.53 mg/dl) ESRD patients undergoing haemodialysis (P< 0.001). In Gothenburg study plasma fibrinogen was an independent risk factor for MI and stroke on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, plasma fibrinogen was still statistically significant risk for stroke [62]. In the Framingham Study, the risk of developing cardiovascular disease was significantly related to plasma fibrinogen levels [70]. The influence of plasma fibrinogen on cardiovascular risk was much more pronounced in younger men. The impact of plasma fibrinogen levels on cardiovascular disease was comparable with the major risk factors, such as blood pressure, haematocrit, adiposity, cigarette smoking and diabetes; and was still an independent predictor of coronary artery disease on multivariate analysis) [63]. Acevedo M et al found that patients with CAD tended to have higher fibrinogen levels than those without the disease. The role of fibrinogen concentration in the development of complications in diabetics was also suggested by Wilhelmsen et al, as a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. Fibrinogen may increase cardiovascular risk in several ways. It plays an important role in platelet aggregation, plasma viscosity, and fibrin formation. It is an acute phase reactant that is increased in inflammatory states and thus, its high level could simply be a reflection of underlying arterial plaque formation [64]. High plasma fibrinogen levels may cause a hypercoagulable state, platelet aggregation, and important rheological alterations. Red blood cell aggregation and disaggregation shear stress are profoundly altered by the level of fibrinogen. Enhanced red blood cell agreeability leads to increased blood viscosity, which in turn might induce a further slowing of the circulation, which may play a key role in the extent of arterial damage. Fibrinogen and fibrin not only play a key role in coagulation but are also involved in cellular interactions, wound healing, and neoplasia. High plasma fibrinogen levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in healthy as much as in high-risk individuals. In this study, it has been found that CAD occurs frequently in haemodialysis patients, with an even higher prevalence in diabetic patients in comparison to non diabetic ESRD patients undergoing haemodialysis.

B. Serum lipid profile determination in diabetic and non diabetic ESRD patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis:
The comparison between serum TC of diabetic with (mean ± S.D 168.88 ± 11.23 mg/dl ), serum LDLc (mean ± S.D 106.73 ± 14.74 mg/dl) , serum TG (mean ± S.D 129 ± 13.98 mg/dl) and serum VLDLc (mean ± S.D 25.80 ± 2.79 mg/ dl) was found to be significantly higher than serum TC of non diabetic ESRD patients with (mean ± S.D 145.04 ± 23.14 mg/dl), serum LDLc (mean ± S.D 80.91 ± 26.29 mg/ dl), serum TG (mean ± S.D 78.94 ± 19.54 mg/dl) and serum VLDLc (mean ± S.D 15.79 ± 3.90 mg/dl) undergoing maintenance haemodialysis (P < 0.001). Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Yi Q, Zinman B, Dinneen SF, Hoogwerf B, Halle JP, Young J, Rashkow A, Joyce C, Nawaz S, Yusuf S: HOPE Study showed that the mild renal insufficiency confers a risk for cardiovascular events even higher than that observed in patients with a coronary heart disease and a normal renal function. Although several factors may explain this association between renal and cardiovascular disease, there is growing evidence that hyperlipidemia contributes not only to cardiovascular disease but also to renal disease progression. Samuelsson et al. demonstrated a strong correlation between triglyceride-rich apoB-containing lipoproteins and the rate of progression in non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. In Vaziri ND study: progressive renal failure especially that associated with proteinuria is accompanied by abnormalities of lipoprotein transport. Typically, the dyslipidemia is reflected predominantly in increased serum levels of triglycerides with high levels of VLDL, apoB and pre-β HDL, and low levels of HDL and of apoA. Cholesterol levels may be very high in proteinuric patients [52]. Chronic renal disease is accompanied by characteristic abnormalities of lipid metabolism, which may appear as a consequence of nephrotic syndrome or renal insufficiency and are reflected in an elevated plasma lipid levels. Experimental and clinical studies have suggested a correlation between the progression of renal disease and dyslipidemia. High cholesterol and triglyceride plasma levels have been demonstrated to be independent risk factors for progression of renal disease in humans. The underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms for the relationship between lipid levels and progression of renal disease are not yet fully understood, although there are data that oxidative stress and insulin resistance may mediate the lipid-induced renal damage [50]. In this study, it has been found that serum HDLc of diabetic ESRD patients with (mean S.D 36.25 ± 3.24 mg/dl) was found to be significantly less than non diabetic (mean ± S.D 48.35 ± 8.14 mg/dl) ESRD patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis. Muntner et al. showed that people with low HDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia at baseline have a higher risk for having a loss of renal function. In Kontush A, Chapman MJ study moreover, HDL serves as a potent endogenous inhibitor of inflammation, platelet adhesion and LDL oxidation, because of a number of HDL associated apolipoproteins (mainly apolipoprotein AI) and enzymes (paroxonase-1, platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) [66]. Despres JP, Lemieux I, Dagenais GR, Cantin B, Lamarche B. studies have demonstrated that HDL cholesterol is a negative risk factor for atheroscerosis. Attman PO, Samuelsson O, Alaupovic P studied that diabetic ESRD patients have, generally, reduced plasma HDL-cholesterol levels compared to non diabetic ESRD patients . Vaziri ND, Deng G, Liang K and Guarnieri GF, Moracchiello M, Campanacci L, et al. have been shown that patients with impaired renal function usually exhibit decreased levels of apolipoproteins AI and AII (the main protein constituents of HDL) , diminished activity of LCAT (the enzyme responsible for the esterification of free cholesterol in HDL particles), as well as increased activity of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) that facilitates the transfer of cholesterol esters from HDL to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins thus reducing the serum concentrations of HDL-cholesterol [53].

Dirican M, Akca R, Sarandol E, Dilek K and Liberopoulos EN, Papavasiliou E, Miltiadous GA, et al. studied that in addition to their reduced efficiency as cholesterol acceptors, HDL particles from individuals with impaired renal function have less effective antioxidative and anti-inflammatory function. This impairment can, at least in part, be attributed to the reduction in the activities of HDL-associated enzymes, such as paraoxonase (an enzyme that inhibits the LDL oxidation). Attman PO, Samuelsson O, Johansson AC, Moberly JB, Alaupovic P studied that hemodialysis procedure may also have a contributory role in the reduced HDL cholesterol levels of dialysis patients. Thus, in dialysis patients the type of membrane and dialysate used in HD procedure may influence the HDL-cholesterol levels. Blankestijn PJ, Vos PF, Rabelink TJ, van Rijn HJ, Jansen H, Koomans HA have been shown that the use of high-flux instead of low flux membranes is associated with an increase in apolipoprotein AI and HDL-cholesterol values. Jung K, Scheifler A, Schulze BD, Scholz M has shown that, the type of dialysate may also significantly affect the serum levels of lipoproteins in HD patients. Indeed, it has been shown that the use of bicarbonate dialysate may result in higher HDL-cholesterol concentrations than the use of acetate dialysate. The main function of HDL is the transport of surplus cholesterol from the arterial wall to the liver for excretion. This process, which is commonly called ‘reverse cholesterol transport’, is critical for cellular cholesterol homeostasis and protection against atherosclerosis [66].

C. Atherogenic index determination in diabetic and non diabetic ESRD patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis:
Framingham’s study had suggested that as the TC/HDLc (atherogenic index or cardiac risk ratio) increases, so there is increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) [65, 66]. In this study, it has been found that, this ratio was significantly (p < 0.001) elevated in diabetic ESRD patients, as compared to non diabetic ESRD patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis which indicates higher risk of adverse cardiac and renal events in diabetic ESRD patients. These parameters may thus be used for analyzing the risk of atherosclerosis in ESRD patients.

CONCLUSION
Thus, it can be concluded that plasma fibrinogen, lipid profile and atherogenic index are known risk factors for atherosclerosis in the general population. Fibrinogen concentration and lipid profile is significantly elevated in diabetic ESRD patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis [68, 69]. Increase in lipid profile causes platelet adhesion and lipid oxidation and increase in plasma fibrinogen levels promote hypercoagulability. Both in combination have synergistic effect to accelerate the rate of atherosclerosis. Identification of high risk patients permits the focusing of treatment to optimize efforts to reduce mortality.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank the technical staff of Biochemistry department who assisted in performing the analysis. The study has been permitted by the research and ethical committee of Teertanker Mahaveer Medical College & Research Centre, Moradabad. The authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. We are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CAD Coronary artery disease
CHD Coronary heart disease
CHOD Cholesterol oxidase
ESRD End Stage Renal Disease
GPO Glycerol phosphate oxidase
DAP Dihydroxy acetone phosphate
HD Haemodialysis
PAI-1 Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
tPA Tissue plasminogen activator
GOD Glucose Oxidase
POD Peroxidase
FBS Fasting Blood Sugar

References:

  1. SH Alzahrani and RAgul Ajjan. Coaation and fibrinolysis in diabetes. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 2010; 7(4) 260 –73.

  2. DR Kafle and P Shrestha. Study of fibrinogen in patients with diabetes mellitus.  Nepal Med Coll J 2010; 12(1): 34-7.

  3. Doolittle RF, Spraggon G, Everse SJ. Three-dimensional structural studies on fragments of fibrinogen and fibrin. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1998; 8:792–8.

  4. Herrick S, Blanc-Brude O, Gray A, Laurent G. Fibrinogen. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1999; 31:741–6.

  5. Haidaris PJ, Francis CW, Sporn LA, Arvan DS, Collichio FA, Marder VJ. Megakaryocyte and hepatocyte origins of human fibrinogen biosynthesis exhibit hepatocyte-specific expression of gamma chain-variant polypeptides. Blood 1989; 74:743–50.

  6. James J. Stec, Halit Silbershatz,   et al. Association of Fibrinogen with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease in the Framingham Offspring Population. Circulation. 2000; 102: 1634-8.

  7. Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students 6th Ed. Editors: Vasudevan DM, S Sreekumari, Vaidyanathan K. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. 2011, 296.

  8. Hogan P, Dall T, Nikolov P. Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2002. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26:917–32.

  9. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry 4th Ed. Editors: Champe Pamela C, Harvey Richard A. Wolters Kluwer Publishers (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2008,337.

  10.  UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). VIII. Study design, progress and performance. Diabetologia. 1991; 34:877–90.

  11.  Rahman S, Rahman T, Ismail AA, Rashid AR. Diabetes-associated macrovasculopathy: pathophysiology and pathogenesis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007; 9:767–80.

  12.  W Todd Cad. Diabetes-Related Microvascular and Macrovascular Diseases in the Physical Therapy Setting. Phys Ther. 2008 November; 88(11): 1322–35.

  13.  Michael Brownlee; the Pathobiology of Diabetic Complications-A Unifying Mechanism; DIABETES, VOL. 54, JUNE 2005.

  14.  R. G. Ahmed; The Physiological and Biochemical effects of diabetes on the balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system; Medical Journal of Islamic World Academy of Sciences 2005; 15:1, 31-42.

  15.  Lingjie Zhao; Effects of Free Radicals in Diabetes; Free Radical and Radiation Biology Graduate Program; Department of Radiology B-180 ML; the University of Iowa.

  16.  John Doupis, MD, PhD1 and Aristidis Veves; Antioxidants, Diabetes, and Endothelial Dysfunction-a report; T O U C H B R I E F I N G S 2 0 0 7.

  17.  Haffner S.M., Coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes, N Engl J Med, 2000; 342, 1040–2.

  18.  Rossi R., Nuzzo A., Grimaldi T., et al., Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a close and dangerous connection, Heart Int, 2005; 1, 18–23.

  19.  Jay D., Hitomi H., Griendling K.K., Oxidative stress and diabetic cardiovascular complication, Free Rad Biol Med, 2006; 40, 183–92.

  20.  Stratmann B and Tschoepe D. Atherogenesis and athero­thrombosis--focus on diabetes mellitus. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 23: 291–303.

  21.  Williams SB, Cusco JA, Roddy MA, et al. Impaired nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27:567–74.

  22.  De Vriese AS, Verbeuren TJ, Van de Voorde J, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Br J Pharmacol. 2000; 130:963–74.

  23.  Milstien S, Katusic Z. Oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin by peroxynitrite: implications for vascular endothelial function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999; 263:681–4.

  24.  Grant PJ. Diabetes mellitus as a prothrombotic condition. J Intern Med. 2007; 262:157–72.

  25.  Inoguchi T, Li P, Umeda F, et al. High glucose level and free fatty acid stimulate reactive oxygen species production through protein kinase C–dependent activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in cultured vascular cells. Diabetes. 2000; 49:1939–45.

  26.  Linden E, Cai W, He JC, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease results from advanced glycation end products (AGE)-mediated inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase through RAGE activation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008; 3:691–8.

  27.  Rask-Madsen C, King GL. Mechanisms of disease: endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance and diabetes. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 3:46–56.

  28.  Assert R, Scherk G, Bumbure A, et al. Regulation of protein kinase C by short- term hyperglycaemia in human platelets in vivo and in vitro. Diabetologia. 2001; 44:188–95.

  29.  Carr ME. Diabetes mellitus: a hypercoagulable state. Journal of Diabetes Complications. 2001; 15:44–54.

  30.  Hansson GK, Robertson AK, Soderberg-Naucler C. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Pathol. 2006; 1:297–329.

  31.  Williams MD, Nadler JL. Inflammatory mechanisms of diabetic complications. Curr Diab Rep. 2007; 7:242–8.

  32.  Beckman JA, Creager MA, Libby P. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. JAMA. 2002; 287:2570–81.

  33.  Suzuki LA, Poot M, Gerrity RG, Bornfeldt KE. Diabetes accelerates smooth muscle accumulation in lesions of atherosclerosis: lack of direct growth-promoting effects of high glucose levels. Diabetes. 2001; 50:851–60.

  34.  Reusch JE, Draznin BB. Atherosclerosis in diabetes and insulin resistance. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007; 9:455–63.

  35.  Grant PJ. Inflammatory, atherothrombotic aspects of type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin 2005; 21(Suppl 1): 5–12.

  36.  Schwartz CJ, Valente AJ, Kelley JL, Sprague EA, Edwards EH. Thrombosis and the development of atherosclerosis: Rokitansky revisited. Semin Thromb Hemost 1988; 14: 189-95.

  37.  Herrick S, Blanc-Brude O, Gray A, Laurent G. Fibrinogen. Int J Biochem Cell Biol1999; 31:741–6.

  38.  Haidaris PJ, Francis CW, Sporn LA, Arvan DS, Collichio FA, Marder VJ. Megakaryocyte and hepatocyte origins of human fibrinogen biosynthesis exhibit hepatocyte-specific expression of gamma chain-variant polypeptides. Blood 1989; 74:743–50.

  39.  Meade TW, Brozovic M, Chakrabarti RR, et al. Haemostatic function and ischemic heart disease: principal results of the Northwick Park Heart Study. Lancet. 1986; 6:533–7.

  40.  Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Castelli WP, et al. Fibrinogen and risk for cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 1987; 258:1183–6.

  41.  Pieters M, van Zyl DG, Rheeder P, Jerling JC, Loots du T, van der Westhuizen FH, et al. Glycation of fibrinogen in uncontrolled diabetic patients and the effects of glycaemic control on fibrinogen glycation. Thromb Res 2007; 120: 439–46.

  42.  Andrades ME, Lorenzi R, Berger M, Guimaraes JA, Moreira JC and Dal Pizzol F. Glycolaldehyde induce fibrinogen post-translational modification, delay in clotting and resist­ance to enzymatic digestion. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 180: 478–84.

  43.  Henschen-Edman AH. Fibrinogen non-inherited heteroge­neity and its relationship to function in health and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 936: 580–93.

  44.  Neil A, Hawkins M, Potok M, Thorogood M, Cohen D and Mann J. A prospective population-based study of microalbuminuria as a predictor of mortality in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 996-1003.

  45.  Dotevall A, Johansson S, Wilhelmsen L. Association between fibrinogen and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease in men and women. Results from the Goteborg MONICA survey 1985. Ann Epidemiology 1994; 4: 369–74.

  46.  Zeinab Hegab, Stephen Gibbons. Role of advanced glycation end products in cardiovascular disease. World J Cardiol. 2012 April 26; 4(4): 90-102.

  47.  Williams ME. Management of diabetes in dialysis patients.Curr Diab Rep.2009 Dec; 9(6):466-72.

  48.  Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engle J Med. 2001; 345:861–9.

  49.  Hasslacher C, Ritz E, Wahl P, Michael C. Similar risks of nephropathy in patients with type I or type II diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1989; 4:859–63.

  50.  Roberto Trevisan, Alessandro R. Dodesini, Giuseppe Lepore. Lipids and Renal Disease. JASN April 2006; vol. 17 no. 4 suppl 2 145-7.

  51.  Sammuelsson O, Attman P, Knight-Gibson C, Larsonn R, Mulec H, and Weiss L, Alaupovic P: Complex apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein particles are associated with a higher rate of progression of human chronic renal insufficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998; 9: 1482 –8.

  52.  Vaziri ND: Molecular mechanisms of lipid disorders in nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 1964 –76.

  53.  Vaziri ND, Liang K, and Park JS: Acquired lecithin: Cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency in nephrotic syndrome. Am J Physiol 2001; 49: F823 –F9.

  54.  Chait A, Heinecke JW: Lipoprotein modification: Cellular mechanisms. Current Opin Lipidol 1994; 5: 363 –70.

  55.  Wheeler DC, Chana RS: Interaction between lipoproteins, glomerular cells and matrix. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1993; 19: 149 –64.

  56.  Reaven GM: Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595 –607.

  57.  Medical Laboratory Science Theory and Practice 7th Ed. Editors: Ochei. J, Kolhatkar. A, Haemostasis and fibrinolysis, Assay of coagulation factors fibrinogen. Tata McGraw Hill, 2008, 347.

  58.  Allain C.C., Poon L. S., Chan C.S.G., Richmond W. and Fu P., Cli. Chem 1974; 20(470).

  59.  McGowan MW, et al. Cli Chem 1983; 29; 538.

  60.  Williams, P., et al. High density lipoprotein and coronary risk factor, Lancet, 1969; 1; 72.

  61.  Trinder, P. Ann. Clin.BioChem. 1969; 6(24).

  62.  Wilhelmsen L, Svardsudd K, Korsan-Bengtsen K, Larsson B, Welin L, Tibblin G. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for stroke and MI. N Engl J Med 1984; 311:501–5.

  63.  Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Castelli WP, D’Agostino RB. Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study. JAMA 1987; 258:1183–6.

  64.  Berk BC, Weintraub WS, Alexander RW. Elevation of C-reactive protein in “active” coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1990; 65:168–72.

  65. Castelli W.P, Abbott R.D, Mc Namara P.M, Summary estimates of cholesterol used to predict coronary heart disease. Circulation, 1983 67(4):730-734.

  66.  Sangeeta K, et al, Glycosylated Haemoglobin in Non- Diabetic End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Haemodialysis. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2010 October; 4:3191-5.

  67.  Vasilis Tsimihodimos, Zoi Mitrogianni. Dyslipidemia Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2011; 5: 41–8.

  68. Wilhelmsen L, Svardsudd K, Korsan-Bengtsen K, et al. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. N Eng L J Med. 1984 Aug 23. 311(8):501-5.

  69. Go A.S, Chertow G M, Fan D et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004 Sep 23. 351(13): 1296-305.

  70. Meade T W, Mellows S, Brozovic M et al. Homeostatic function and ischaemic heart disease: Principal results of the Northwick Park Heart study. Lancet 1986; 2:537-7.

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


RSS feed

Indexed and Abstracted in


Antiplagiarism Policy: IJCRR strongly condemn and discourage practice of plagiarism. All received manuscripts have to pass through "Plagiarism Detection Software" test before Toto Macau forwarding for peer review. We consider "Plagiarism is a crime"

IJCRR Code of Conduct: To achieve a high standard of publication, we adopt Good Publishing Practices (updated in 2022) which are inspired by guidelines provided by Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) and International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)

Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



ABOUT US

International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

Contact

148, IMSR Building, Ayurvedic Layout,
        Near NIT Complex, Sakkardara,
        Nagpur-24, Maharashtra State, India

editor@ijcrr.com

editor.ijcrr@gmail.com


Copyright © 2024 IJCRR. Specialized online journals by ubijournal .Website by Ubitech solutions