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IJCRR - 4(1), January, 2012

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Impact of Distillery Spentwash Irrigation on Sprouting and Growth of Himalayan Balsam (Balsaminaceae) and Crossandra (Acanthaceae) Flowering plants

Author: S. Chandraju, C. Thejovathi, C. S. Chidan Kumar

Category: General Sciences

Abstract:Germination of Himalayan Balsam (Balsaminaceae) and Crossandra (Acanthaceae) seeds was made by irrigated with distillery spentwash of different concentrations. The spentwash i.e., primary treated spentwash (PTSW), 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 spent wash were analyzed for their plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and other physical and chemical characteristics. Experimental soil was tested for its chemical and physical parameters. Himalayan Balsam and crossandra seeds were sowed in different pots and irrigated with raw water (RW), 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 spentwash. The nature of germination of seeds was studied. It was found that, the germination was very good (100%) in 1:3 SW irrigation, while very poor (25%) in 1:1 SW, moderate (80%) in 1:2 SW and 95% in RW irrigations.

Keywords: Distillery spentwash, Himalayan Balsam , Crossandra , Germination, Growth, Irrigation, Soil.

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INTRODUCTION

Himalayan Balsam belongs to the family Balsaminaceae. It typically grows to 1 to 2 m high, with a soft green or red-tinged stem, and lanceolate leaves 5 to 23 cm long. The crushed foliage has a strong musty smell. The flowers are pink, with a hooded shape, 3 to 4 cm broad the flower shape has been compared to a policeman?s helmet, giving rise to the alternative common name Policeman?s Helmet. Although it does not range all over India and is by no means the only Impatiens native to that country, it is also known as Indian Balsam in countries where it is introduced. In India it is commonly called as Karnakundala.

Himalayan Balsam, Impatiens glandulifera, is a large annual plant, native to the Himalayans (resulting in its colloquial name of Kiss-me-on-themountain1 in the UK. After flowering between June and October, the plant forms seed pods 2 to 3 cm long and 8mm broad. Which explode when disturbed, scattering the seeds up to 7 meters. The green seed pods and seeds can be eaten, and also the young leaves and shoots. Which is a method of controlling the plant?s spread2- 4 . However, a recent study it may cause more harm than good. Destroying riparian stands of Himalayan Balsam can open up the habitat for more aggressive invasive plants. The Bionic Control of Invasive Weeds in Wiesbaden, Germany is trying to establish a self sufficient project to conserve their local biodiversity by developing several food products made from the Impatiens flowers. Eventually, if all goes well, this project will have the Himalayan Balsam financing its own eradication.

Crossandra is belongs to the family Acanthaceae, comprising 52 species that occur in Africa, Madagascar, Arabia and the Indian subcontinent. Some species, especially Crossandra infundibuliformis5,6, are cultivated for their brightly colored flowers. It is known as Kanakambara in Karnataka, southern states in India. Crossandra from the Greek, meaning fringed anthers. The male portion of the flower, the anthers, is distinctly fringed in this genus of plants. The firecracker flower, while relatively unknown to the general public as a houseplant, is just about the most prolifilic indoor flowering plant. A well tended specimen will bloom continuously for years. It is growing from four sided stalked spikes; the asymmetrical petals arise as a slender tube and then split in to their ends. Plant breeders, especially in Europe, have been hybridizing Crossandras. Cultivars with yellow and even red flowers are available. Crossandra is a sturdy, productive ornamental that should be more popular with indoor gardens.

Molasses (one of the important byproducts of sugar industry) is the chief source for the production of ethanol in distilleries by fermentation method. About 08 (eight) liters of wastewater is generated for every liter of ethanol production in distilleries, known as raw spentwash (RSW), which is known for high biological oxygen demand (BOD: 5000- 8000mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (COD: 25000-30000mg/L), undesirable color and foul odor7 . Discharge of RSW into open field or nearby water bodies results in environmental, water and soil pollution including threat to plant and animal lives. The RSW is highly acidic and contains easily oxidisable organic matter with very high BOD and COD 8 . Also, spentwash contains high organic nitrogen and nutrients 9 . By installing biomethenation plant in distilleries, reduces the oxygen demand of RSW, the resulting spentwash is called primary treated spentwash (PTSW) and primary treatment to RSW increases the nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and phosphorous (P) contents and decreases calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl- ), and sulphate (SO4 2- ) 10. PTSW is rich in potassium (K), sulphur (S), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) as well as easily biodegradable organic matter and its application to soil has been reported to increase yield of sugar cane, wheat and rice 11, Quality of groundnut 12 and physiological response of soybean13. Diluted spentwash could be used for irrigation purpose without adversely affecting soil fertility14 , seed germination and crop productivity 15. The diluted spent wash irrigation improved the physical and chemical properties of the soil and further increased soil micro flora16, 17, 18 . Twelve pre-sowing irrigations with the diluted spent wash had no adverse effect on the germination of maize but improved the growth19. Diluted spentwash increases the growth of shoot length, leaf number per plant, leaf area and chlorophyll content of peas20 . Increased concentration of spent wash causes decreased seed germination, seedling growth and chlorophyll content in Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) and the spentwash could safely used for irrigation purpose at lower concentration21. The spentwash contained an excess of various forms of cations and anions, which are injurious to plant growth and these constituents should be reduced to beneficial level by diluting spentwash, which can be used as a substitute for chemical fertilizer22 . The spent wash could be used as a complement to mineral fertilizer to sugarcane23. The spentwash contained N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S and thus valued as a fertilizer when applied to soil through irrigation with water24. The application of diluted spentwash increased the uptake of Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) in maize and wheat as compared to control and the highest total uptake of these were found at lower dilution levels than at higher dilution levels. Mineralization of organic material as well as nutrients present in the spentwash was responsible for increased availability of plant nutrients. Diluted spentwash increase the uptake of nutrients, height, growth and yield of leaves vegetables25 , nutrients of cabbage and mint leaf26, nutrients of top vegetable27 , pulses, condiments, root vegetables, of some root vegetables in untreated and spentwash treated soil, yields of top vegetables (creepers). However, no information is available on sprouting and growth of Himalayan Balsam and Crossandra flowering plant irrigated by distillery spentwash. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to study the influence of different proportions of spent wash on the sprouting and growth35, 36, 37, 38 of Himalayan Balsam and Crossandra.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Physico-chemical parameters and amount of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorous (P) and sulphur (S) present in the primary treated diluted spentwash (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 SW) were analyzed by standard methods28 . The PTSW was used for irrigation with a dilution of 1:1, 1:2 and1:3. A composite soil sample collected prior to spentwash irrigation was air-dried, powdered and analyzed for physico-chemical properties29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 . Flowering plants selected for the present investigation were Himalayan Balsam and Crossandra. The sets were planted in different pots 30(h), 25(dia)] and irrigated (by applying 5-10mm/cm2 depends upon the climatic condition) with raw water (RW), 1:1 SW, 1:2 SW and 1:3 SW at the dosage of twice a week and rest of the period with raw water as required. Cultivation was conducted in triplicate, in each case sprouting, growth were recorded.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Chemical composition of PTSW, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 SW such as pH, electrical conductivity, total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), settelable solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), carbonates, bicarbonates, total phosphorous (P), total potassium (K), ammonical nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S), sodium (Na), chlorides (Cl), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) were analyzed and tabulated (Table-1). Amount of N, P, K and S contents are presented (Table- 2). Characteristics of experimental soils such as pH, electrical conductivity, the amount of organic carbon, available nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), DTPA iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were analyzed and tabulated (Table-3 and 4). It was found that the soil composition is fit for the cultivation of plants, because it fulfils all the requirements for the growth of plants. Sprouting and growth of Himalayan Balsam and Crossandra plant leaves, uptakes of all the parameters were very good in both 1:2 and 1:3 spent wash as compared to1:1, SW and raw water. In both 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 spent wash irrigation, the uptake of the nutrients such as fat, calcium, zinc, copper and vitamins carotene and vitamin c were almost similar but the uptake of the nutrients and parameters such as protein, fiber, carbohydrate, energy, magnesium and phosphorous were much more in the case of 1:1, 1:2, spent wash irrigation than 1:3, and raw water irrigations (Table-5).

This is due to the more absorption of plant nutrients present in spentwash by plants at higher dilutions. It was also found that no negative impact of heavy metals like lead, cadmium and nickel on the leaves of Himalayan Balsam and Crossandra plant. The soil was tested after the harvest; found that there was no adverse effect on soil characteristics (Table-4)

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A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"

A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13

A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 12

A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 11

A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 10

A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 09

A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 08

A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 07

A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20

A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR

A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13

A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR

A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR.

A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award

A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award

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