International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 3(11), November, 2011

Pages: 60-65

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EFFECT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION ON HOUSEHOLD CROP PRODUCTION IN SOME SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

Author: Zagi Idris, Makarau Shehu Bako, Damina Ayuba

Category: General Sciences

Abstract:This study analyzes the differences in crop production outputs between household with
migrants and households without migrants. Differences in reasons for migration and by age
range were also analyzed. A structured questionnaire was used to source information from 250
heads of households. Results revealed significant difference at P< 0.01 in all the four crops;
maize, sorghum, cowpea and groundnuts. While reasons for migration by age range revealed no
significant differences among migrants at P< 0.05. It was recommended that government
should empower rural areas economically so as to minimize out migration and enhance
agricultural production in the communities.

Keywords: Migration, migrant, output and crop.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Migration has long been part of the livelihood portfolio of poor people across Nigeria. The influx to towns or urban centers of large number of people from other areas including those of the rural areas has produced a lot of problems in Nigeria. Despite the enviable human and material resources endowed by nature in Nigeria, the country and its citizens are still classified the very poor with no fewer than 54 percent of the population living below poverty level. This has resulted in people both old and young ones migrating into the cities to overcome poverty , not minding its implications on them , their families and the society at large1 . Although data on rural- urban migration in Nigeria are lacking, a growing number of micro-studies have established that seasonal migration for employment is growing both in terms of absolute numbers but also in relation to the size of the working population as a whole2 . Migration is the movement of people from one geographical region to another which may be either on temporary or permanent basis3 . Migration occurs as a response to economic development as well as social, cultural, environmental and political factors and effects on areas of origin as well as destination4 . The movement of people away from a place is mostly as result of the need to escape tribal or religious crisis, violence, political instability, draught, floods, congestion in various dimensions and many more. Migration can be ruralrural, rural-urban, urban-urban and urbanrural. Young people moved from rural to urban, while the older and uneducated people moved from rural to rural and stressed that the movement from rural to EFFECT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION ON HOUSEHOLD CROP PRODUCTION IN SOME SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA Zagi Idris1 , Makarau Shehu Bako1 , Damina Ayuba1 1 School of Agricultural Technology, Samaru Kataf Campus Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria, box 56, Zonkwa, Kaduna State, Nigeria. E-mail of Corresponding Author: daminaayuba@yahoo.com 61 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 urban areas creates a negative impact on the quality of rural life, especially when such migrants are the productive labour force and s well carry away their needed consumption into the city5 .

A number of empirical studies have been carried out which focused on the impact of migration on productive investment, and the potential trade-offs between the income effect of remittances and the productivity loss due to changes in labor supply. No clear pattern has emerged yet in terms of the circumstances under which migration leads to increased productive investment. As early as 1980 migrants‘ remittances may have a negative effect on farm productivity, as a result of a number of factors including the loss of the youngest and most productive household members and a possible substitution of labor for leisure by the less efficient household members left behind. Some recent empirical evidence seems to support that hypothesis6 . A number of other studies reported that remittances accumulated abroad partially compensate for lost labour and allow households to improve their agricultural productivity7 . However, the net impact is negative as the effect of migration on labor supply more than offset the remittance effect. Rural to urban migration makes a positive impact on urban growth and social development, which makes generation of employment opportunities , provision of educational facilities and transportation infrastructure for the migrants8 .

Studies on rural-urban migration have been quite resourceful but in exhaustive as most of them were concerned with remittance to migrants‘ households, with less paid attention on reasons for migration within specific age range and the likely effects of out migration on farm outputs within and between families. The study therefore, is an attempt to verify the likely effects of massive out migration on crop production outputs between households with migrants and households without migrants and the reasons for migration by age range in the selected local government areas. The effect of migration at the community level will depend, among other things, on the characteristics of the local labor market and the demographic make-up of the migration flow. In light of the likely trade-offs resulting from migration, it remains unclear whether massive migration out of rural areas has promoted or hindered agricultural production in the study communities. Therefore, the impact of massive out migration on agricultural production and their reasons for migration in the selected communities are not known, as such, this study raised these questions; do crop outputs differ between households with migrants and those without? and are there differences in reasons for migration by age range?. The selected communities are particularly good to study the impact of migration on agricultural production because of decline in agricultural production among them that were previously known for intensive crop production and likely differences in age range by reasons for migration. The study wishes to answer these questions through the following specific objectives:

a. To determine differences in crop output production between migrants‘ households and non migrants households in the selected communities.

b. To determine differences by reasons for migration and age range in the study communities.

Hypothesis

Ho:- There is no significant difference in reasons for migration by age range among migrant households. Ho:- There is no difference in crop production outputs between households with migrants and households without migrants.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

 A descriptive survey was adopted to elicit information, as this method was necessary as it made easier the retrieval of information through questionnaire from the study population. The study was conducted in four local Government Areas ( LGAs) of Kaduna State namely: (Kachia, Kagarko, Jaba and Zango) but, in some selected communities, known with pronounced cases of out migration.

Population and Sample fraction

The study targets at migrants and non migrants households from some selected communities in four local government areas; Zangon Kataf, Kagarko, Kachia and Jaba . It was a purposeful survey being that the selected communities in the local government areas have known cases of massive out migration. The communities had a projected population of 5100 as at December, 2009 from which a total of 250 households were taken as a study sample, constituting 5 percent and equal samples were taken from both families. Except that, samples vary with community population.

Sampling

It was a purposeful study as mentioned earlier, two villages with known cases of rural-urban migration were picked in each local government area thus; Zango Kataf; (Madakiya and Ashafan Sarki), Kachia; (Kurmin Musa and Awong), Kagarko; (Shadalafiya and Kasabare) while in Jaba local government area we had Fai and Nock .

Data collection and Analysis

A structured questionnaire was used as a tool to illicit information. It had two subsections; ?A and B‘ . Subsection ?A‘ sourced information on respondents‘ background characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, ethnic group, annual income and religion while section ?B‘ sourced information on the number of migrants in a family, sex of migrant, remittance in cash form migrants, crop output at harvest on maize, sorghum, millet, groundnuts and cowpea, and reasons for migration. Household heads were used as respondents in all selected communities. ANOVA and Students‘ ?t‘ test were deployed in data analysis to test differences in crop outputs and reasons for migration by age range.

RESULTS

Differences in Age Range by Reasons of Migration According to results in table 1, all age cohorts revealed no significant difference by reasons of migration at P< 0.05, since ?F‘ calculated (1.1) was less than p. value (6.6). Therefore, Ho is retained, which suggests that migrants in selected communities had similar reasons for migration irrespective of age

Differences between Households with Migrants and Households without Migrants by Crop Production Outputs.

Results in table 2 reveled high significant differences ( P<0.01) in the production output of sampled crops (Maize, Millet, sorghum, Cowpea and groundnut) between households with migrants and households without migrants in all sampled villages. The output is high in the household when migrants were at home and low in households when the migrants were away 63 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 in all the sampled crops from the selected LGAs.

DISCUSSION

Results in table 1 revealed high significant differences between households with migrants and households without migrants at P< 0.01. This suggests that crop output was influenced in the study areas by out migration, as outputs were significantly higher in households whose farm labour could not migrate and consequently lower in households whose farm labour migrated to other areas. This could also be interpreted to mean that low output was a consequent of out migration in households with migrants while high crop output was a consequent of non migration of farm labour. The implication of the result therefore, the number of able hands on the farm had decreased hence, the decreased in output. The findings are in agreement with earlier findings who observed that the loss of family labour to migration has negative effects on agricultural production resulting in decreased output of affected families1 . This also confirmed recent findings that over the past several years, rural areas in transition countries have experienced a structural transformation of their agricultural sectors combined with profound demographic changes, primarily due to massive out-migration towards urban areas and abroad2 In table 1, results revealed no significant difference in age range by reasons of migration among migrants‘ families in the selected communities in the four Local Government areas. This implies, migrants in the selected communities had similar reasons for migration irrespective of age, this is obvious because most had multiple reasons. It could be that they share similar circumstances that push them to migrate as a strategy to livelihood. Studies have confirmed that migration cut across ages, beliefs systems and ethnic nationalities9 , which suggests reasons that pushed them to migrate are similar. Generally, results on outputs in all the four sampled crops (maize, sorghum, millet, groundnut and cowpea) depicted the negative impact of massive out migration on agricultural production in the study areas, which implies, food security among households with migrants is threatened. It is a likely indication of such happenings in the state. Results were also clear that migrants had similar circumstances that pushed them away from their communities to the cities, which suggests, government needs to identify these circumstances with the view to finding lasting solutions to enhance agricultural production in rural areas.

CONCLUSION

Results revealed no significant difference for reasons of migration in the selected communities irrespective of age range, which suggests that migrants were pushed to migrate in these communities by similar circumstances. In addition, results also revealed that, there was significant difference in crop production outputs between households with migrants and households without migrants in all the four sampled crops (maize, sorghum, millet, groundnut and cowpea).

Recommendation

Based on findings, the study recommends as follows;

  • That migration in the selected communities was caused by the desire to learn, a trade, trading, farming, white cola jobs, disaster and other reasons. Government to provide most of these facilities in these communities to minimize migration in rural areas
  • Crop outputs differs between migrants and non migrant households; government to empower the rural populace economically to check migration to cities so as to facilitate agricultural production.

 

References:

.1. Okunmadewa, F. (2001). Socioeconomic characteristics of RuralUrban Migrants and Determinants of Migration in Imo State, Nigeria. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria; 2009 20-23rd Oct; National University Commission and Raw Materials Research and Development Council, FCT, Abuja: Nigeria.

2. McCarthy N, Gero C, Benjamin D, Irini M. Assessing the impact of massive outmigration on agriculture. ESA Working Pape 2006 ; (6-14):125-126

3. Adewale JG.Socio-economic factors Associated with Urban-Rural Migration in Nigeria: A Case study of Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology 2005; 17(1):13-16.

 4. Sheldon R. Migration and Poverty‘, Asia-Pacific Population Journal 2002:67–82.

5. Echebiri RN, Ndukwu PC. Pattern and Causality of Rural-Urban Migration in Imo State, Nigeria: Implication for Rural Development. Journal of Rural Sociolog 2007; 7(1):16-24

6. Azam JP, F Gubert. Those in the Kayes; the Impact of Remittances on the Recipients in Africa. Mimeo, University of Toulous 2002.

7. Mendola M. Migration and technological change in rural households: complements or substitutes?, Development Studies Working Paper . Centro Studi Luca D‘Agliano, Milan 2004.

8. Ijere NJ. Socio-economic characteristics of Rural- Urban Migrants and Determinants of Migration in Imo State, Nigeria. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria; 2009 20-23rd Oct; National University Commission and Raw Materials Research and Development Council, FCT, Abuja: Nigeria.

9. McKenzie DH. Rapoport.Network effects and the dynamics of migration and inequality: theory and evidence from Mexico. Journal of Development Economics 2007; (195): 221-224

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

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SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

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A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
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A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
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A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
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A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
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A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
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A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
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A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
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A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
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A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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