International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
logo
slider
slider
slider
slider
Bootstrap Slider

Indexed and Abstracted in: Crossref, CAS Abstracts, Publons, Google Scholar, Open J-Gate, ROAD, Indian Citation Index (ICI), ResearchGATE, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, WorldCat (World's largest network of library content and services)

Search Articles

Track manuscript

Full Html

IJCRR - 4(4), February, 2012

Pages: 63-69

Print Article   Download XML  Download PDF

ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF LARVAL EXTRACT OF MUSCA DOMESTICA (HOUSE
FLY)

Author: Mohammad Nasir Uddin Ahamad, Suman Mojumder, Asing, Dwaipayan Sikdar

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:The principle objective of this study was to investigate the presence of antimicrobial activities in the larvae of insect Musca domestica (house fly). For this purpose, the body wall of the insect larvae were injured by a sterile hypodermic needle and then the larval extract were prepared in acidic (pH 5.0), neutral (pH 7.0) and alkaline (pH 8.0) buffers or water. These extracts were used for the screening of antimicrobial activities against 11 bacteria and 10 fungi by an agar disc diffusion assay and by poisoned food technique respectively. All the three extracts showed inhibition against 2 bacterial species viz., Salmonela typhi, Bacillus subtilis and 5 fungi viz., Macrophomia phaseolina , Fusarium equiseti ,
Colletrotrichum corchori, Alternaria alternate and Rhizopus species. The acidic extract also showed inhibition against bacteria Escherichia coli. Of the three extracts, acidic extract showed highest inhibition against all the microbes. Cytotoxic activity (LC50) of the acidic, neutral and alkaline extract was found to be 141.2 \?g/ml, 152.2 \?g/ml and 149.5 \?g/ml respectively.

Keywords: Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Extract, inhibition, Musca domestica.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Microorganisms have developed resistant to many antibiotics and this has created immense clinical problems in the treatment of infectious diseases[1]. The increase of microbial resistance to antibiotics has led to a continuing search for newer and more effective drugs [2] . Insects are among the oldest and the most successful groups of animals occupying this planet. An essential feature of the success of insects has been their ability to invade and to exploit a diverse range of ecological niches. Insects have evolved and, in many situations, thrived in environments replete with potentially parasitic and pathogenic competitors. Disease in insect populations may reduce vigor, productivity, and ultimately survival of individuals and thus may contribute to the regulation of population levels. The ubiquitous presence of both infectious organisms and metazoan parasites in ecosystems occupied by insects has exerted a strong selection pressure for insects resistant to infection. Thus modern species of insects may represent the most extensive summary of successful defensive strategies against infection in the animal kingdom. Indeed, several early studies of antimicrobial defense mechanisms in animals were performed using insect models [3] . The presence of antimicrobial activities and the purification of many peptides responsible for these activities in numerous insects have been reported so far [3]. Antibacterial peptides have been isolated from the haemolymph of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh-fly) larvae [4] and from the haemolymph of immunized pupae of Hyalophora cecropia (cecropia moth) [5] . The housefly (Musca domestica) belonging to the Diptera grows and survives in dirty places. So it is reasonable to think that the insect could have strong antimicrobial activities. The aim of the present study is to test the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities in the housefly larvae as a part of our attempt to isolate and purify new antimicrobial agents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of larvae and preparation of extract:
Larvae of Musca domestica was collected from the rotten cow dung from Chittagong University campus. Larvae were washed in tap water first and then in distilled water in a sieve. Then the larvae were anesthetized by (after) keeping them on ice for 5 min. The larvae were then injured with a sterile stainless steel hypodermic needle. One prick per animal was used to induce the antimicrobial activity. 2 gm of larvae were homogenized separately in 5 ml of distilled water (A), 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 8.0 (B) and 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0 (C) for 10 min in a glass homogenizer keeping it at 40 C. The homogenates were centrifuged at 10 000 rpm for 10 min at 40 C in a sorvall refrigerated centrifuge. Supernatant was collected and stored at -200 C until use.

Antibacterial activity test of the extract:
The antibacterial activity was determined by disc diffusion method [6] against eleven bacterial strains, which included four gram positive and seven gram negative organisms and kindly provided by the Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong. The strains were Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Shigella dysenteriae AE14612, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538, Bacillus subtilis BTTC17, Bacillus cereus BTTC19, Bacillus megaterium BTTC18, Shigella sonnei CRL, Salmonella typhi AE 14296, Salmonella paratyphi AE14631, Vibrio cholera AE14748 and Pseudomonus aeruginosa. In brief, filter paper discs of 5 mm in diameter were individually impregnated with 20 µl/disc of the larval extracts (each group) and then placed onto the solidified agar plates previously inoculated with tested microorganisms. The plates were incubated at 370 C for 24 h. The antimicrobial activities were measured from zone of inhibition expressed in mm. Tetracycline was used as standard at the dose of 35 µg/disc as positive control. The experiments were carried out in triplicate.

Antifungal activity test of the extract:
The in vitro antifungal activities were tested by poisoned food technique [7]. Ten fungi, collected from the Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, were used for this study. They were Macrophomina phaseolina, Alternaria alternate, Curvularia lunata, Colletotrichum corchori, Penicillium sp, Aspergillus niger Aspergillus fumigates, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus sp and Fusarium equiseti. The potato dextrose agar (PDA) was used as a culture medium. The larval extract of every group was mixed separately with sterilized PDA to obtain a final concentration of 15 µg of protein/ml. From this, 20 ml medium was poured into separate petridish and allowed to solidify. For each fungus, inoculum was done by placing a 5 mm mycelium block obtained from a five days old culture of the test fungi on PDA at the centre of each plate in an inverted position. The inoculated plates were incubated at 28±20 C for 5-7days. A control set was maintained in each experiment using only PDA as growth medium. The antifungal activities were measured from the diameter of fungal colony expressed in mm. All the antifungal results were compared with the standard antifungal antibiotic Nystatin (100 μg/ml PDA). The percentage inhibition of radial mycelia growth of the test fungus was calculated as follows: % Inhibition = (C-T/C) × 100 Where, C = diameter of the fungal colony in the control petridish T = diameter of the fungal colony in the treated petridish.

Determination of cytotoxic activity or lethal concentration 50 (LC50):
In vitro lethality bioassay of the larval extract of M. domestica was performed to detect cytotoxicity following the method described by [8]. Brine shrimp (Artemia salina Leach) eggs were hatched in seawater (3.8 gm sea salt per liter distilled water) under the light of a lamp for 48 h yielding large number of larvae (nauplii). Then 3 ml of seawater was given to 10 vials. Afterwards, with the help of micropipette specific volumes (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 µl) of each extract (A- 29.2 µg/µl, B-34.2 µg/µl and C- 20.0 µg/µl of protein) were transferred from the stock solutions to the vials to get final sample concentrations summarized in table 3. With the help of the Pasteur pipette 10 living nauplii were kept to each of the vials. Alive nauplii were counted after 24 h and the median lethal concentrations (LC50) were calculated by trend linefit linear regression analysis of the obtained data. The experiments for each extract were carried out in triplicate.

Acute toxicity studies upon swiss albino mice:
The acute toxicity evaluation was performed on mice with 30–35 g and 6–8 weeks in age of either sex. Ten mice were randomly divided into two equal groups: control group in which water was administered and experimental group in which extract was administered. Larval extracts were administered by intraperitoneal route at a high dose of 2 gm protein/kg body weight. The animals were observed during the following 10 days for detection of any behavioral change, poisonous symptoms, food consumption, growth rate and mortality.

Determination of protein concentration in the larval extract:
The protein concentration in the extract was measured by Lowry‘s method [9]. In brief, different aliquots of standard BSA solution (250 µg/ml) were pipetted out in different tubes along with the aliquots of extract in separate tubes. Equal amount of alkaline copper sulphate was added in each tube and then allowed to stand for 15 min. Equal amount of Folin-ciocalteau reagent was added in each tube and the tubes were left for 30 min. Blue color was formed which was measured at 650 nm against a proper blank where no protein solution was used. The protein concentration of the extract was calculated from the standard curve.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The antibacterial and the antifungal activities of injured larval extract, prepared in different pH, of Musca domenistica were determined against eleven bacterial species and ten fungi. In antibacterial activity assay, the results were compared with those produced by the standard antibiotic tetracycline (35 µg/disc).The sensitivity of the bacteria towards the extract and standard have been shown in table 1. All the extracts showed antibacterial activities against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria but in a very species specific way. In case of extract C, highest activities were found against gram positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis (19 mm) and gram negative bacteria, Salmonella typhi (20 mm) whereas relative weak activities were found against gram positive bacteria, Echerichia coli (10 mm). Similarly the extract A exhibited the zone of inhibition of 16 mm against Bacillus subtilis and 17 mm against Salmonella typhi, whereas extract B produced that of 5 mm and 15 mm respectively. In comparison, the standard drug tetracycline produced zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis (20.6 mm), Salmonella typhi (23.3 mm) and Echerichia coli (16.4 mm). No activities were found against the other tested bacteria. Similar antibacterial activities of the flesh-fly larval extract against strain specific bacteria have been reported previously [4]. The chemical compositions of housefly larvae (dry weight/dry starting material weight, w/w) are protein (54.47%), carbohydrate (12.04%), fat (11.60%), crude fiber (5.70%) and ashes (11.43%), indicating a high content of protein [10]. We suppose that the active molecules in housefly larvae may be some peptides. Chernysh et al. (2002) [11] isolated two antiviral and anti-tumor peptides from the blow fly Calliphora vicina (Diptera). Lepidoptera have been reported to produce several antibacterial peptides in response to septic injury [12] . The presence of multiple antibacterial activities in various Lepidoptera indicates that these proteins have different lethal effects or different antibacterial specificities and together construct a potent defense system to prevent bacterial infection [4] . The inhibition of fungal radial mycelial growth by the larval extract is presented in Table 2. Nystatin (100 µg/ml) was used as standard antibiotic. The results were compared with standard as 100% zone of inhibition. The extracts (15 µg of protein/ml) inhibited the growth of five fungi out of the tested ten. Maximum inhibition was found against Rhizopus sp (83.35%) and Colletotrichum corchori (80%) with extract C. Considerable inhibition was found against Alternaria arternata (75%), Fusarium equiseti (71.66%) and Macrophomina phascolina (60%). The extract A also showed inhibitions against Rhizopus sp (66.66%), Fusarium equiseti (62.50%), Alternaria arternata (14.28%) and Colletotrichum corchori (42.85%), whereas extract B showed little inhibition. No inhibition was found against the other tested fungi. Septic injury in H. virescens larvae results in the production of an antifungal peptide, heliomicin [12]. Lijima et al. (1993) [13] also reported the presence of an antifungal peptide (AFP) from the hemolymph of a Sarcophaga peregrine (flesh fly) larva. Cytotoxic activities of larval extracts are presented in Table 3. The extracts exhibited toxicity towards brine shrimp. The extracts showed different mortality rate at different concentrations. The mortality rate of brine shrimp was found to be increased with the increase of protein concentration. A plot of log concentration of the sample versus percent of mortality showed an approximate linear correlation between them (plot not shown). The cytotoxic concentration of extract A that killed 50% of brine shrimps within 24 h of exposure was 152.2 µg/ml. None of the shrimps died on exposure to the 29.2 µg/ml concentration, while 7 out of 10 shrimps died at the 175.2 µg/ml concentration of this when exposed same time period. For extract B, the LC50 was calculated as 149.5 µg/ml. None of the shrimps died within the 24 h exposure to extract C up to 40 µg/ml concentrations. This extract produced an LC50 of 141.2 µg\ml. Cytotoxic test depicts the extracts may contain antitumor or pesticidal peptides. However, this cannot be confirmed without further higher and specific tests [14] . This is the first report of cytotoxicity of house fly larval extract on brine shrimp larvae. House fly larval extract exhibited highest activity against bacteria and fungi around pH 5.0, but the activity continuously decreased when the pH was changed to alkaline values. On the contrary, the higher cytotoxic activity was showed at neutral pH, but the activity continuously decreased when the pH was changed either to acidic or to alkaline values (Fig 1), although very little difference in LC50 values was observed among extract A, B and C. This may be due to the fact that the charge forming, distribution and conformation of the molecules were different under different pH, which resulted in the different antimicrobial efficiency. A decrease in pH of the medium has been shown to cause protonation of the ionizable carboxylic acid side chain, leading to an increase in hydrophobicity and consequent aggregation [15] . It is generally accepted that increasing the hydrophobicity of the nonpolar face of the amphipathic α-helical peptides would also increase the antimicrobial activity [16] . In the studies of acute toxicity on mice, no external manifestation of toxic syndrome or death was observed within 10 days after injection of different extracts at a single dose of 2 gm/kg body weight through intraperitoneal route. This route was chosen as an effort to avoid interfering factors such as absorption, pH of the stomach and intestines, enzymatic activity of the digestive tract and first-pass metabolism [17] . At the moment nothing is known about the mechanism of the lethal effect of this extract on microbes. Because there is no acute toxicity against the extract on experimental mice, we only assume that the insect could be used as a good source for developing antimicrobial agents and knowledge of these antimicrobial compounds will lead to better control of human pathogens.

References:

1. Davis J. Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemination of resistance genes. Science 1994; 264: 375-382.

2. Coutinho HDM, Lobo KM, Bezerra DAC, Lobo I. Peptides and proteins with antimicrobial activity. Indian J Pharmacol 2008; 40(1): 3-9.

3. Dunn PE. Biochemical aspects of insect immunology. Ann Rev Entamol 1986; 31: 321-339.

4. Okada M, Shunji N. Purification and characterization of an antibacterial protein from haemolymph of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh-fly) larvae. Biochem J 1983; 211: 727-734.

5. Hultmark D, Steiner H, Rasmuson T, Boman HG. Purification and properties of three inducible bactericidal proteins from hemolymph of immunized pupae of Hyalophora cecropia. Eur J Biochem 1980; 106(1): 7-16.

6. Baur AW, Kirby WMM, Sheris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by standardized single disc method. Am J Clin Pathol 1966; 44: 493-496.

7. Miah MAT, Ahmed HU, Sharma NR, Ali A, Miah SA. Antifungal activity of some plant extract. Bangladesh J Bot 1990; 19(1): 5-10.

8. Meyer BN, Firrigni NR, Putnam JE, Jacobson LB, Bichols DE, Mclaughlin JL. Brine shrimp: a convenient bioassay for active constituents. Planta Med 1982; 45: 31-34.

9. Lowry OH, Rseebrough N J, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951; 193: 265-276.

10. Li GH, Zhong CZ, Zhong LB, Le CL, Lu HP. Nutritional evaluation of extracted housefly (Musca domestica) protein. Entomological knowledge (in Chinese) 1997; 34: 347–350.

11. Chernysh S, Ki SI, Bekker G, Pleskach VA, Filatov, NA, Anikin VB, Platonov VG, Bulet P. Antiviral and antitumor peptides from insects. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (US) 2002; 99: 12628–12632.

12. Lamberty M, Ades S, Uttenweiler JS, Brookhart G, Bushey D, Hoffmann JA et al. Isolation from the lepidopteran Heliothis virescens of a novel insect defensin with potent antifungal activity. The journal of biological chemistry 1999; 274 (14, 2): 9320–9326.

13. Lijima R, Kurata S, Nator, S. Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of an antifungal protein from the hemolymph of Sarcophaga peregrine (flesh fly). J Biol Chem 1993; 268:12055-12061.

14. Khan MAA, Prasanta P, Islam MT, Biswas NN, Sadhu SK. Cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and neuropharmalogical evalution of ethanolic extract of Pistia stratiotes L. Inter research j pharm 2011; 2(2): 82-92.

15. Datta A, Dube A, Jain B, Tiwar A, Gupta PK. The Effect of pH and Surfactant on the Aggregation Behavior of Chlorin p6: A Fluorescence Spectroscopic Study (para). Photochemistry and Photobiology 2002; 75(5): 488–494.

16. Dathe M, Wieprecht T, Nikolenko H, Handel L, Maloy WL, Macdonald DL et al. Hydrophobicity, hydrophobic moment and angle subtended by charged residues modulate antibacterial and hemolytic activity of amphipathic helical peptides. FEBS Lett 1997; 403: 208–212.

17. Karalliedde LD, Edwards P, Marris TC. Variables influencing the toxic response to organophosphates in humans. Food chem toxicol 2003; 41: 1–13

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.?*‘A= water, B= 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, C= 0.1M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0 ?a‘ Standard antibacterial antibiotic


Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


RSS feed

Indexed and Abstracted in


Antiplagiarism Policy: IJCRR strongly condemn and discourage practice of plagiarism. All received manuscripts have to pass through "Plagiarism Detection Software" test before Toto Macau forwarding for peer review. We consider "Plagiarism is a crime"

IJCRR Code of Conduct: To achieve a high standard of publication, we adopt Good Publishing Practices (updated in 2022) which are inspired by guidelines provided by Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) and International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)

Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



ABOUT US

International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

Contact

148, IMSR Building, Ayurvedic Layout,
        Near NIT Complex, Sakkardara,
        Nagpur-24, Maharashtra State, India

editor@ijcrr.com

editor.ijcrr@gmail.com


Copyright © 2024 IJCRR. Specialized online journals by ubijournal .Website by Ubitech solutions