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IJCRR - 4(6), March, 2012

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A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE BLIND STUDY TO EVALUATE THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT OF A POLYHERBAL DRUG (LIPOTAB) IN MANAGING DYSLIPIDEMIA

Author: Yasmeen Shamsi, Harendra Kumar

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death worldwide. Cardiovascular disease occurs usually due to atherosclerosis of large and medium sized arteries and dyslipidemia has been found to be one of the most important contributing factors. Lowering lipids through dietary intervention or pharmacological therapy has been shown to decrease the incidence of atherosclerotic events. Lipotab is a polypharmaceutical herbal drug, which has shown lipid lowering, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and vasorelaxant activities in various animal models. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Lipotab in dyslipidemic human subjects a randomized; double blind placebo controlled clinical study was conducted in Clinical Research Unit, Majeedia Hospital, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi. Twelve week Lipotab treatment, was discovered significantly effective than placebo in improving lipid profile of the study subjects. The results of the present study suggest that Lipotab is a safe and efficacious drug in treating dyslipidemia. This polypharmaceutical herbal drug can be valuable in prevention of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease by antiplatelet, fibrinolytic, antioxidant and
cholesterol lowering activities of its various ingredients.

Keywords: Dyslipidemia, Herbal drug, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Cardivascular disease

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death worldwide (1, 2,). About twothirds of the estimated 14.3 million annual cardiovascular disease deaths occur in the developing world (3). CVD covers a wide array of disorders, including diseases of the cardiac muscle and of the vascular system supplying the heart, brain, and other vital organs (4). Acute coronary events (heart attacks) and cerebrovascular events (strokes) often occur suddenly, and are often fatal (5). CVD usually occurs as a result of atherosclerosis of large and medium sized arteries and dyslipidemia has been found to be one of the most important contributing factors for atherosclerosis (6). Dyslipidemia is a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism; it may manifest with the elevated levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, and a decrease in the high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration (7). Atherosclerosis is usually characterized by both increased LDL-cholesterol and increased triglycerides (TG) levels and often accompanied by low HDL-cholesterol levels (8, 12). However, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) is thought to be the best indicator of atherosclerosis risk (9, 10, 11, 13). Lowering lipids through dietary intervention or pharmacological therapy has been shown to decrease the incidence of atherosclerotic events (14). A plant based diet rich in fruit, vegetables, and legumes and low in saturated fat along with regular aerobic exercise programme is an effective prescription for a person with elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (15).

Drug therapy for cholesterol reduction includes statins, bile acid resins, nicotinic acid and fibrates (15). A number of medicinal plants possess antihyperlipidemic activity, literature suggests that the lipid lowering action of herbs is mediated through, inhibition of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and reduction of lipid absorption in the intestine (16). These herbs may be useful in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Lipotab is a polypharmaceutical herbal drug consisting of Allium sativum, Curcuma longa and Nepeta hindostan.

Pharmacological study of Lipotab and its Individual Ingredients:
The results of a study examining the endothelium modulated effects of polypharmaceutical drug Lipotab and its individual ingredients in isolated aortic rings of rat suggested a direct vasorelaxant effect of the drug on the vascular smooth muscle (17). In another study evaluating the effect of Lipotab on isoprenaline (ISO)-induced left ventricular (LV) remodeling and heart failure (HF) in Wistar albino rats, the results indicated that Lipotab prevents ISO-induced LV remodeling and consequent HF in rats through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity(18) The pharmacological studies showed that supplementation with Allium sativum in cholesterol fed rabbit produced lowering in total, free, ester cholesterol and phospholipids resulting in a lower degree of atherosclerosis (19). The alcoholic extract of Nepeta hindostana (whole plant) showed cardiac stimulant activity on normal and hypodynamic heart of frog and rabbit. The alcoholic extract provided significant protection from isoproterenol-induced experimental myocardial necrosis (myocardial infarction) in rats (20). The protective effects on the cardiovascular system of Curcuma longa include lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels, decreasing susceptibility of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to lipid peroxidation (21) and inhibiting platelet aggregation (22). Water and fat-soluble extracts of Curcuma longa and its curcumin component exhibited strong antioxidant activity, comparable to vitamins C and E (23). A study of ischemia in the feline heart demonstrated that curcumin pretreatment decreased ischemia-induced changes in the heart (24). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Lipotab tablet in dyslipidemic human subjects.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study Drug:
The study drug Lipotab (500 mg) tablet is a polyherbal drug which contains dried powder of Nepeta hindostana whole plant (200 mg), Allium sativum bulb (150 mg) and Curcuma longa rhizome (150 mg). Both Lipotab and placebo were supplied by Hamdard Wakf Laboratories, New Delhi, India.

Study Design:
This was a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study, conducted in Clinical Research Unit of Hamdard National Foundation at Majeedia Hospital, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, during the year 2001-2004.

Participants:
Inclusion Criteria:
Subjects (men and women) aged 25-70 years were eligible for the study if they had a history of dyslipidemia for at least 3 months despite of strict diet control and had fasting TC=200-250 mg/dl; LDL 130-170 mg/dl and TG=200-300 mg/dl. Type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with dyslipidemia were also included if they had good glycaemic control (HbA1C < 6.5%) with diet only or diet and oral hypoglycemic agents.

Exclusion criteria: Subjects were excluded from the study if they had Type 1 diabetes; uncontrolled type 2 diabetes or hypertension; hypothyroidism; nephrotic syndrome or renal failure; active hepatic dysfunction; history of coronary insufficiency/ myocardial infarction or CVD; history of estrogen therapy in post-menopausal women; women taking hormonal contraceptives, and body mass index >35 kg/m2 .

Informed Consent:
All patients were included in the study after obtaining written informed consent. Eligible subjects as per the inclusion/exclusion criteria were enrolled in the study and written informed consent was obtained from all the subjects before their enrolment. At visit 1 lipid profile determinations were conducted and the participants were instructed to follow cholesterol lowering diet for 2 weeks. After this diet only period (visit-2) lipid profile determinations and laboratory safety tests were performed and the eligible cases as per the inclusion/exclusion criteria were randomly assigned to receive either Lipotab or placebo in the dose of 2 tablets once daily at 4 p.m. All the patients were instructed to maintain low cholesterol diet as they were advised 2 weeks before their inclusion in the study (visit-1). Patients underwent an interim checkup after 6 weeks (visit-3) and a final evaluation after 12 weeks (visit-4). Physical examination and laboratory tests were done at each visit. Adverse events were recorded and compliance with study medications was assessed at visit 3 and visit 4.

Efficacy Analysis:
Data for efficacy analysis were obtained from all patients who completed 12 weeks study. Lipid profile samples were drawn from 8.30 to 9.00 Am after a 12 hour overnight fast at each visit. The change in LDL- cholesterol levels was considered the primary efficacy variable. Treatment was considered effective only of each of LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were reduced by more than 10% compared with baseline.

Safety of the Drug: - Data from the physical examination, laboratory tests and interview for adverse events were included in the analyses of safety and tolerability. Laboratory safety tests included blood urea, serum creatinine, serum bilirubin, alanine amino transferase (AST), aspirate amino transferase (ALT), haemogram with ESR and fasting and postprandial blood sugar. All data were recorded on case record forms; analysis was restricted to patients who completed the study up to 12 weeks. The changes between pre-treatment and posttreatment values of lipid profile components obtained in drug group (Lipotab) were compared with those obtained in Placebo group by using unpaired ?t? test. Statistical calculations were performed with GraphPad InStat version 3.10.

RESULTS
Total 88 subjects were enrolled in the study, 6 subjects did not meet the inclusion criteria because total cholesterol levels were 300 mg/dl (2 subjects), of the 82 cases included in the study, 9 cases (4 receiving Lipotab and 5 receiving Placebo) dropped out from the study for unknown/ personal reasons. Total 73 subjects (38 in Lipotab group and 35 in Placebo group) completed the study according to protocol up to 12 weeks (Figure-1) There were no significant differences in the characteristics between the two groups at baseline (Table-1 and 2). The incidence of dyslipidemia was highest in upper socioeconomic class (65.52%) and there was a moderate frequency of coronary risk factors, mainly obesity (32.18%), diabetes mellitus (29.88%), arterial hypertension (12.06%), and smoking (12.90%). The mean levels of lipid profile at baseline and after treatment and percentage of change in these levels are shown in Table-3. Twelve week Lipotab treatment, was significantly effective than placebo on the primary efficacy measure, reducing LDL-C by 18.80% compared with 4.36% in the placebo group (p < 0.001). Lipotab also significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) by 15.09% compared with 3.625 in placebo group (<.001). Triglycerides were too reduced significantly by 18.41% with Lipotab treatment as compared to 4.16% with placebo (p<. 001). A rise in HDL –C was observed in both Lipotab (9.62%) and placebo (4.45%) group. But, this rise was significantly greater in Lipotab group as compared with placebo group (p<. 005)
Safety and tolerability: Lipotab (also placebo) treatment for 12 week did not impair physical safety indicators such as body weight, pulse rate or blood pressure. Laboratory safety indicators e.g., kidney function test (blood urea, serum creatinine), Liver function test (ALT, AST, serum bilirubin, serum alkaline phosphalase) and haemogram remained within the normal limits in all study patients. No significant change was observed in mean concentrations of blood glucose levels during the study. Lipotab was well tolerated, however 6 subjects complained of heartburn. No other adverse events like nausea, anorexia, vomiting muscle cramps and skin rash were reported

DISCUSSION
In the present clinical trial the effects of Lipotab (a polypharmaceutical herbal drug) have been observed on all the components of lipid profile in a double blind, randomized fashion and the safety of the drug has also been established. Lipotab in the daily dose of 2 tablets was discovered significantly effective in reducing mean serum LDL- cholesterol levels, which was defined in the study protocol as the main efficacy variable. As LDL-Cholesterol is the more accurate predictor of CVD. The LDL cholesterol was reduced by 18.80% with Lipotab, significant reduction in total cholesterol (15.09%), triglycerides (18.41%) was also detected with Lipotab treatment. The most important result of Lipotab treatment is the increase in HDL- cholesterol (9.62%). Allium sativum has been reported to be HMGCoA reductase inhibitor in rats (25), this supports the lipid lowering effect of Lipotab. Moreover, Lipotab has not been found associated with side effects like muscle cramps, liver dysfunction as associated with other HMG CoA- reductase inhibitors (statins) Allium sativum has also demonstrated multiple beneficial affects e.g. lowering BP, inhibiting platelet aggregation, enhancing fibrinolysing activity and protecting the elastic properties of the aorta (26). All these support the cardiovascular protective effect of Lipotab. Recent clinical trials have shown positive results for antioxidants on cholesterol levels (53, 54). Both Allium sativum (27) and Curcuma longa (23) have been reported potent antioxidants; these findings also support cardiovascular protective effect of Lipotab. Nepeta hindostana is known to prevent myocardia infarction, which supports its lipid lowering action (20). The results of the present study suggest that Lipotab is a safe and efficacious drug in treating dyslipidemia. This polypharmaceutical herbal drug can be valuable in prevention of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease by antiplatelet, fibrinolytic, antioxidant and cholesterol lowering activities of its various ingredients.

CONCLUSION
The results of this study can be concluded as under: Lipotab significantly reduced LDL, total cholesterol and Triglycerides as compared with Placebo Improvement in HDL obtained with Lipotab treatment was significantly greater than that of Placebo. Lipotab was well tolerated and no adverse/side effects were observed, except mild heart burn, which was reported by 6 cases.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are indebted to Dr. Asad Mueed (Director) and Prof. M.S.Y. Khan (CoDirector), R and D Extension and Projects Office, CIUI, HNF, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, for their esteemed suggestions and kind support throughout the period of this study. We are also thankful to Dr. M.J.U. Khan, Medical Superintendent, Majeedia Hospital, for his cooperation and Administrative support during this research work. Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed

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A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19

A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18

A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17

A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16

A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15

A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020

A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"

A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13

A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 12

A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 11

A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 10

A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 09

A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 08

A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 07

A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20

A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR

A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13

A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR

A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR.

A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award

A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award

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IJCRR

A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE BLIND STUDY TO EVALUATE THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT OF A POLYHERBAL DRUG (LIPOTAB) IN MANAGING DYSLIPIDEMIA

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