International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 5(5), March, 2013

Pages: 166-172

Date of Publication: 22-Mar-2013


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A CASE STUDY OF GEOTECHNICAL SOLUTION FOR FOUNDATION OF A MULTISTORIED RESIDENCIAL BUILDING

Author: Ritika Dubey, A.K. Singhai, A.K. Dubey

Category: Technology

Abstract:In order to construct a good multi-storey building, the basic need is to have the strong base or fundamentals, or in the other words, the foundation needs to be strong which can withstand the load coming on it. Normally the engineer has to place his structure on soil and to some extent in the soil. Safety and durability of structure largely depend upon the design of the foundation preferred for the structure considering all the engineering characteristics of soil and other parameters. There are several options are available before the designer for decision making of foundation type, depending upon the ground conditions. Definately each type of foundation has its own merits and demerits. Looking to this variation, in my proposed work I am trying to find out which type of foundation is best suitable for different soil condition of the area Jabalpur for the construction of multistoried building with technical as well as economical parameters.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Expansive Soils are those soils which have the tendency to increase in volume when in contact with water and decrease in volume when they are dewatered this phenomenon is called swelling. This cycle change of volume in swelling or expansive soils causes problems whenever civil engineering structures are planed and constructed on them. The type of area where a G+5 storied structure is being proposed to be built up near Jabalpur (M.P.) has a thick soil cover consisting of black cotton soil. The terrain is nearly plane and the position of water table is at a depth of 6.0 m below the ground level now the problem is to be decide about –

  • The type of foundation to be provided for the proposed structure.
  • Depth of foundation to be determined to make the structure stress free and safe.

Black cotton soil as is understood to be is considered as a treacherous soil as for as founding big and sensitive structure is concern because it has following characteristics –

  • Cohesive in nature.
  • It has moderately plastic characteristics.
  •  It has high specific gravity.
  • It swells and reduces in volume, whenever change in moisture content observed.
  • It contains a few expandable clay minerals like montmorillonite and halloysite and these clay minerals actually control the entire engineering behavior soil at different soil water conditions.

Thus Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil is studied by using Lime. Lime stabilization is not difficult to carry out. After proper mix design and testing is performed, in-place mixing is usually used to add the appropriate amount of lime to soil, mixed to an appropriate depth. Pulverization and mixing is used to thoroughly combine the lime and soil.

The moisture change in BC soils, compressibility and plasticity nature can be greatly improved with the addition of Lime. This paper includes the evaluation of soil properties like Optimum moisture content, dry density, and strength parameter with different quantities of Lime added to the BC soil and the experiments conducted on these soil mixes. Foundation problem in expansive soil The traditional solution of providing stable foundation to structure built on black cotton soils was in the form of the introduction of Raft foundation. The undreamed friction piles are also suggested by taking advantage of the property of cohesion of soils. Expansive (BC) soils are highly plastic in nature and the concept of undreamed pile foundation or raft foundation has been evolved and developed to counter the bad effect of expansive soil on the foundation in the cycle of watering and dewatering in course of time. Volumetric changes of underlying and surrounding soils for a building foundation resting on moderate to highly expansive clay soil results potential detrimental effects to structure or its elements of the foundation. In simple terms, expansive clay soils swell and can cause heave with increase soil moisture, or can dry out and cause subsidence with decreasing soil moisture. This volumetric change effect the stability of structure rest over it. Movement of expansive soil is caused by fluctuation in the moisture content of soil particles. Because homogeneous expansive clayey soils have very low permeability, fluctuation in the moisture content of the soils might normally be expected to occur over a very long period. However permeability is increased with other geotechnical phenomena such as ground faults, surface fractures due to desiccation of clays and decomposition of tree routes which causes fissures and cracks that become widely disseminated over time. Due to repeated wetting, swelling, drying and shrinkage of the clay as it weathers, fissures often filled with silt and sand and create pathways for water that can be exacerbate the infiltration process .Water can also easily move through naturally occurring sand strata, seems and micro cracks in clay soil caused by previous shrinkage high negative pressure, also known as suction, in clay soils with low water content Also increase the tendency for water to be absorbed in to the clay. Environmental Factor other than climatic conditions can also effect expansive soils water extraction by trees and other vegetation, a process known as transpiration can cause soil shrinkage, swelling can be result of water infiltration into the soil from lawn irrigation system. Based on above narrated fact in this study we have tried to find out the technical solution of selection of foundation for multistoried building have situated 10 km away from each other. Based on technical solution we also conduct the study of economy parameters also.

METHODOLOGY
Now in the wake of high rise structures being planned and built on BC soil and developing a concept of zero risk factor lot Of researches are being conducted on improving the property of BC soil and reducing the negative property in the connection of present work has been undertaken. A study has been conducted on BC soil samples taken from two different localities.

  • First phase determining the all the index properties from laboratory test according to IS codes.
  • These index properties again tested by adding 4% and 6% lime and standard proportion were studied.

Properties of soil samples The selected site is uniform for all the two soil samples collected from different locations of that area. Samples were collected by trial pit method at a depth of 2m. The samples on which test performed are undisturbed soil samples of that area. The results obtained for all the fore samples are having very less variation therefore results of these two samples mentioned in this paper. The table below shows index properties of samples.

Based on the index properties of sample soil are modified by taking different proportion of lime and further study of properties is confined to only two samples which results are tabloid above. As per the index properties it is decided that to go for deeper soil investigation (up to 8 m) for achieving the better degree of understanding. For this purpose manual auger boring is done at only one location. The bore log at this location is given below in fig. –DISCUSSIONS By going through the literature it is found that lime can be used to treat soil in order to improve its workability and load bearing characteristics in number of situations lime can substantially increased the stability impermeability and load caring capacity of soil. Lime is an excellent choice for modification of soil properties and some following change has been noticed after testing the samples. 1) There is a progressive decrease in liquid limit but almost no change in plastic limit; however the plasticity index shows considerable variation decreasing with the increase in lime content. 2) Mixing of lime also has an effect on the D.F.S. values moves southward due to increase of lime content of sample in decreasing direction. 3) A progressive decrease in swelling pressure is also recorded. 4) There is almost nil or a very little variation in specific gravity and M.D.D. values. 5) There is a marginal increase in shrinkage factor. 6) The value of cohesion (c) varies and drops down with the increase of percentage of “lime” but the variation is within range. 7) The shear parameters show improvement with the increase in the values of ? with increase in lime content. As far as the question of options of foundation is concern for heavy structure, the multistoried building proposed on this type of soil the following foundation can be recommend – ? Double undreamed pile foundation with embedded length of the stem and dia suitable for the load shearing of structure with proper nos of piles in a group provided with caps. ? The Raft Foundation. Plan and structural details Out of these two locations this paper covers only a single location. The proposed structure is residential type having Ground + 5 floors of super built up area of 322.00 sq m. of each floor and according to Jabalpur Municipal Corporation by laws the permitted built up area is 1610 sq m. According to architectural planning the ground floor is exclusively reserved for parking and other floors are proposed for residential purpose. According to the planning each floor comprises four units of 2BHK flats of super built up area 72.12 sq m. of each flat. Looking to this and other architectural constrains the building has total 45 columns. The maximum distance between two columns is observed 3.49 m. the size of column is also varies from 300X450 mm to 300X600 mm. Out of these, 4 columns are found to be worst loaded column also shown in plan and details are in table below. It is required to design the foundation by taking these worst loaded columns.

 

Now a days various tools in the form of software is available in the market firm for structural design of buildings namely, Stadd pro, Struds, E-Tab etc. and in my opinion out of these software “Struds” is very common software so for the purpose of designing I have preferred this. In following table the detailed design of loadings and columns have shown as per analysis.

 

For foundation of this structure normally double bulbed undreamed piles in groups should provide with caps depends upon the distribution of load of the structure. But in this particular case the geotechnical investigation and as per soil test report it was found that the position of water table is at a depth of 4.5m below the existing ground level in several previous works it is suggested to place the foundation above the water table to overcome the bad effect of presence of water i.e. in proposed study we decided the foundation level at 2.75 m below the existing water table in the month of November-2013. In this study I assume that in rainy seasons rising of water table may be observed and it may rise up to certain level but it never be over topped the foundation level. Other important parameters of soil according to test report are as shown in table A and table B. CONCLUSION For safe construction of structure in expansive soil proper ground investigation must be carried out and then accordingly foundation be designed. Other field data and ground water table and its seasonal variations are some important parameters for foundation design. In this case safety of structure is of prime importance and economy is not much more concern so I suggested to go for raft foundation for this type of soil condition. Other points for not going to pile foundation are elaborated separately in following text. The other available option for such a very heavy and tall structures is ground improvement but economy is to be checked among available options of going deep foundation or ground improvement or raft foundation. The lime contains improves the Bearing capacity of ground as per the results although water table matters for deciding the type of foundation and as per the geotechnical, field and structural (load on columns) data the Raft foundation will be better suited for the structure defined. Why Raft is better suited for foundation under such conditions: 1) The engineering Geotechnical characteristics of soil are such that friction piles with zero value of cohesion and moderate value of ? would require greater nos of piles in a group and large stemmed dia to meet the load requirement of structure. 2) Because of proximity of water table closed to the ground surface the piles will always remain submerged in water and soil at different levels in fully saturated condition will provide lower value of S.B.C. These two conditions indicates the raft foundation will be better suited for the structure for making the structure distressed, free from failure conditions arising out of settlement failure, shear failure and possible soil liquefaction during seismic activity.

References:

1. Bowles, J.E. “Foundation analysis and design” Mcgraw hill. Newyork 1968

2. Unified design of piled foundations with emphasis on settlement analysis by { Bengt H. Fellenius, Dr. Tech., P.Eng. 1905 Alexander Street SE, Calgary, Alberta, T2G 4J3}

3. Numerical prediction of long-term displacements of pile foundation in clayed ground considering construction process {Koichiro Danno1, Koichi Isobe2, Makoto Kimura3, Feng Zhang4} etc.

4. Chen F.H. (1988), “Foundation On Expansive Soil”, Amsterdam.

5. Phany Kumar B.R. (1997), “Study of Swelling Characteristics on Pile-Anchor System in Expansive Soil”,Ph.D thesis,Hyderabad.

6. Rao A.S. etal (2004),”Compression Test on Granular Pile Anchors Embeded in Expansive Soil”, IGC,Varangal.

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Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
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A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
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A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
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A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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