International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 5(7), April, 2013

Pages: 124-131

Date of Publication: 18-Apr-2013


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COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND HEATING VALUES EVALUATION OF THE INDIGENEOUS COAL BRIQUETTES OF PAKISTAN (KPK PROVINCE)

Author: Unsia Habib, Amad Ullah Khan, Muddasar Habib

Category: Technology

Abstract:Pakistan has significant amounts of coal reserves but the country is largely dependent upon the petroleum products and natural gas for their energy needs because of the lack of the large scale technologies to exploit the local coal reserves. The coal Briquetting is one of the small scale technology to use the local coal for various applications. In the current study the coal briquettes were developed by using the coal of the Khyber Pakhtun Khwa province of Pakistan and their strength and thermal properties were evaluated. A small scale experimental unit was made locally for the formation of coal briquettes. Polyvinyl acetate (PVA) binder was chosen for making briquettes because of its good binding characteristics and its organic nature that helped in increasing the mechanical strength and the combustion characteristics of coal briquettes. Different briquettes of the same size and shape were formed by using changing the composition of PVA binder. The mechanical strength of coal briquettes was measured by compressing the Briquetting by applying external load on them until their breaking points. The load required and deflection produced by the briquettes at their yield and break points was found out and a comparison was made among briquettes to identify the high strength briquettes. The thermal properties were measured for all the briquettes by finding out their calorific value. The results show that the thermal properties and strength was the maximum for the briquette no 4 with a composition of 165 ml of PVA binder mixed with 220 ml of water as solvent in 1kg of coal in this work.

Keywords: Coal briquettes, Binder, strength of coal briquettes, calorific value of coal briquettes, alternative energy source

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

The development of a nation needs a persistent supply of energy resources. The problem of energy crisis is increasing day by day in the developing countries like Pakistan. The reservoirs of conventional energy resources as petroleum and natural gas have greatly reduced and the country is largely dependent on the import of fuel to meet their energy needs [1]. The use of alternative fuel sources has been proposed from time to time to overcome this issue. Coal is an important energy source and is present in considerable amounts in Pakistan particularly in the province of KhyberPakhtun Khwa (KPK) [2] . Coal reserves of can be used effectively in the form of coal briquettes on a small scale to meet the energy needs of everyday life. Coal Briquetting is a technique to convert raw coal powder into a definite shape. A binder is used to hold or bind the coal particles together in the desired shape. Coal briquettes are better fuel than the raw coal because of their enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. The addition of some binders and other additives not only increases the strength and the heating value of the coal briquettes but also greatly suppresses the emission of poisonous gases in the environment [3]. Coal briquettes have reduced contribution towards the environmental pollution as compared to raw coal and other traditional fuels present in Pakistan like wood, animal dung and charcoal [4]. The coal briquettes can be made indigenously and can serve as a fuel source to meet various domestic and commercial purposes in the developing countries as Pakistan [5]. The performance of coal briquettes is evaluated by its strength and thermal properties. The Mechanical strength is an important parameter in the evaluation of coal briquettes because it affects their storage and the transportation process. The high strength briquettes can be easily transported to the market and their storage and handling process is also easy at the site of usage.The strength of the coal briquettes is dependent upon many factors like type of coal,size of coal used for making briquettes, the type of binder, curing temperature etc. The studies show that reducing the size of raw coal used for briquettes making enhances their strength [6,7,8]. The heat treatment before making briquettes has also found to increase the mechanical and thermal properties of coal briquettes [9]. The type and amount of binder greatly influence the strength and combustion characteristics of the coal briquettes. The use of petroleum products and the coal tar pitch as binder gives high strength briquettes but they are not favorable because they emit poisonous gases on burning and have some adverse effects on the human beings [10]. On the other hand the natural cellulose binders as molasses, saw dust etc. generates less emission but their strength is comparatively lower [10]. In this work Poly vinyl acetate (PVA) was used as a binder in producing briquettes. PVA binder was selected because it is organic in nature so it will not degrade the environment and also because it is locally available at low-price. The compressive strength and the combustion properties of the raw coal and the coal briquettes made were assessed in this work. The strength of the briquettes was measured by applying load on them and their deflection values under the applied load. The values of the load required to break the briquettes and the maximum load that a body can withstand defines its strength, so these values were measured. The thermal properties of the briquettes were determined by measuring the calorific values of the briquettes formed and a comparison was made among the briquettes to recognize the briquette with high strength and high heating value.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Raw Materials
The indigenous coal samples from KPK (Khyber Pakhtun Khwa ) Province of Pakistan were used in this work. Polyvinyl Acetate was selected as a binder for making coal briquettes . The binder was selected because PVA has good adhesive properties and because it was easily available in the market at low rates.

Experimental Setup
The Briquetting machine required for producing briquettes was formed locally in the Department of Chemical Engineering UET Peshawar. The design of the Briquetting machine is simple and consists of three main parts i.e Frame, mold and a handle.The frame is used to hold up the other parts of the machine. The mold is the main part of the Briquetting machine in which the coal briquettes are given required shape by putting coal and the binder mixture in it .The cylindrical shape mold with small holes is used in this work.The length of the mold was 200 mm and the inside diameter of the cylindrical mold was 120mm. The small holes present in the mold were 12 in number with a diameter of 10 mm. A long handle is attached to the head of the mold to press the coal mixture inside the mold by applying manual force on the handle. Finally when the coal mixtures acquired the definite cylindrical shape inside the mold, the briquettes were removed from the machine and were kept in the sun for drying. The Briquetting machine used for this work is shown in the Figure 1

The Briquettes made were then tested for their strength in the universal testing machine (UTM). The briquette to be tested was placed in the UTM and the external load was applied on it to compress it. The value of the load was gradually increased and the deflection produced in the briquettes was measured through a computer interface connected with the UTM. . The load and deflection values at the yield and break points of briquettes were identified this way. The maximum load that a material can bear and its corresponding deflection value was also found out. The values obtained were then compared with each other to recognize the composition of high strength briquettes. The comparison of the combustion characteristics was measured by finding the calorific value of the briquettes in the oxygen bomb calorimeter.
Briquette Formation
The first step in the formation of coal briquettes was the preparation of binder. Five samples of binders were made with different amounts of PVA mixed with the water to make a binder solution. The coal powder was then screened through 200 mm steel mesh to a get a coal sample of uniform size. The amounts of binder, water and coal powder for different briquettes are presented in the table 1.

The coal powder was then mixed with the binder solutions manually. The mixture of coal and binder was then poured into the Briquetting press to get the coal briquettes of desired shape. The briquettes formed were then dried in the sun for 2 days. The coal briquettes formation steps are summarized in the figure 2.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The dimensions of cylindrical coal briquettes produced in the study are presented in the table 2.

The data in the table III show that there is a slight difference in the L/ D ratios of all the briquettes so all the briquettes have nearly the same size . The relationship of load and deflection produced in all the briquettes as a result of compression force acted upon them are represented in the graphs below.

The load and deflection graphs of all the briquettes follow a somewhat parabolic trend. The highest variation from the parabolic trend is displayed in the briquette No 5 because of its zig zag pattern .The Briquettes No 1, 2,and 3 shows deflection without any load in the beginning while briquette no 4 and 5 shows deflection when the load is applied to them. It is also evident from the graphs that less load is required for all the briquettes after the maximum point to produce a further deflection in the briquettes and this value keeps on deceasing until the break point is reached. All the briquettes in this work show a significant decrease in their load values after their maximum point. The purpose of finding the load and deflection relationship is to identify the yield, break point and the maximum point. These values are then plotted for all the briquettes to recognize their strengths and have a comparison of these values.

The load graph shows that the briquette No 4 have the highest yield, maximum and the break values which means that more force (in the form of external load ) is required to break the briquette no 4 as compared to other briquettes. Hence briquette No 4 have the maximum strength among all the briquettes. Based on the values of load at yield, break and maximum point the briquettes can be arranged in the following way Briquette no 4 > Briquette no 5> Briquette no 2 > Briquette no 3 > Briquette no 1. Further the deflection values are also compared with each other and are presented in figure 5.

The deflection graph shows that the maximum deflection at their yield, maximum and break points is shown by briquette no 5 which means that briquette no 5 is displaced to higher degree under the action of applied load. The lowest amount of deflection is shown by briquette no 4 which means that the briquette no 4 does not dislocate much when load is acted upon it. The high value of deflection shown by briquette no 5 means that it is the most flexible briquette and briquette no 4 is the most rigid or the tough briquette among all the briquettes. All the other briquette shows deflection values in the temperate range. The combustion characteristics of all the briquettes are shown by measuring their gross calorific values. The values obtained are presented in the figure 6.

The calorific value data show that the heating value of the briquette no 3 and 4 is greater than the raw coal which means that the PVC binder when added in the ratio as given by the composition of briquette no 3 and 4 results in enhancing the thermal properties of the coal briquettes. The higher heating value is obtained by the briquette no 4 while the lowest value is of briquette no 2.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results provided in this study it can be concluded that, in the absence of any centrally administered coal power generating plant, KPK coal can be effectively used in the form of coal Briquettes. A simple Briquetting press can be developed indigenously for local on site use. Cylindrical shaped briquettes of nearly identical size were made by using PVA as a binder in this work. PVA binder was found to increase the mechanical strength of all prepared briquettes. The combustion characteristics of some briquettes were also enhanced by the addition of PVA binder. The results showed that the thermal properties and strength were maximum for briquette no 4 sample which had a composition of 165 ml of PVA binder mixed with 220 ml of water as solvent and mixed with 1kilogram of raw coal powder for making a cylindrical shaped compressed briquette.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

References:

1. Malik. A. Crude oil price, monetary policy and output, case of Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review 2008 ;47 (4) : 425–36.

2. Laurance J. D, Geological investigations at a high altitude, remote coal mine on the Northwest Pakistan and Afghanistan frontier, Karakoram Himalaya, Int J of Coal Geology 2004 ; 60 : 117–50.

3. Zhao Y, Chen L .Environmental protecting effect of industrial coal briquette, Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference ,1999 Oct 11-15 ; Pittsburgh, PA (US) : 1999.

4. Wachter, E. A , Gammage R. B., Haas J. W, Wilson D.L , DePriest J.C, Wade.J, N. Ahmad N , Sibtain F,Raza M.Z. Impact on indoor air quality during burning of Pakistani coal briquettes, Environment International 1993 ; 19 ( 2) : 133–45.

5. Guorui. Z, Conghu .P, Yingjun .C, Dongyan Liu, Guoying. S , Jiamo.F , Deployment of coal briquettes and improved stoves: possibly an option for both environment and climate, Environmental Sci and Tech. , American Chemical Society 2009 ; 43 (15) : 5586 - 91.

6. Berkowitz N. Fundamental aspects of coal Briquetting. Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Conference, IBA.1953.

7. H.R. Gregory. A new process for briquetting coal without a binder. J Institute of Fuel 1960 ; 33 : 447-61.

8. Motaung S.R, Mangena S.J , de Korte J.G, McCrindle R.I , van Heerden J.H.P . Effects of Coal Composition and Flotation Reagents on the Water Resistance of Binderless Briquettes. Coal Preparation. 2007 ; 27(4) : 230-48.

9. BlesaM.J, Miranda J.L , Moliner.R ,Izquierdo M.T. Curing temperature effect on the mechanical strength of smokeless fuel briquettes prepared with molasses. Fuel 2003 ; 82 : 943-47.

10. Altun N.E, Hicyilmaz. C, Bagci A. S. Influence of coal briquette size on combustion kinetics. Fuel Processing Tech 2004 ; 85 : 1345-57.

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Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

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Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

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A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
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A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
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A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
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A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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