International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 5(12), June, 2013

Pages: 01-11

Date of Publication: 28-Jun-2013


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A CURRENT REVIEW ON ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH MICROSATELLITES

Author: Nitin Kumar Verma, Ashwani Kumar, R. K. Deshwal, Vikas Tyagi, Priyanka Rana

Category: General Sciences

Abstract:Microsatellites or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) have been preferred molecular markers ever since their advent in the late eighties. SSR are tandem repeat units of 1 to 6 base pair that are found in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. Despite growing rivalry from new sequencing and genotyping techniques, the use of these mobile and efficient markers continues to increase, boosted by consecutive technical advances. Random determined expansions look to be elite against for at least part of microsatellite loci, probably because of their effect on organization of chromatin, gene regulation, recombination, replication of DNA, cell-division cycle, mismatch repair system, etc. The illustration methods used previously for finding new microsatellite loci in sand files remain difficult and time consuming; insilico approach, which includes retrieval and investigation of microsatellites from large amounts of sequence data from sequence data based using microsatellite tools can yield many new candidate markers. To make the most of the latest technical developments and outline the need for a well-established strategy including standardized high-throughput bench protocols and specific bioinformatics tools, from primer design to allele calling. In this review also cover the role of microsatellites in identification and isolation of genotypes, characterization and analysis of genetic diversity, and their interactions in SSR variation.

Keywords: Genetic Diversity, Molecular Marker, Simple Sequence Repeats, Phylogenetic Relationship

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Molecular markers are used in molecular biology and biotechnology experiments where they use to identify a particular sequence of DNA. As the DNA sequences are very highly specific, they can be identified with the help of the known molecular markers which can find out a particular sequence of DNA from a group of unknown (1). Microsatellite based genetic markers, which are distributed across genomes of most of the eukaryotes, fulfill these criteria. Microsatellites also known as Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) are short stretches of DNA which consist of an array of simple tandemly repeated mono, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta or hexanucleotide repeats such as (A)n, (CA)n, (GA)n, (GTA)n, (ATT)n, (GATA)n, (ATTTT)n, (ACGTCG)n. They are ubiquitous in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes and are randomly distributed, both in protein coding and non-coding regions. A unique oligonucleotide on each side of the repeat region is chosen for the production of a primer pair for each of the microsatellite loci. PCR products of different lengths can be amplified using primers flanking the variable microsatellite region. Allelic variations among individuals are based mostly on differences in the number of tandem repeats in a microsatellite array providing a ready source of polymorphism (2). Thus, the only way in which alleles can be distinguished is by measuring the total length of the microsatellite allele. Cost effectiveness of the assay is achieved by combining two or more loci for simultaneous analysis through multiplex PCR. SSRs are being used extensively in studies involving Forensics, Population Genetic structure analysis, establishment of Kinship, Conservation Genetics, Linkage Mapping, Marker Assisted Breeding etc (6) .

Characterization of Microsatellites
Cephalotaxus oliveri is a scarce medicinal conifer endemic to the south central region of China and Vietnam. In order to study the mating system, population genetics and the genetic effects of habitat fragmentation on Cephalotaxus oliveri, 15 polymorphic and 12 monomorphic microsatellite loci were developed for Cephalotaxus oliveri by using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences Containing repeats (FIASCO) protocol. The polymorphisms were assessed in 96 individuals from three natural populations (32 individuals per population). The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 33, the observed and expected heterozygosity per locus ranged from 0.000 to 1.000 and from 0.000 to 0.923, respectively (27). Microsatellite markers were developed for the medicinal plant Isodon rubescens to investigate genetic variability of the species and, in future studies, to assess its relation to the content of pharmacologically active chemicals produced by the plant. Eleven primer pairs were identified and tested in multiple populations of Isodon rubescens and related species (I. henryi, I. enanderianus, I. lophanthoides) from the People's Republic of China. The primers amplified dinucleotide repeats and had between two and 12 alleles per locus in a given population (11) .Microsatellite primers were developed for a Chinese traditional herb, Panax notoginseng, to investigate its genetic diversity and cultivar breeding. Twelve polymorphic microsatellite were assessed in two populations and an assemblage containing individuals from the whole distribution area (24) . Microsatellite markers were developed for the medicinal plant Tripterygium (Celastraceae) to assess its population structure and to facilitate source tracking of plant materials used for medicinal extracts. Ten microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized in Tripterygium wilfordii using an enriched genomic library(28) . We developed a new set of microsatellite markers for studying the genome of the janaguba tree, Himatanthus drasticus (Mart.) Plumel, which is used in folk medicine in northeastern Brazil. Microsatellite loci were isolated from an enriched Himatanthus drasticus genomic library. Nine primer pairs successfully amplified polymorphic microsatellite regions, with an average of 8.5 alleles per locus (2) . Microsatellite primers were developed for a Chinese traditional herb, Panax notoginseng, to investigate its genetic diversity and cultivar breeding. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 12, with a mean of 5.8; the observed and expected heterozygosity values ranged from 0.0411 to 0.8472 and from 0.0804 to 0.7653, respectively. These new microsatellite markers will be useful for investigating the genetic diversity of this cultivated Panax notoginseng as well as assist in cultivar breeding (23) . Catharanthus roseus is a plant of great medicinal importance, yet inadequate knowledge of its genome structure and the unavailability of genomic resources have been major impediments in the development of improved varieties. For simple sequence repeat (SSR) isolation, a genomic library enriched for (GA)n repeats was constructed from Catharanthus roseus 'Nirmal' (CrN1). A segregating F (2) mapping population consisting of 111 F (2) individuals was generated. For generating the linkage map, a set of 423 codominant markers (378 newly developed and 45 published earlier) were screened for polymorphism between the parental genotypes, of which 134 were identified to be polymorphic (33) . To investigate the profile of gene expression in Salvia miltiorrhiza and elucidate its functional gene, 454 GS FLX platform and Titanium regent were used to produce a substantial expressed sequence tags (ESTs) dataset from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza (22) . Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. Et Zucc.) Maxim, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant species, has been used extensively as genuine medicinal materials. The raw reads are cleaned and assembled into a total of 76,459 consensus sequences comprising of 17,231 contigs and 59,228 singlets. Trinucleotide SSR is the dominant repeat type (55.2%) followed by dinucleotide (30.4%), tetranuleotide (7.3%), hexanucleotide (4.9%), and pentanucleotide (2.2%) SSR. The dominant repeat motif is AAG/CTT (23.6%) followed by AG/CT (19.3%), ACC/GGT (11.1%), AT/AT (7.5%), and AAC/GTT (5.9%) (53) . Lychnophora pinaster Mart. (Asteraceae) is a Brazilian medicinal plant, size-selected genomic library comprising 280,000 colonies and representing approximately 18% of the chickpea genome, was screened for (GA)n, (GAA)n and (TAA)n microsatellite-containing clones, of which 389 were sequenced. A total of 174 primer pairs gave interpretable banding patterns, 137 (79%) of which revealed at least two alleles on native polyacrylamide gels.Segregation of 46 markers (39%) deviated significantly (P > or = 0.05) from the expected 1:1 ratio (8). Recombinant DNA libraries were constructed for seven chromosome types isolated from two translocation lines of field bean (Vicia faba L.) with reconstructed karyotypes. The insert size ranged between 50 and 2200 bp and the mean length estimated in individual libraries varied between 310 and 487 bp (20) . Identification and Isolation of Microsatellite Clivia is a genus of great horticultural importance and has been widely cultivated as ornamental plants in all over the world. The number of alleles ranged from two to six, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.04 to 1.00 and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.04 to 0.83. These microsatellite marker loci provide tools for future studies of Clivia species and cultivars (5) . Medicinal plant species has a valuable economic importance because of its usage as pharmaceuticals, nutritional, as well as its use in popular medication. SDS-based DNA isolation method was used to extract DNA from 11 species of different aromatic and medicinal plants collected from Saudi Arabia. The extracted genomic DNA was found suitable for restriction digestion and PCR amplification (1). The stems of Dendrobium thyrsiflorum RCHB.F. ex ANDRÉ can be processed into an important class of Traditional Chinese Medicine named "Huangcao Shihu," which has diverse curative effects, such as nourishing yin and clearing away unhealthy heat, benefiting the stomach, and promoting the production of body fluid, 14 Dendrobium thyrsiflorum-specific microsatellite markers were developed in this study (48) . Simple sequence repeat (SSR) was used to investigate the genetic diversity and structure of Dendrobium officinale. A total of 15 primer pairs with stable and repeatable polymorphism were screened out from 60 SSR primer pairs developed by the method of microsatellite enrichment by magnetic beads. Fifteen primer pairs were used in Dendrobium cross-species amplification and totally 13 primer pairs were proved to have the transferability in Dendrobium officinale related species (44). In Salvia miltiorrhiza, 159 simple sequence repeats (SSR) were detected, which amounted to 3.79% of the non-redundant starting sequence population. The results showed that 72 primer pairs were successfully amplified in Salvia miltiorrhiza samples to yield and 279 loci with an average of 3.88 loci per primer pair (4) . Herba Cistanches is a common traditional Chinese medicine, Four Cistanche species were found as Herba Cistanches in China herbal markets, including Cistanches deserticola, Cistanches tubulosa, Cistanches salsa and Cistanches sinensis. Standard chemical fingerprints were generated from each of four Cistanche species, which could be identification markers (31). Flow-sorted plant chromosomes are being increasingly used in plant genome analysis and mapping and report on optimization of procedures for primed in situ DNA labeling (PRINS) and cycling-PRINS (C-PRINS) for fluorescent labeling of repetitive DNA sequences on sorted plant chromosomes suitable for their identification. Chromosomes of barley, wheat, and field bean were sorted onto microscope slides, dried, and subjected to PRINS or CPRINS with primers for GAA microsatellites (barley and wheat) or FokI repeat (field bean) (18) . Analysis of genetic diversity Microsatellite markers of an important medicinal plant, Eurycoma longifolia, were developed for DNA profiling and genetic diversity studies. Eighteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for Eurycoma longifolia. The number of alleles detected per locus ranged from four to 16, while the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.097 to 0.938. The 18 microsatellite markers of Eurycoma longifolia are highly polymorphic and informative (37) . Microsatellite primers were developed for Gynostemma pentaphyllum, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, to investigate its population genetic diversity. Using the Microsatellite Sequence Enrichment protocol, 14 polymorphic primers sets were identified in four Chinese Gynostemma pentaphyllum populations. The primers amplified di- and trinucleotide repeats with 1-6 alleles per locus, and the observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 1.000 per population (21) . The different species of the genus Satureja are known as "Marze Kohi" in Iran, herbal drugs of these plants have long been used in traditional medicine. A total of 515 polymorphic DNA fragments were amplified, with a mean of 103 bands per assay (15) . Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. is a well-known traditional Chinese herb. The set of ESTs represents a significant proportion of the Salvia miltiorrhiza transcriptome, and gives preliminary insights into the gene complement of Salvia miltiorrhiza (47) . Tribulus terrestris is medicinal importance in curing urino-genital disorders. Six assays each of AFLP and SAMPL markers and 21 each of ISSR and RAPD markers were utilized. AFLP yielded 500 scorable amplified products, of which 82.9% were polymorphic. SAMPL primers amplified 488 bands, 462 being polymorphic (94.7) (32) . Sixty-one clinical and forty-nine environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from Australia and the United States were analyzed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), using 12 to 22-mer primers in pairs, and/or PCR fingerprinting with a single primer derived from the microsatellite core sequence of the wild-type phage M13 (5' GAGGGTGGCGGTTCT 3') (34). To analyze the genetic relationship of 9 Marsdenia species from Yunnan. The range of the GS (genetic similarity) value was 0.6675-0.8210. In 9 Marsdenia species, Marsdenia auricularis is a relative of Marsdenia tenacissima. Marsdenia balansae and Marsdenia officinalis have the closest genetic relationship. It is supported by ISSR that the Marsdenia auricularis which is sib species of Marsdenia tenacissima, and the folk medicine of Marsdenia are worthy deep investigation and study (1) . Paris polyphylla var. chinensis is a perennial herb with medicinal properties and found in China. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.467, with a mean of 0.247, and from 0.383 to 0.662 with a mean of 0.537, respectively. Six loci (Pp1, Pp3, Pp6, Pp7, Pp9, and Pp12) were found to significantly deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (17) . An effort was made to determine the impact of geographic range on genetic richness and chemical constituents of Valeriana jatamansi Jones, an herb indigenous to the northwestern Himalaya. Overall genetic diversity among the populations was 45 %, with a cumulative range of 35-92 % similarity for most of the high-altitude plants and a comparatively narrow range, 50-88 %, for the population below the altitude of 1,800 m (36) . Microsatellite markers and morphological analyses were used to explore patterns of genetic and morphological diversity in wild populations of Bromelia antiacantha (49). The taxonomic identity of Capsicum species is found to be difficult as it displays variations at morphochemical characters. The six Capsicum species, namely, Capsicum annuum, Capsicum baccatum, Capsicum chinense, Capsicum eximium, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum luteum were investigated for phenotypic diversity based on flower color and for genetic differences by molecular makers. Capsicum luteum was found to be rather closer to Capsicum baccatum complex, both phenotypically and genetically (38). Seven polymorphic and transferable nuclear microsatellites were used to investigate the population structure of genetic diversity of Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera for facilitating their conservation and sustainable utilization (45). A genetic linkage map for Bupleurum chinense DC. has not been developed. In this study, with the theory of pseudo-testcross, 96 F1 plants from an intraspecific cross of Bupleurum chinense were used as mapping populations. This map will be provide a basis for studies on gene mapping, map based cloning and marker-assisted selection of important traits in Bupleurum chinense (50). A method was developed based on multiple approaches wherein DNA and chemical analysis was carried out toward differentiation of important species of Sida complex that is being used for commercial preparation. Based on similarity index, S. acuta and Sida rhombifolia found to be most similar (51%). High number of species-specific bands played pivotal role to delineate species at genetic level (39) .

Terminalia trees are being over-exploited because of their medicinal and economical importance leading to loss of valuable genetic resources. The three species are genetically distinct was revealed by all the three marker systems as unique DNA fingerprints were obtained (30). In the identification of Liriope spicata var. prolifera and its affinis species, which are difficult to be differentiated with routine method, based on ISSR molecular marker technology and explore their relationship. In this study screened out 9 effective primers and achieved ISSR electrophoretic spectrum and phylogenetic tree of 15 samples (25) . Njavara is a medicinal rice strain, endemic to Kerala, South India, bestowed with medicinal qualities. Genetic variations and some of the physicochemical properties were studied using standard molecular protocols and compared with those of nonmedicinal rice varieties: Jyothi and IR 64. Genetic similarity coefficient studies showed two well-defined clusters separating Njavara from Jyothi and IR 64. Njavara, Jyothi, and IR 64 have similar amylose equivalent (AE), which was confirmed by microsatellite markers (3) . Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. is an important Chinese medicinal herb. Because of overharvesting, the wild populations of this herb have greatly declined and become fragmentized. Although the neighbour-joining cluster analysis seemed to suggest that there was conspicuous genetic differentiation between the natural and cultivated populations, the AMOVA showed that only 4.84% of the total variance existed between groups of natural and cultivated populations, while 67.51% of the variance occurred within populations (10) . RAPD and ISSR markers were used to assess the germplasm genetic diversity among 10 individuals of Rehmannia glutinosa, including 8 cultivars and 2 virus-free lines micropropagated by tip tissue culture.

The 17RAPD primers and 10 ISSR primers generated 177RAPDfragments and 110 fragments, respectively (54). The chemical and genetic methods used in authentication of ginseng, especially the recent advances in microsatellite genotyping. Analysis of well-characterized marker compounds is now the most popular method for identifying the herbal materials and quality control of TCM, eg, ginsenoside profiling for authentication of Panax species (13) . Microsatellites, very short tandemly repeated DNA sequences, are being extensively used in evolutionary genetics and molecular breeding of crop plants, because of their high degree of allelic variability, which is presumably caused by a high rate of mutation that changes microsatellite array length. Compared to animals, higher mutation rates in chickpea are likely to be due to the presence of long (TAA)n microsatellite repeat arrays and the larger number of DNA replications that meristematic initials of the plants undergo before reaching the reproductive phase (40). The analysis of five microsatellite loci in 500 Melaleuca alternifolia individuals produced 98 alleles that were useful for population genetic studies. Considerable levels of observed heterozygosity were recorded (HO = 0.724), with approximately 90% of the variability being detected within populations (12). The genetic variability in agronomically important chickpea accessions (Cicer arietinum L.) as detected by single-locus RFLP probes, RAPD and isoenzyme markers, is rather low. Recently, highly polymorphic microsatellites became the markers of choice for linkage mapping and population studies. Most but not all primers generated distinct fingerprint-like banding patterns after agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining of the amplification products (35) .

CONCLUSIONS
The literature reviewed the fact, that throughput and cost-effectiveness of next-generation sequencing should allow researchers to be more selective in their choice of SSR loci. In particular, sequencing depth should provide sufficient data on sequence variation to focus on conserved regions flanking polymorphic SSR motifs for designing primers, considerably simplifying the whole process of marker testing and considerable progresses have been made in SSR development and genotyping, including in associated bioinformatics. As a consequence, SSR markers are not used to their full power, as shown by our survey of a sample of the recent literature. The use of next generation sequencing techniques instead of cloning and conventional sequencing to obtain sequence data and identify SSRs in such species is just beginning and appears extremely promising. It provides the optimal conditions for subsequent multiplex development by detecting many potential SSRs. The researchers to take a number of precautions and to better evaluate candidate loci, which eventually benefits to the whole genotyping process. The utilization of microsatellites has been demonstrated by a large number of studies applying this marker and by the variety of areas that apply microsatellites for several purposes. Furthermore, new technologies have enabled the development of markers for previously neglected species through the generation of new sequences and a more refined search in databases. With all the difficulties Itemized, we wish to emphasize that for certain phylogenetic problems microsatellites remain the most promising approach and it seems well worth the effort of improving methods for their analysis. The novelty of microsatellite method is that the expected rate of differentiation can be estimated by studying microsatellite mutations. This review showed numerous lines of evidence available, which suggest that SSR genomic distribution; characterization is non-random across coding and noncoding regions, because the evolutionary process leading to length variability at the SSR loci does not follow a simple mutation model, nor does it follow a strict single-stepwise model. Since a significant part of SSR structures are functionally important for gene transcription, translation, chromatin organization, recombination, DNA replication, DNA MMR system, cell cycle, etc.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to the Executive Director, Shri Ram College, Muzaffarnagar (UP), India for providing the necessary facilities and tools to carry out the project work.

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47. Yan Y, Wang Z, Tian W, Dong Z, Spencer DF.Generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from the medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza. Sci China Life Sci.2010 Feb; 53(2): 273-85.

48. Yuan YH, Hou BW, Xu HJ, Luo J, Ding XYIdentification of the geographic origin of Dendrobium thyrsiflorum on Chinese herbal medicine market using trinucleotide microsatellite markers Biol Pharm Bull. 2011; 34(12): 1794-800. 

49. Zanella CM, Bruxel M, Paggi GM, Goetze M, Buttow MV, Cidade FW, Bered Genetic structure and phenotypic variation in wild populations of the medicinal tetraploid species Bromelia antiacantha (Bromeliaceae).Am J Bot. 2011 Sep; 98(9): 1511-9.

50. Zhan QQ, Sui C, Wei JH, Fan SC, Zhang J. Construction of genetic linkage map of Bupleurum chinense DC. using ISSR and SSR markers.Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2010 Apr; 45(4): 517-23.

51. Zheng JY, Wang H, Chen XX, Wang P, Gao P, Li XNMicrosatellite markers for assessing genetic diversity of the medicinal plant Paris polyphylla var. chinensis (Trilliaceae.,.Genet Mol Res. 2012 Aug 6; 11(3): 1975-80.

52. Zhang ZR, Yang J, Sun Y, Gao TG, Li DZ, Xue CY.A set of novel microsatellite markers developed for the traditional Tibetan medicinal plant Halenia elliptica (Gentianaceae).Am J Bot. 2011 Jul; 98(7): e173-5.

53. Zeng S, Xiao G, Guo J, Fei Z, Xu Y, Roe BA, Wang Y. Development of a EST dataset and characterization of EST-SSRs in a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, Epimediumsagittatum (Sieb. Et Zucc.) Maxim. BMC Genomics. 2010 Feb 8; 11: 94

. 54. Zhou YQ, Jing JZ, Li ZY, Zhang BH, Jia JF. Assessment of genetic diversity of Rehmannia glutinosa germplasm detected by RAPDs and ISSRs. Yi Chuan. 2004 Nov; 26(6): 922-8.

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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