International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 5(17), September, 2013

Pages: 90-94

Date of Publication: 12-Sep-2013


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A STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION AMONG BUS DRIVERS IN BANGALORE CITY

Author: Satheesh B. C., Veena R. M.

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Background: Growing evidence suggests that hypertension is an important public health problem worldwide that constitutes the basis for the cardiovascular disease epidemic. Hypertension has become significant major health problem because of the major changes in the lifestyles, aging population, urbanization and socioeconomic changes. The percentage increases when selected occupational groups are screened. Transport drivers are one such group of people who are at risk of developing hypertension due to nature of their profession. The related impacts are not only harmful for driver's health, but also may endanger others. Very few studies in this regard prompted to take up the present study. Objectives: To study the prevalence of hypertension among the city bus drivers and study its association with certain risk factors. Methods: A structured personal interview using questionnaire and physical examination which includes height weight and blood pressure recordings were done in 500 bus drivers who were enrolled to this cross sectional study Results: The prevalence of hypertension among the bus drivers was 16% (80/500). A significant positive correlation was seen between hypertension and increasing age, tobacco chewing and BMI. However, in this study hypertension was not found to be significantly associated with smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and salt intake. Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of hypertension in bus drivers and its association with risk factors, necessary education programme to raise the awareness has to be conducted. The findings of this study should be reconfirmed by other large scale studies to identify the role of known and unknown factors in hypertension in this community.

Keywords: Prevalence, Hypertension, Bus drivers

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
India, the world's largest democracy, is undergoing a rapid economic growth accompanied by demographic, lifestyle and cultural changes.1 For a developing nation as India which is in a socio-economic and epidemiological transition, hypertension a common cardiovascular disorder, poses a major public health challenge as hypertension is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular mortality, accounting for about 20-50% of all deaths.2 The percentages of hypertensive’s increase more when selected occupational groups are screened. Transport drivers are one such group of people who are at the risk of developing hypertension due to nature of their profession. In the 1960s, Morris and his colleagues reported that the incidence of coronary heart disease among London bus drivers was almost twice that of bus conductors.3 These findings are supported by a more recent prospective study in Copenhagen that reported higher heart disease mortality among bus drivers when compared with the general population.4 Several cross sectional designs suggest that driving a bus in a modern urban transit system may carry increased health risk. There has been a spurt in the vehicle population in cities due to opening of the Indian economy adding woes to the bus drivers causing high levels of stress and fatigue. The possibility of increased health risk associated with the bus driving is of importance not only to the health and safety of drivers in urban transit systems, but to the vast public that interacts with these systems. Screening of hypertension will help to detect the risk factor early and will help to control better, if counseling and treatment are instituted early. Because many factors associated with the disease cannot be modified, emphasis should be given to those risk factors that are amenable to intervention. Thus, there is an ideal opportunity to screen the baseline health status of drivers to detect the risk factors for hypertension early and to help control better. Very few studies have been undertaken in this population group in India. With this background, the present study was taken up among bus drivers to study the prevalence of hypertension and some risk factors associated with hypertension in Bangalore city.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
This study is a cross-sectional, conducted for a period of 1 year in 2003. Before initiating the study, a pilot study was conducted among 50 drivers. 44% of the bus drivers were found to be hypertensive. Based on the prevalence, the sample size was calculated at 5% significance level and 10% allowable error. To calculate the sample size the following formula was used, The sample size was 489, rounded up to 500. The sample size selected was systematically done by stages where 5 depots were selected in the first stage among 23 depots by using systematic cyclic random sampling method. Subjects were selected proportionate to driver’s strength in the selected depots to get 500 units by using simple random sampling method. The study subjects included were 500 male bus drivers aged 30 years and above with a minimum of 5 years experience as bus drivers that exclusively work in Bangalore city. Demographic and anthropometric data including height, weight, and blood pressure were recorded by a structured personal interview using questionnaire. Measurement of blood pressure Hypertension is defined as diastolic blood pressure greater than 140mmHg and systolic blood pressure greater than 90mHg. Blood pressure was measured following a five minute resting period in a sitting position on the right hand repeated two times with at least five-minute interval. The first and the fifth Korotkoff sounds were recorded as systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The mean value was taken in to consideration as the blood pressure value of the study. Data Analysis Chi-Square test of significance was used to test the association between hypertension and various risk factors.

RESULTS
All the study subjects were exclusively male (as it is common for professional drivers in India). 226(45%) out of 500 drivers were in 40-49 year age group followed by 217(43%) and 57(17%) in 30-39 and ≥50 years age group respectively. 233(47%) of the bus drivers had the high school education, whereas 24(5%) had pre-university and above. In the present study, out of 500 drivers, the prevalence of hypertension was found in 16% (80) (table 1, figure1). In the drivers, hypertension was found in 21(26%) participants between 30-39 years, 42(53%) participants between 40-49 years and 17(21%) participants in 50 years or more (χ2 =15.683; DF=2; P0.05) (Table3). The prevalence of hypertension is high 73(91%) among the drivers who were consuming mixed diet as compared to vegetarians 7(9%) (χ 2 = 0.344; DF=1; P> 0.05) but statistically was not significant (Table3). The observed differences were not statistically significant in drivers who consumed alcohol, smoked, and consumed extra salt (Table3). Among the study population, 34 were obese (30- 35). Out of 34 obese drivers, 12(15%) were hypertensives (χ2 = 12.068; DF=1; P< 0.05). The observed differences were found to be statistically significant (Table4).

DISCUSSION
The prevalence of hypertension among bus drivers was 16% (80/500). In other words more than one out of every 10 person had hypertension. In this study, the various risk factors that were associated with hypertension are increasing age, habit of tobacco chewing, increased body mass index. According to NHANES-III, the prevalence and severity of hypertension increases substantially with advancing age across the full human lifespan;5 High association of hypertension with tobacco chewing habits is supported by a study by Nanda and Sharma et al which noted increase in heart rate and blood pressure following tobacco chewing supporting the result of this study.6 Our study demonstrated significant correlation between hypertension and obesity. National cohort study in United States found BMI was a risk factor for hypertension.7 Evans County Georgia (1991) indicated that those obese are at 6 times higher of becoming hypertensives.8 B. S. Deswal et al reported that the relative risk of developing hypertension among obese subjects was found to be 5.25 times more as compared to non-obese persons which is highly significant (P<0.001).9 Multivariate regressions of blood pressure from observational data show a rise of 2- 3mmHg systolic blood pressure and 1-3mmHg diastolic blood pressure for each 10kg increase in weight. 10 Though observational studies like Swain et al 11 and Sciarrone et al,12 have consistently demonstrated a positive relationship between low blood pressure and vegetarian diet, our study failed to demonstrate any kind of association of hypertension with the vegetarian or mixed diet. Previous study, Malhotra et al found no difference in association of hypertension between people who consumed alcohol compared to who did not.13 Our study demonstrated that the association of alcohol and developing hypertension was not significant. Baldwa et al demonstrated that higher salt intake is a precipitating factor for developing hypertension. 14 Inter-salt study, resulted that 100mmol per day of salt intake over a long time results in 9mmHg rise in systolic hypertension.15 However, in our study Fischer’s exact probability test, P=0.583 demonstrated no association between salt intake and hypertension.

The most important goal of implementing this preliminary study was to perceive the probable application of comprehensive approach to improve the care of hypertension in the community. There is a need for periodic examination to be followed once in three months. Health education measures are recommended to raise the awareness among bus drivers about the risk factors, complications, prevention and control of hypertension focusing more on modifiable risk factors and consequences of high blood pressure. It is suggested that the findings and recommendations of this study be reconfirmed by large scale studies.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge the voluntary and active participation of all study subjects. We are very much thankful to all the officials for allowing us to conduct the study. Authors acknowledge the great help received from the scholars whose articles cited and included in references of this manuscript. Authors are grateful to IJCRR editorial board members and IJCRR team of reviewers who have helped to bring quality to this manuscript.

CONCLUSION
These findings support the previous international studies on bus drivers suggesting that the prevalence of hypertension was high and exposure to occupation of driving bus increase the health risk.

References:

1. Bhansal SK, Saxena V, Kandpal SP, et al. The prevalence of hypertension and hypertension risk factors in a rural Indian community: A prospective door-to-door study. J Cardiovasc Dis Res. 2012; 3(Pt 2): 117–123.

2. Hypertension control. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1996; 862:1-83.

3. Morris JN, Kagan A, Pattison, DC. Incidence and prediction of ischemic heart disease in London busmen. Lancet 1996; 553-559.

4. Netterstrom B, Laursen P. Incidence and prevalence of ischemic heart disease among urban bus drivers in Copenhagen. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 1981;2:75-79

5. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ. Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988- 1991.Hypertension. 1995; 25(3):305-13.

6. Nanda PK, Sharma MM. Immediate effect of tobacco chewing in the form of 'paan' on certain cardio-respiratory parameters. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1988; 32(Pt 2):105-13.

7. Ford ES, Cooper RS. Risk factors for hypertension in a national cohort study. Hypertension. 1991; 18(5):598-606.

8. Evans V, Rose GA. Hypertension. British Medical Bulletin 1971; 27: 32-42. 31.

9. Deswal BS, Satyamoorthy TS, Dutta PK. An Epidemiological Study Of Hypertension Among Residents In Pune. Indian Journal of Community Medicine.1991;1:21-28

10. Kannel WB. The Framingham study. J.Atheroscler Throw.2000;6(Pt 2):60-6

11. Swain JF, Rouse IL, Curley CB. Comparison of the effects of oat bran and low-fiber wheat on serum lipoprotein levels and blood pressure. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jan 18; 322(Pt 3):147-52.

12. Sciarrone SE, Strahan MT, Beilin LJ. Ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate responses to vegetarian meals. J Hypertens. 1993;11(Pt 3):277-85.

13. Malhotra SL. Studies in arterial pressure in the North and South India with special reference to dietary factors in its causation. J Assoc Physicians India. 1971; 19 (Pt 3):211- 24.

14. Baldwa VS. Prevention of hypertension in a rural community of Rajasthan. JAPI 1984; 32 (12): 1045.

15. Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. BMJ. 1988. 30; 297:319-28.

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Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

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Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
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A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
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A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
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A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
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A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
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A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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