IJCRR - 14(11), June, 2022
Pages: 37-46
Factors Affecting the Production of Astaxanthin in the Microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis: A Review
Author: Muhsinin Soni, Aligita Widhya, Rostinawati Tina, Levita Jutti
Category: Healthcare
[Download PDF]
Abstract:
Astaxanthin, a natural red pigment that belongs to the carotenoid group, has been known as a super antioxidant due to its very strong antioxidant activity (65 times higher than vitamin C, 54 times more potent than -carotene, and 14 times higher than vitamin E). Haematococcus pluvialis is known as microalgae with a high astaxanthin content. The benefit of astaxanthin in health issues is mainly its potential as the treatment for degenerative diseases caused by reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. Thus, it is important to develop Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae as a rich source of natural astaxanthin in the health and pharmaceutical industries.
Keywords: Astaxanthin, Antioxidants, Haematococcus pluvialis, Carotenoids, Microalgae, Anticancer
Citation:
Muhsinin Soni, Aligita Widhya, Rostinawati Tina, Levita Jutti. Factors Affecting the Production of Astaxanthin in the Microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis: A Review International Journal of Current Research and Review. 14(11), June, 37-46
References:
1. Chen G, Wang B, Han D, Sommerfeld M, Lu Y, Chen F, et al. Molecular mechanisms of the coordination between astaxanthin and fatty acid biosynthesis in Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae). Plant J. 2015 Jan;81(1):95–107.
2. Gao Z, Meng C, Zhang X, Xu D, Zhao Y, Wang Y, et al. Differential Expression of Carotenogenic Genes, Associated Changes on Astaxanthin Production and Photosynthesis Features Induced by JA in H. pluvialis. 2012;7.
3. Su Y, Wang J, Shi M, Niu X, Yu X, Gao L. Metabolomic and network analysis of astaxanthin-producing Haematococcus pluvialis under various stres sconditions. 2014;170:522–9.
4. Infant SB, Elumalai S, Rajes KG. Antioxidant and Anti-skin cancer potential of a Ketocarotenoid pigment Astaxanthin isolated from a green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow. 2016;7.
5. Capelli B, Baghci D, Cysewsky GR. Synthetic astaxanthin is significantly inferior to algal-based astaxanthin as an antioxidant and may not be suitable as a human nutraceutical supplement. 2013;
6. Mularczyk M, Michalak I, Marycz K. Astaxanthin and other Nutrients from Haematococcus Pluvialis—Multifunctional Applications. Mar Drugs. 2020 Sep 7;18(9):459.
7. Liu J, Sun Z, Gerken H, Liu Z, Jiang Y, Chen F. Chlorella zofingiensis as an Alternative Microalgal Producer of Astaxanthin: Biology and Industrial Potential. 2014;12:3487–515.
8. Lorenz RT, Cysewsky GR. Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin. 2000;18:160–7.
9. Mulders KJM. Phototripic Pigment Production with Microalgae: Biological Constraint and Opprtunities. 2014;50:229–42.
10. Butler T, McDougall G, Campbell R, Stanley M, Day J. Media Screening for Obtaining Haematococcus pluvialis Red Motile Macrozooids Rich in Astaxanthin and Fatty Acids. Biology. 2017 Dec 26;7(1):2.
11. Zhang Y, Shi M, Mao X, Kou Y, Liu J. Time-resolved carotenoid profiling and transcriptomic analysis reveal mechanism of carotenogenesis for astaxanthin synthesis in the oleaginous green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2019 Dec;12(1):287.
12. Panis G, Rosales Carreon J. Commercial astaxanthin production derived by green alga Haematococcus pluvialis: A microalgae process model and a techno-economic assessment all through production line. 2016;18:175–90.
13. Hu Q, Huang D, Li A, Hu Z, Gao Z, Yang Y, et al. Transcriptome-based analysis of the effects of salicylic acid and high light on lipid and astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2021 Dec;14(1):82.
14. Li Q, Zhao Y, Ding W, Han B, Geng S, Ning D, et al. Gamma-aminobutyric acid facilitates the simultaneous production of biomass, astaxanthin and lipids in Haematococcus pluvialis under salinity and high-light stress conditions. Bioresour Technol. 2021 Jan;320:124418.
15. Chekanov K, Lobakova E, Selyakh I, Semenova L, Sidorov R, Solovchenko A. Accumulation of astaxanthin by a new Haema tococcus pluvialis strain BM1 from the White Sea coastal rocks (Russia). 2014;12:4504–20.
16. Cui J, Yu C, Zhong D, Zhao Y, Yu X. Melatonin and calcium act synergistically to enhance the coproduction of astaxanthin and lipids in Haematococcus pluvialis under nitrogen deficiency and high light conditions. Bioresour Technol. 2020 Jun;305:123069.
17. Luo QL, Wang KP, Xiao K, Wang CG, Hu ZL. A rapid and high-quality method for total RNA isolation from Haematococcus pluvialis. Genet Mol Res [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Sep 14];16(2). Available from: http://www.funpecrp.com.br/gmr/ year2017/vol16-2/pdf/gmr-16-02-gmr.16029614.pdf
18. Hong ME, Hwang SK, Chang WS, Kim BW, Lee J, Sim SJ. Enhanced autotrophic astaxanthin production from Haematococcus pluvialis under high temperature via heat stress-driven Haber–Weiss reaction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015 Jun;99(12):5203–15.
19. Zhao Y, Xing H, Li X, Geng S, Ning D, Ma T, et al. Physiological and Metabolomics Analyses Reveal the Roles of Fulvic Acid in Enhancing the Production of Astaxanthin and Lipids in Haematococcus pluvialis under Abiotic Stress Conditions. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Nov 13;67(45):12599–609.
20. Krause W, Henrinch K, Paust J, Ernst H. Preparation of Astaxanthin. 1997.
21. Xie W, Liu M, Lv X, Lu W, Gu J, Yu H. Construction of a Controllable β-carotene Biosynthetic Pathway by Decentralized Assembly Strategy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae†. 2013;
22. Lorenz RT. A Technical Review of Haematococcus Algae. 1999;
23. Pringsheim EG. Nutritional requirements of Haematococcus pluvialis and related species. 1966;2:1–7.
24. Suseela MR, Toppo K. Haematococcus pluvialis—a green alga, richest natural source of astaxanthin. 2006;90:1602–3.
25. Proctor VW. Some controlling factors in the distribution of Haematococcus pluvialis. 1957;38:457–62.
26. Elliot AM. Morphology and life history of Haematococcus pluvialis. 1934;82:250–72.
27. Shah MdMR, Liang Y, Cheng JJ, Daroch M. Astaxanthin-Produring Green Microalga Haematococcus pluvialis: From Single Cell to High-Value Commercial Products. 2016;7.
28. Hagen C, Siegmund S, Braune W. Ultrastructural and chemical changes in the cell wall of Haematococcus pluvialis (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) during aplanospore formation. 2002;37:217–26.
29. Kim JH, Park JJ, Lee BJ, Joo MK, Chun HJ, Lee SW, et al. Astaxanthin inhibits proliferation of human gastric cancer cell lines by interrupting cell cycle progression. 2016;10:369–74.
30. Kim D-Y, Durairaj V, Ramasamy P, Jong-In H, Kyubock L, Ji-Yeon P, et al. Cell-wall disruption and lipid/astaxanthin extraction from microalgae: Chlorella and Haematococcus. 2016;199:300–10.
31. Damiani MC, Leonardi PI, Pieroni OI, Cáceres EJ. Ultrastructure of the cyst wall of Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae): wall development and behaviour during cyst germination. 2006;45.
32. Praveenkumar R, Lee K, Lee J, Oh YK. Breaking dormancy: an energy-efficient means of recovering astaxanthin from microalgae. 2015;17:1226–34. 33. Wayama M, Ota S, Matsuura H, Nango N, Hirata A, Kawano S. Three-dimensional lultrastructural study of oil and astaxanthin accumulation during encystment in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. 2013;
34. Grewe CB, Griehl C. The carotenoid astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. 2012;122–44.
35. Ambati RR, Phang SM, Ravi S, Aswathanarayana RG. Astaxanthin: Sources, Extraction, Stability, Biological Activities and Its Commercial Applications—A Review. 2014;12:128–52.
36. Ranga RA, Raghunath RRL, Baskaran V, Sarada R, Ravishankar GA. Characterization of Microalgal Carotenoids by Mass Spectrometry and Their Bioavailability and Antioxidant Properties Elucidated in Rat Model. 2010;58:8553–9.
37. Orosa M, Torres E, Fidalgo P, Abalde J. Production and analysis of secondary carotenoids in green algae. 2000;12:553–6.
38. Wang Y, Peng J. Growth-associated biosynthesis of astaxanthin in heterotrophic Chlorella zofingiensis (Chlorophyta). 2008;24.
39. Banerjee K, Ghosh R, Homechaudhuri S, Mitra A. Biochemical Composition of Marine Macroalgae from Gangetic Delta at the Apex of Bay of Bengal. 2009;10.
40. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Safety and efficacy of panaferd-AX(red carotenoid-rich bacterium Paracoccus carotinifaciens as feed additive for salmon and trout. 2007;546:1–30.
41. Kim JH, Kang SW, Kim SW, Chang HI. High-Level Production of Astaxanthin by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Mutant JH1 Using Statistical Experimental Designs. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005 Jan;69(9):1743–8.
42. Iwamoto T, Hosoda K, Hirano R, Kurata H, Matsumoto A, Miki W, et al. Inhibition of Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation by Astaxanthin. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2000;7(4):216–22.
43. Eisenreich W, Rohdich F, Bacher A. Deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway to terpenoids. 2001;6:78–84.
44. Lichtenthaler HK. The 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose-5-Phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. 1999;50:47–65.
45. Lichtenthaler HK, Rohmer M, Schwender J. Two independent biochemical pathways for isopentenyl diphosphate and isoprenoid biosynthesis in higher plants. 1997;101:643–52.
46. Gwak Y, Hwang YS, Wang B, Kim M, Jeong J, Lee CG. Comparative analyses of lipidomes and transcriptomes reveal a concerted action of multiple defensive systems against photooxidative stress in Haematococcus pluvialis. 2014;65:4317–34.
47. Hoeffler JF, Hemmerlin A, Grosdemange-Billiard C, Bach TJ, Rohmer M. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in higher plants and in Escherichia coli: on the branching in the methylerythritol phosphate pathway and the independent biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. 2002;366:573–83.
48. Rohdich F, Hecht S, Krieger C, Amslinger S. Studies on the non-mevalonate terpene biosynthetic pathway: metabolic role of IspH (LytB) protein. 2002;99:1158–63.
49. Britton G. Biosynthesis of carotenoids,in Carotenoids in Photosynthesis SE-4, eds A. 1993;96–126.
50. Cunningham FX, Gantt E. Genes and enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. 1998;49:557–83.
51. Li Y, Sommerfeld M, Chen F, Hu Q. Effect of photon fluxdensities on regulation of carotenogenesis and cell viability of Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae). 2010;22:253–63.
52. Nawrocki WJ, Tourasse NJ, Taly A, Rappaport F, Wollman FA. The plastid terminal oxidase: its elusive function points to multiple contributions to plastid physiology. 2015;66:49–74.
53. Linden H. Carotenoid hydroxylase from Haematococcus pluvialis: cDNA sequence, regulation and functional complementation. 1999;1446:203–12.
54. Steinbrenner J, Linden H. Regulation of two carotenoid biosynthesis genes coding for phytoene synthase and carotenoid hy- during stress-induced astaxanthin formation in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. 2001;125:810–7.
55. Vidhyavathi R, Venkatachalam L, Sarada R, Ravishankar GA. Regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes expression and carotenoid accumulation in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis under nutrient stress conditions. 2008;59:1409–18.
56. Campoio T, Oliveira F, Otton R. Oxidative stress in human lymphocytes treated with a fatty acid mixture: role of carotenoid astaxanthin. 2011;25:1488–1456.
57. Ishiki M, Nishida Y. Impact of divergent effects of astaxanthin on insulin signaling in L6 cells. 2013;54:2600–12.
58. Chalyk NE, Klochkov VA, Bandaletova TY, Kyle NH, Petyaev IM. Continuous astaxanthin intake reduces oxidative stress and reverses age-related morphological changes of residual skin surface components in middle-aged volunteers. 2017;48:40–8.
59. Lin KH, Lin KC, Lu WJ, Thomas PA, Jayakumar T, Sheu JR. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid, stimulates immune responses by enhancing in-γ and il-2 secretion in primary cultured lymphocytes in vitro and ex vivo. 2016;17:44.
60. Hussein G, Goto H, Oda S, Sankawa U, Matsumoto K, Watanabe H. Antihypertensive potential and mechanism of action of astaxanthin: III. Antioxidant and histopathological effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 2006;29:684–8.
61. Shen M, Chen K, Lu J, Cheng P, Xu L, Dai W, et al. Protective effect of astaxanthin on liver fibrosis through modulation of TGF-1 expression and autophagy. 2014;
62. Masojidek J, Torzillo G. Mass Cultivation of Freshwater Microalgae. 2014;
63. Witono JR, Miryanti A, Santoso H, Kumalaputri AJ, Novianty V, Gunadi A. Studi Awal Pertumbuhan dan Induksi Mikroalga Haematococcus Pluvialis. 2018;2:275–81.
64. Imamoglu E, Dalay MC, Sukan FV. Influences of different stress media and high light intensities on accumulation of astaxanthin in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. 2009;26.
65. Zahra F. Pengaruh Penambahan Fe2+ terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Kadar Astaxanthin pada Kultur Haematococcus Pluvialis dalam Fotobioreaktor. [Bandung]: Institut Teknologi Bandung; 2017.
66. Mascia F, Girolomoni L, Alcocer MJP, Bargigia I, Perozeni F, Cazzaniga S, et al. Functional analysis of photosynthetic pigment binding complexes in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis reveals distribution of astaxanthin in Photosystems. Sci Rep. 2017 Dec;7(1):16319.
67. Fabregas J, Dominiguez A, Regueiro M, Maseda A, Otero A. Optimization of culture medium for the continuous cultivation of the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis. 2000;53:530–5.
68. Sarada R, Usha T, Ravishankar GA. Influence of stress on astaxanthin production in Haematococcus pluvialis grown under different culture conditions. 2002;623–7.
69. Rohimawati R, Marwani E. Produktivitas Astaxanthin dari Haematococcus pluvialis pada Pemberian Konsentrasi Nitorgen Berbeda dalam Fotobioreaktor. 2017;2:1–5.
70. Brown DR, Gough LA, Deb SK, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR. Astaxanthin in Exercise Metabolism, Performance and Recovery: A Review. Front Nutr. 2018 Jan 18;4:76.
71. Shang M, Ding W, Zhao Y, Xu JW, Zhao P, Li T, et al. Enhanced astaxanthin production from Haematococcus pluvialis using butylated hydroxyanisole. 2016;236:199–207.
72. Zhao Y, Yue C, Ding W, Li T, Xu JW, Zhao P, et al. Butylated hydroxytoluene induces astaxanthin and lipid production in Haematococcus pluvialis under high-light and nitrogen-deficiency conditions. 2018;
73. Panis G. Commercial Astaxanthin Production Derived by Green Alga Haematococcus pluvialis: A Microalgae Process Model and techno-Economic Assessment All Through Production Line [Master Thesis (45EC)]. [Netherlands]: Utrecht University; 2015.
74. Singh S, Rather AH. Extraction of Astaxanthin from The Encysted Cells of Haematococcus Pluvialis with Different Solvents. 2018;4:115.
75. Gassel S, Schewe H, Schmidt I, Schrader J, Sandmann G. Multiple improvement of astaxanthin biosynthesis in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous by a combination of conventional mutagenesis and metabolic pathway engineering. Biotechnol Lett. 2013 Apr;35(4):565–9.
76. Neveen AS., GhadaSI, Shaimaa ES.,Mostafa MAE. The Potential Role of Carotenoid Pigment Isolated from a New Rhodotorula Species in Ameliorating Cerebral Ischemic Stroke Experimentally. IJCRR. 15 (1), 71-80.
77. Pinki S., Priyanka S., Shreyasi, Dubey, Ayushi S. Effect Of Different Processing Methods On Polyphenolic Content And Antioxidant Activity Of Broad Beans (Vicia faba). IJCRR. 8 (13), 6-11.
|