IJCRR - 5(8), April, 2013
Pages: 20-31
BIOENRICHMENT OF LIVE FEED DAPHNIA MAGNA FOR THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF FRESHWATER FISH CATLA CATLA
Author: S. Munirasu, V. Ramasubramanian, V.Uthayakumar, S.Muthukumar
Category: General Sciences
[Download PDF]
Abstract:
Daphnia is the potential live feed available in small ponds and lakes. The present study is to evaluate the effect of the Daphnia magna enriched with different micro algae such as Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris and Spirogyra maximus on growth, survival and biochemical changes of freshwater fish Catla catla. The experimental fishes were fed with Spirulina enriched Daphnia (E1), Chlorella enriched Daphnia (E2), Spirogyra enriched Daphnia (E3), and unenriched Daphnia (E4) as a control and triplicates were maintained for each treatments. After 60 days, the growth rate, survival and Biochemical Compositions such as Protein, Lipids, carbohydrate, amino acids and fatty acids levels were measured. The highest survival rate was recorded as 99.17 % which corresponds to the highest growth rate of fish. Significant differences were observed (P < 0.05) in weight gain, Specific growth rate (SGR), Food conversion ratio (FCR) and Survival (%) (E1) between experimental and control groups. The fishes were fed with diet E1 (S.platensis) was highly significant (P< 0.05) with mean length (1.5 ?0.18 to 4.38 ?0.13) and mean weight (0. 0.210 ?0.01to 2.75 ?0.30) increase in weight gain 273.65% when compared to control (E4) fed fishes. The growth was estimated based on increase in biomass (1.91 + .007) and specific growth rate (3.12 ± 0.06). The Protein, Lipid and Carbohydrates were high in S.platensis enriched D.magna fed fishes. Hence we conclude that S.platensis enriched D.magna is a better food for the larval rearing of Commercial fish C. catla.
Keywords: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, Spirogyra maxima, Daphnia magna, Catla catla, Nutritional values.
Citation:
S. Munirasu, V. Ramasubramanian, V.Uthayakumar, S.Muthukumar. BIOENRICHMENT OF LIVE FEED DAPHNIA MAGNA FOR THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF FRESHWATER FISH CATLA CATLA International Journal of Current Research and Review. 5(8), April, 20-31
References:
- Appler, N. H., 1985. Evaluation of Hydrodictyun reticulaturn as a protein source for Oreochromis (Tiiapia) nilotica and Tilapia zillii. Journal of fish biology. 27: 327-333.
- Arthur, D.K. 1976. Food and feeding of larvae of three fishes occurring in the California Current, Surdinops sugux, Engruulis mordux and Truchurus symmetricus. Fish. Bull., U.S. 74517-530.
- Balazs, Ross E, and Brooks C.C 1973. Preliminary studies on the preparation and feeding of crustaceans diets. Aquaculture, 2,369-376.
- Becker, E.W. 1994. Microalgae. In Nutrition., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. pp. 196–249
- Bogdan.K.G. and Gilbert,J.J. 1987. Quantitative composition of food niches in some freshwater zooplankton. A multi-tracer-cell approach. Oecologia (Berlin), 72, 331-340.
- Castell, J.D., Bell, J.G., Tocher, D.R., Sargent, J.R., 1994. Effects of purified diets containing different combinations of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid on survival growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Aquaculture 128: 315– 333
- Cedric J. Simon, 2009. Identi?cation of digestible carbohydrate sources for inclusion in formulated diets for juvenile spiny lobsters, Jasus edwardsii. Aquaculture 290 275–282.
- Cho, C.Y. and Kaushik, S.J. 1990. Nutrition energetics in fish: energy and protein utilisation in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri). World Rev. Nutr. Diet., 61: 132-172
- Cobb, B.F., Conte, F.S., Edwards, M.A., 1975. Free amino acids and osmoregulation in penaeid shrimp.J. Agric. Food Chem. 23 6, 11721174.
- Coloso, R. M. and Cruz, L. J 1980. Preliminary studies in some aspects of amino acid biosynthesis in juveniles of Penaeus monodon Fabricus I- Incorporation of 14C from (U-14C) acetate in amino acids of perceptible proteins. Bull. Phil. Biochem. Soc., 3: 12–22.
- Colvin L.B. and Brand C.W. 1997. The protein requirement of penaid shrimp at various life cycle stages in controlled environment systems. Proc. World Maricul.Soc,. 8. 821-840.
- Dabrowski, K., 1984. Influence of initial weight during the change from live to compound feed on the survival and growth of four cyprinids. Aquaculture 40:
27–40.
- Dey and Chandra, R .K Dey and S .Chandra 1995. Preliminary studies to raise diseases resistant seed (fry) of Indian major carp Catla catla (ham.) through herbal treatment of spwan, fish .chimes ,pp23-25.
- Felix N, Sudharsan M 2004. Effect of glycine betaine, a feed attractant affecting growth and feed conversion of juvenile freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquac Nutr 10:193–197
- Folch, J., Less, M., Bloane stanly, G. H. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues.J.Biol.Chem.PP.266, 467-509.
- Galois, R., 1984. Variations de la composition lipidique tissulaire au cours de la vitellogenese chezla crevette Penaeus indicus Milne Edwards. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 84, 155–166.
- Harrison, K.E., 1990. The role of nutrition in maturation, reproduction and embryonic development of decapods crustaceans: a review. J. Shellfish Res. 9, 1–28
- Hassina Momotaj and Dr A Z M Iftikhar Hussain, 1986. Effect of Spirulina on Arsenicosis Patients in Bangladesh ,Aquaculture, 53: 95-99
- Hess, B., &Sherma, J., (2004). Quantification of arginine in dietary supplement tablets and capsules by silica gel high-performance thin-layer chromatography with visible mode densitometry. ActaChromatographica., 14: 60-69.
- Kanasawa, A., 1985. Essential fatty acid and lipid requirement of fish. In C.B. Cowey, A.M. Mackie & J.G. Bell (eds), Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, Academic Press, London: …281–298.
- Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., 1981. Essential amino acids of the prawn. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 17, 1375– 1379.
- Kanazawa, A., Teshima, S., Sakamoto, M. 1985. Effects of dietary lipid, fatty acids and phospholipids on growth and survival of prawn (Penaeus japonicus) larvae. Aquaculture 50, 39– 49
- Koven,W.M., A. Tandler, G.W. Kissil & D. Sklan, 1992. The importance of n3 highly unsaturated fatty acids for growth in larval Sparus aurata and their effect on survival, lipid composition and size distribution. Aquaculture 104: 91–104.
- Léger, P.H., D.A. Bengtson, K.L. Simpson & P. Sorgeloos. 1986. The use and nutritional value of Artemia as a food source. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 24: 521-623.
- Lowery. O.H., Rosebrough. N.J., Farr. A. L, and Randall. R.J. 1951. Protein measurement with Foliphenol Reagent. J. Biol . Chem . pp. 193, 263-275.
- Lu, J. & Takeuchi, T. 2004. Spawning and egg quality of the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fed solely on raw Spirulina platensis throughout three generations. Aquaculture, 234: 625–640.
- Mason, J.C. 1974. Behavioral ecology of chum salmon fry in a small estuary. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 31233-92.
- Mustafa, M.G., Nakagawa, Y.H., (1995). A review: dietary benefits of algae as an additive in fish feed. Isr. J. Aquac. 47, 155–162.
- Nakagawa, H., Kashahara, S. and Ugiyama, T. 1987. Effect of ulva meal supplementation on lipid metabolism of black seabream (Acanfhopagrus schlegek Bleeker). Aquaculture, 62: 109-121.
- Nandesha M.C., De Silva S.S. and D.Krishnamurthy, 1993. Evaluation of mixed feeding schedules in two Indian major carps, catla (Catla catla) and rohu (Labeo rohita). Aquaculture. pp. 753-765.
- Olsen, Y., Reitan, K.I. and Vadstein, O. 1993. Dependence of temperature on loss rates of
- Peng Li . Kangsen Mai . Jesse Trushenski . Guoyao Wu. 2008. New developments in fish amino acid nutrition jurnal of review article Aquaculture 309-46
- Phang, S.M., Miah, M.S., Chu, W.L. & Hashim, M. 2000. Spirulina culture in digested sago starch factory waste water. J. Appl. Phycol., 12: 395–400.
- Pillay, K.K., Nair, N.B., 1973. Observations on the biochemical changes in the gonads and other organs of Uca annulipes, Portunus pelagicus, and Metapenaeus affinis Decapoda: Crustacea during the reproductive cycle. Mar. Biol. 18, 167–198.
- Rainuzzo, J. R., Reita, K. I., Olsen, Y., 1994. Lipid Composition in turbot larvae fed live feed cultured by emulsions of different lipid classes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 107A, 699-710.
- Ravi J. & Devaraj K.V. 1991. Quantitative essential amino acid requirements for growth of catla, Catla catla (Hamilton). Aquaculture 96, 281-291..
- Reitan, K. I., Rainuzzo, J. R., Olsen, Y., 1994. Influence of lipid composition of live feed on growth, survival and pigmentation of turbot larvae. Aquaculture Int 2., 33-48.
- Roe. J.H., (1955). The determination of blood sugar and spinal fluid with anthrone reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 212 :335-343.
- Sargent, J. R., Mc Evoy, L. A., Bell, J. G., 1997. Requirements presentation and sources of polyunsaturated fattyacids in marine fish larval feeds. Aquaculture. 155, 117-127.
- Sargent, J. R., R.J. Henderson and D.R. Tocher, 1989. The lipids. In J. Halver (ed.), Fish Nutrition, 2nd edn., Academic Press: 153–217.
- Sargent, J.R., McEvoy, L.A., Bell, J.G., 1997. Requirements, presentation and sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine fish larval feeds. Aquaculture 155, 117–127.
- Schmidt-Moser, R., and . Westphal. D, 1980. Relationships of gobies (Gobiidae, Pisces) and their prey in the brackfish foerde schlei (Baltic coast of Western Germany). 15th European Symposium on Marine Biology, Kiel 471-478.
- Sorgeloos, P., 1980. The use of the brine shrimp Artemia in aquaculture. In: G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloos, O. Roels and E. Jaspers (Editors), The Brine Shrimp, Artemia, Vol.3, Ecology, Culturing, Use in Aquaculture. Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium, pp.25-46.
- Tang, Y., and Hwang, T.L., 1966. Evaluation of the relative suitability of various groups of Techniques 13: 601–603.
- Venkat HK., Sahu NP., Jain KK, 2004. Effect of feeding Lactobacillus-based probiotics on the gut microflora, growth and survival of postlarva of Macrobrachium rosenbergii(de Man). Aquac Res 35:501–507
- Venkataraman L.V., Nigam BP, and Ramanathan PK, 1980. Rural oriented fresh water cultivation and production of algae in India. In:Shelf G and Soeder CJ (Eds), Algae Biomass, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 81-95.
- Venkataraman, S., 1972. Algal Biofertilizers for Rice Cultivation. Today & Tomorrow, New Delhi, 75.
- Watanabe, T., 1993. Importance of docosa hexaenic acid in marine larval fish. J. World Aquac, Soc.24(2) :152-161.
- Wilson, R.P., Halver, J.E., 1986. Protein and amino acid requirements of fish. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 6: 225-244
- Witt, U., G. Quantz, and G. Kuhlmann, 1984. Survival and growth of turbot larvae Scophthalmus maximus L. reared on different food organismswith spesial regard to longchain polyunsatturated fatty acids. Aquacult. Eng. 3: 177–190.
|