International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
logo
slider
slider
slider
slider
Bootstrap Slider

Indexed and Abstracted in: Crossref, CAS Abstracts, Publons, Google Scholar, Open J-Gate, ROAD, Indian Citation Index (ICI), ResearchGATE, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, WorldCat (World's largest network of library content and services)

Search Articles

Track manuscript

Full Html

IJCRR - 5(24), December, 2013

Pages: 16-22

Date of Publication: 31-Dec-2013


Print Article   Download XML  Download PDF

HIV: A WEAPON OF CRIME AND ITS PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS

Author: Deepika Bhandari, Rinki Saxena, Romila Lemos, Swati Wavhal

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:AIDS is the most lethal disease affecting mankind in current times. It is the final stage of the infection, caused by HIV. This deadly disease can be transmitted to a healthy individual through body fluids, placenta, tattooing, unprotected sexual intercourse, etc. It can spread accidentally or intentionally. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that around 34 million people in the world are living with HIV and 1.8 million died of AIDS-related illnesses worldwide in 2010. An increasing number of HIV infected people are being prosecuted for transmitting the virus to their sexual partner(s). As widely reported by sundry media houses, criminal journals, print media and above all in true light of the day there has been a deliberate endeavor or case of recklessness / intentional attempt to transmit virus to non infected Homo sapiens. The three categories of HIV transmission in the context of the law are intentional, reckless, and accidental. Intentional transmission is considered as the most serious form of criminal transmission and some of the individuals concerned have even been imprisoned. Some cases have reported individuals who have used needles or other implements to intentionally infect another individuals with HIV. While some have been established on HIV affirmative individuals who have had sexual relations with the primary intent of transmitting the virus to their partner. This review paper aims to focus on how HIV is being used as a bio-weapon and how transmission of the disease can be linked to the virus employing Phylogenetic Analysis. Thus, Phylogenetic analysis can be utilized as forensic evidence in criminal HIV transmission prosecution.

Keywords: HIV, Criminal Transmission, Phylogenetic Analysis.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Human immunodeficiency virus infection - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV-AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is the mainspring of the rainbow of epidemic avowed as HIV-AIDS. Predominantly the human immune system constituents like macrophages, dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells are contaminated owing to HIV, which is a retrovirus. There are two classifications of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Most pernicious being HIV-1, is more easily instilled and contributes to majority of HIV infections 

globally. Both types of HIV impair a person’s body by destroying definitive blood cells.

HIV is disseminated primarily via unprotected sexual intercourse (entailing sonant and even anal sex), hypodermic needles, infected blood transfers, wet-nursing and from infant bearer to infant during pregnancy, labor or breast feeding. Upon any less condition than being contaminated with blood, exposure to the following does not pose any threat of amassing HIV: Regurgitate, Sudor, Sputum, Nasal Suppuration, Feculence, Tears or Urine. Dilatorily stage of HIV infection is called AIDS, person’s immune system it gravely damages and has difficulty fighting diseases and  certain cancers. AIDS is the most lethal disease affecting mankind in current times. The WHO estimates that around 34 million people in the world are living with HIV and 1.8 million died of AIDS-related illness worldwide in 2010.

Criminal Transmission of HIV

There has been constant reporting by sundry NGO's and gregarious groups about the rapid increase where in the HIV positive people are inculpated and constant prosecution proceedings are being initiated on the charge of transmitting infection/virus to the partners with whom they indulge sexually. Criminal Transmission of HIV is differentiated into three categories - Intentional, Reckless or Accidental in context to law.

Intentional or deliberate or willful transmission of HIV means intentional transmission of virus from the infected person to the uninfected person. The reason for intentional transmission can be revenge to a person or society by various modes such as use of unprotected sexual intercourse, needles and other implements. There are also some rare cases where negative partner has an active desire to become infected with HIV (no prosecution in this case because it was consensual).

Reckless or careless act of transmission of HIV is the act of transmission of virus by the infected person to the uninfected person out of sexual gratification or having unprotected sex but fails to inform about the HIV positive status.

Accidental transmission of HIV is the act of transmission of virus by having unprotected sex without being aware of the HIV status or upon the partners being aware, use of protection (condoms) that failed.

Cases where deliberate or criminal intention on part of any HIV infected person transmitting infection to non- infected person even if prime facie comes to light then in such cases “law of land of that individual's homeland prevails”. In some locations there is no differentiation amongst the two.

In addition to HIV a new virus has been detected that is sweeping the world and that is HIL (Highly 

Ineffective Laws). The adoption of a large number of laws relating to punish persons convicted of transmitting HIV to others, in the past five years or so, different countries have added a new factor to the HIV epidemic.

HIV-AIDS is not a commonplace health status. It is an exceptional global pandemic with numerous communal and legal implications. Safe sex is advised even when both partners are HIV positive. Infection with HIV is such a life changing event that people get angry at such conduct, they look for retribution and punishment, thus a suggestion of willful, deliberate or completely reckless transmission of HIV to a sexual partner. With the exception of cases where individual actually intends to do harm, criminalizing HIV transmission does not empower people to avoid HIV infection. In fact it may make it more difficult for them to do so endangering both public health and human rights.

Countries with laws and prosecution for Criminal Transmission of HIV:

Approximately 600 people living with HIV in 24 countries have been convicted of criminal transmission of HIV till 2010. The conviction was either through general laws relating to assault or through HIV-specific legislation.  Since every nation enjoys sovereignty and therefore have their own criminal laws. It is therefore, worth mentioning that quantum of punishment on conviction after following due process of law varies country to country where the judicial prosecution takes place.

United States of America

American states have prosecuted HIV positive individuals for criminal transmission or HIV exposure, with many laws specifically mentioning HIV. Quantum of punishment  on conviction varies from severe to even more severe if it is proved that accused had complete knowledge of his being a carrier of HIV, even though aware of  this fact he forgoes and  indulges in sexual act whether by means of prostitution or in case of rape.  Spitting or emitting HIV-infected bodily  fluids at another person while in prison is also an offence in some states. Prosecution of an accused can be initiated irrespective of the intention which in such cases is irrelevant if an accused chose not to disclose about his being HIV positive to his sexual partner.

United Kingdom

There are numerous citations in England and Wales where there have been conviction of accused under Section 20 of Offences against the Person Act (OAPA) 1861. In 2010, the Association of Police Officers issued guidance for police investigating the criminal transmission of HIV. Under the new guidelines, people living with HIV in Wales, England and Northern Ireland can expect an investigation of reckless transmission by the police only to be pursued if a complainant has been infected with HIV.

West Africa

Several nations in West Africa have adopted HIV laws based on a ‘model law' formulated in 2004 by Action for West Africa Region - HIV/AIDS (AWARE-HIV/AIDS).Willful transmission of HIV has been identified as an offence prescribed under Article 36.

Australia

In Australia where a law is even more stringent and therefore any criminal transmission of HIV is dealt within ambit of criminal law as well as public health also. Various sovereign states to curb the menace of reckless or deliberate attempt to transmit HIV have also formulated various public health laws. Australian state criminal laws that would likely apply to HIV transmission include criminalizing actions that convey, or risk transmitting, a grave disease (including HIV), recklessly threatening another person's life or instating grievous whole body harm.

India

Many cases have been reported of HIV criminalization but there are no specific laws dealing with prosecution and penalization of such cases. Presently the cases are being registered under section 269 (Negligent act likely to spread  infection of disease dangerous to life) and section 270 (Malignant act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life) of IPC. There is a bill titled The HIV/AIDS Bill, 2007 which provides the protection and promotion of human rights in relation to HIV/AIDS. It promotes avoidance, perception, care, support and remedy programmes to command the disperse of HIV. Its section 99 states that all offences under this Act shall be tried summarily in the manner provided for summary trial under the Code of Criminal Procedure,1973 (2 of 1974).

Some Cases Reported in India

A case of deliberate transmission of HIV was filed against a man (Doctor) by his wife in Nandurbar town in Nashik district of Maharashtra , India (2004) in which it was alleged that the person injected HIV infection to his wife and daughter to get rid of them.

A case of reckless transmission of HIV was reported in December, 2007 in Bombay, India in which the police refused to register a complaint from a woman against a HIV positive husband as he had not disclosed his HIV status before marriage.

Another case of criminal HIV transmission was reported in April, 2008 in Tamil Nadu, India against a man who allegedly raped two minors and infected them with HIV.

Very recently in August, 2013 an incidence of negligence or reckless transmission of HIV has been reported in Guwahati, Assam. In this case the officials have done transfusion of HIV positive blood to four patients at Daarang Civil Hospital. The officials are alleging that the patients were HIV positive prior to the transmission but the locals says that a HIV positive person has been donating blood in the blood bank.

A study was conducted for identifying factor associated with transmission of HIV from Injecting Drug Users (IDU) to their non injecting wives in Manipur, India which concluded that 45% of the wives were HIV positive. Transmission of HIV from injecting drug users to  their wives was analyzed in Manipur, North-east India, where the prevalence of HIV among IDUs is 80% during September 1996 to August 1997. However a solid conclusion could not be made then due to lack of reliable analytical techniques. How then can we establish a solid relationship between the various HIV strains to determine the direction of transmission? The transmission of HIV can be determined using Molecular Genetic Techniques and one of them is Phylogenetic Analysis.

Phylogenetic Analysis

Phylogenetic assay has taken boost connotation as lawfully admissible clues in the following and inquisition of happenings premier to HIV infections, also known as HIV forensics. Scant discordance in HIV's genes is scrutinized by means of Phylogenetic assay, utilizing computational procedures to calculate the genetic expanse between strains.

It can determine the degree of relatedness of two samples of HIV. Increased amount of genetic diversity is also owing to the fact that HIV's RNA transforms at a much higher pace than that of a human DNA, which for the entire lifespan remains constant and stable. This diversity means that researchers, utilizing Phylogenetic analysis have been able to establish where HIV comes from, as well as pathway the various strains of HIV that exist worldwide.

Assay of multiple genetic clones from each individual can invigorate the recommended  reciprocity when a simple Phylogenetic tree is evocative of genetic congruence between viruses conveyed by the two individuals.

Phylogenetics acts as an important tool in the event of criminal HIV transmission. To aid criminal transmission trial in 1998 Schmidt's case, Phylogenetic or evolutionary analysis were utilized for the first time ever. Additionally the analysis helped in determining source of infection for five patients treated by Florida dentist, Dr David Acer, who was HIV positive. Since then it has been utilized as a component of the overall evidence in several HIV criminal transmission tribulations in the Amalgamated States, including a 2004 case in Washington and a 2009 case in Texas.

Basically HIV-1 isolates are classified in three groups:  M, O and N group (Figure 1), of which group M is responsible for majority of infections in the HIV-1 worldwide epidemic. The group M can be further subdivided into 10 recognized Phylogenetic subtypes or clades {A - K, excluding E, which is actually a Circulating Recombinant Form (CRF)}. HIV-1 Phylogenetic collocations are presently established either on nucleotide array imitative from multifarious sub genomic regions- gag (group antigens), pol(reverse transcriptase, RNAse H and integrase activity) and env(envelope protein) of the same isolates or on full-length genome sequence analysis. These regions can be used to distinguish between different HIV isolates and establish relatedness between them.

The skyward proclivity in global HIV-1 variegation has continued tenaciously, with newer groups, subtypes, and exclusive and circulating recombinants increasingly being described, particularly in Africa. West Central Africa, which is the epicenter of AIDS, shows a very diverse population of HIV-1 subtypes with A (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5), C, CRF02_AG, and D responsible for about 85% of new infections. Subtype A and D appear to be the dominant strains in Eastern Africa, while subtype C has remained stable in Southern Africa. Western Africa shows a high stability for A, G, CRF02_AG, and CRF06_cpx, and as for the Northern region of the continent, subtype B and CRF02_AG are the dominant recombinants.  Two citizens from Republic of Cameroon were reportedly found to have a unique suppositional group, designated P in the recent past.

In Bolivia, Phylogenetic analysis of env and pol regions confirmed the predominance of subtype B (72.5%). Molecular typing followed by Phylogenetic analysis of gag gene in HIV strains in Bangladesh indicated that subtype C was the  predominant type, causing 41% of the HIV infections in the country.

In Finland and Estonia, 30 patients were analyzed for their gag p7/p9 coding regions using Solid Phase Direct Sequencing to determine genetic subtype of HIV-1 strains.  Proviral perpetuity was found to embody at smallest four, (even five) disparate, highly diverged foremost lineages.

In Punjab, a fragment encompassing C2/V3-V5 regions of HIV-1 gp120 (650bps) was amplified and analyzed from lymphocytes of 12 Indian patients. It was concluded that the predominant strain of HIV-1 in India belongs to subtype C and little inter-patient nucleotide sequence divergence in the majority of cases could be suggestive of recent spread of HIV-1 in this region.

In Italy, Phylogenetic characterization was performed on HIV-1 variants during 1995-2005, wherein C2-V5 and p17 of env and gag amplified respectively. The average divergence in env C2-V3 region was found to be 18.08% and in gag p17 it was 11.13%. Phylogenetic analysis on pol and env sequences of HIV-2 strains was also done and env V3 region showed more similarity to group B viruses.

DISCUSSION

Thus the regional distributions of individual subtypes and recombinants although broadly stable, also show an increasing diversity and this knowledge can be exploited in HIV forensics. And although current data does not allow a clear, accurate estimation of the direction of transfer, Phylogenetic analysis can be and has recently been used in criminal trials as evidence of responsibility for HIV transmission to at least exonerate individuals and exclude the possibility that the defendant was responsible for HIV transmission.

In India, not much research work has been done on HIV forensics. Also, there are no specific/special laws criminalizing knowing exposure to or transmission of HIV. Phylogenetic analysis of various HIV isolates in the country could help set up an accessible database providing information  about the regional distribution of the subtypes. This could be further employed to understand the recombination events and thereby establish a link to the direction of transfer of the virus. This along with effective enforcement of appropriate laws will help in the arrests, prosecutions, convictions and sentencing in cases of criminal transmission of HIV in the country.

CONCLUSION

From the above studies and reports cited we can infer that there are many countries which have laws for the prosecution for criminalizing the spread of HIV virus with or without intention. Country's like USA has already used Phylogenetic analysis for the prosecution of crimes related to transmission of HIV. In India, there are laws for the protection of rights of the people living with the menace of HIV but there are no specific laws criminalizing the spread of HIV. There is also a need of applying Phylogenetic analysis for legal prosecution in cases of criminal transmission of HIV.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Mr. Kunal D. Sharma and Mr. Prabhat Sharma for their critical reading of the manuscript.

References:

  1. Alimonti JB., Ball TB., Fowke KR. Mechanisms of CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS. J. Gen. Virol. 2003; 84 (7): 1649-1661.
  2. Bernard EJ., Azad Y., Vandamme AM., Weait M., Geretti AM. . The use of Phylogenetic analysis as evidence in Criminal Investigation of HIV transmission. NAT. London. 2007.
  3. Breeze RG., Budowle B., Schutzer SE. Microbial Forensics. Elsevier Academic Press, 2003; 387-388.
  4. Buonaguro L., Tagliamonte M., Tornesello ML., Buonaguro FM. Genetic and phylogenetic evolution of HIV-1 in a low subtype heterogeneity epidemic: the Italian example. Retrovirology. 2007; 4:34.
  5. Criminal case against transfusion of HIV-infected blood, Gogoi Guwahati, Jun 15 2013. The Indian Express Sun,  Aug 25, 2013.
  6. Criminalization of HIV transmission. Need public dialogue. Sep 24, 2008.
  7. Delhi Judge allows man to divorce wife because she is HIV-positive. Delhi. Hindustan Times. November 2, 2007.
  8. Goudsmit  J., Lukashov VV. Dating the origin of HIV-1 subtypes. Nature. 1999. 400: 325-326.
  9. Guimaraes ML., Velarde-Dunois KG., Segurondo D., Morgado MG. The HIV-1 epidmic in Bolivia is dominated by subtype B and CRF12_BF "family" strains. Virolgy Journal. 2012; 9:19.
  10. Jameel S., Zafrullah M., Ahmad M., Kapoor GS., Sehgal S. (1995). A genetic analysis of HIV-1 from Punjab, India reveals the presence of multiple variants. AIDS. 1995; 9 (7): 685-690.
  11. Khoja S., Ojwang P., Khan S., Okinda N., Harania R., Ali S. Genetic Analysis of HIV-1 Subtypes in Nairobi, Kenya. PLoS ONE. 2008; 3(9): e3191.
  12. Kripke C. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for occupational exposure to HIV. American Family Physician.2007; 76 (3): 375-376.
  13. Lazzarini Z., Galletly CL., Mykhalovskiy E., Harsono D., O'Keefe E., Singer M., Levine RJ. Criminalization of HIV Transmission and Exposure: Research and Policy Agenda. American Journal of Public Health.2013; 103(8): 1350-1353.
  14. Lihana RW., Ssemwanda D., Abimiku A., Ndembi N. Update on HIV-1 Diversity in Africa: A Decade in Review. AIDS Review. 2012; 14:83-100.
  15. Louwagie J., McCutchan FE., Peeters M., Brennan TP., Sanders-Buell E., Eddy GA., et.al. Phylogenetic analysis of gag genes from 70 international HIV-1 isolates provides evidence for multiple genotypes. AIDS (London, England). 1993; 7(6): 769-780.
  16. Michael L., Metzker ML., Mindell DP., Liu XM.,  Ptak  RG., Gibbs RA.,  Hillis DM.  Molecular evidence of HIV-1 transmission in a criminal case. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America. 2002; 99(22): 14292-14297.
  17. Mitchell G. Criminal Transmission of HIV: A guide for legal practitioners in NSW. 1st Edition. Australia 2009.
  1. Molecular typing of HIV-1 strains in Bangladesh. ICCDR, B. Health and Science Bulletin.2008; 6(4).
  1. Panda S., Chatterjee A., Bhattacharya SK., Manna B., Singh PN., Sarkar S., Naik TN., Chakrabarti S., Detels R. Transmission of HIV from injecting drug users to their wives in India.  International Journal of STD AIDS. 2000; 11(7): 468-473.
  2. Positive Impact. The Telegraph, Calcutta, India. December 19, 2007.
  3. Prosecutions and Arrests for HIV Exposure in the United States, 2008-2012. Positive Justice Project. The Center for HIV Law and Policy.
  4. Prosecutions for HIV transmission. A Guide for People living with HIV in England and Wales. National AIDS Trust. London. 2nd Edition 2010.
  5. Reeves JD., Doms RW.. Human immunodeficiency virus type 2. The Journal of general virology. 2002; 83 (6): 1253-1265.
  6. Romani B., Glashoff R., Engelbrecht S. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of HIV type1 vpr sequences of South African stains. 2009; SUNscholar Research Repositry. (Abstract) URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/12585.
  7. Roques P., Robertson DL., Souquie're S., Damond F., Ayouba A., Farfara I., et.al. Phylogenetic Analysis of 49 Newly Drived HIV-1 Group O Strains: HighViral Diversity but No Group M-like Subtype Structure. Virology. 2002; 302: 259-273.
  8. Salminen M., Nykanen A., Brummer-Korvenkontio H., Kantanen ML., Liltsola K., Leinikki P. Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 Based on Phylogenetic Analysis of in Vivo gag p7/p9 Direct Sequences. Virology. 1993; 195(1): 185-194.
  9. Sehgal S. HIV epidemic in Punjab, India time trends over a decade. Bulletin World Health Organization. 1998; 76(5): 509-513.
  10. Tamil Nadu man charged with rape for criminal HIV transmission to minors. TNN News Channel.  April 23, 2008.
  11. The HIV/AIDS Bill, 2007. The Gazette of India. Ministry of Law and Justice. India.
  12. The Indian Penal Code, Act XLV of 1860. Bare Act.

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


RSS feed

Indexed and Abstracted in


Antiplagiarism Policy: IJCRR strongly condemn and discourage practice of plagiarism. All received manuscripts have to pass through "Plagiarism Detection Software" test before Toto Macau forwarding for peer review. We consider "Plagiarism is a crime"

IJCRR Code of Conduct: To achieve a high standard of publication, we adopt Good Publishing Practices (updated in 2022) which are inspired by guidelines provided by Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) and International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)

Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



ABOUT US

International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

Contact

148, IMSR Building, Ayurvedic Layout,
        Near NIT Complex, Sakkardara,
        Nagpur-24, Maharashtra State, India

editor@ijcrr.com

editor.ijcrr@gmail.com


Copyright © 2024 IJCRR. Specialized online journals by ubijournal .Website by Ubitech solutions