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IJCRR - 6(11), June, 2014

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GARCINIA KOLA: A REVIEW OF ITS ETHNOMEDICINAL, CHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

Author: Ekene E. N., Erhirhie Earnest O.

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Plants still remain the basis for development of modern drugs for the preservation of health in the rural and urban communities worldwide in this present technological era. Garcinia kola (bitter kola) is referred to as a \"wonder plant\" because every part of it has been found to be of medicinal importance. Research carried out using different in vitro and in vivo techniques of biological evaluation supports most of its folkloric claims. This review compiled the ethno botanical/medicinal, phytochemistry, pharmacological, clinical and toxicological studies carried on this plant using references from various database.

Keywords: Garcinia kola, phytochemistry, Ethno medicine, Bioactivities.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Historically, plant derived medicines, which have made large contributions to human health and well-being provide source of inspiration for novel drug and had served as models for western drugs (Farnsworth, 1989). It is estimated that over 70% of modern pharmaceutical products are based on herbs. For instance, artemisinin from Artemisia annua, used in the manufacture of Artesunate and other artemisinin-based drugs, which serves as potent anti-malaria drug, is a popular drug in the markets (Brisibe, et al., 2008). Plant derived medicines have many benefits such as; low toxicity status/ relative safety, accessibility and affordability. Plants parts have been a source of herbal medicine which has been shown to be effective to about 80% of population as primary health care (Akinyemi, et al., 2000). One of such plants is „Garcinia kola’, a member of the Guttiferae species found throughout West and Central Africa. Every part of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) is an important component in traditional herbal medicine worldwide (Dalziel, 1937). Considering the enormous relevance of Garcinia kola in folkloric medicine, the present review focused on its up to date experimental research covering; phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicological and clinical studie

Garcinia kola (bitter kola) is a dicotyledonous plant belonging to the family of plants called Guttiferae. It is a perennial crop growing in the forest, distributed throughout West and Central Africa (Iwu 1993). G. kola is also found distributed in the forest zone of Sierra Leone, Ghana, Cameroon and other West African countries. In Nigeria, it is common in the South Western States and Edo State (Otor, et al., 2001). It is a medium sized evergreen tree, about 15-17m tall and with a fairly narrow crown. The leaves are simple, 6-14cm long and 2-6cm across, shiny on both surfaces and spotted with resin glands. The small flowers are covered with short, red hairs (Iwu, 1993). The fruit is a drupe of 5-10cm in diameter and weighs 30-50g. It is usually smooth and contains a yellow-red pulp. The fruit changes color during maturation from green to orange, and each fruit contains 1-4 seeds (Juliana, et al., 2006).

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION Kingdom:

Plantae Order: Malpighiales Family: ClusiaceaeGenus: Garcinia Species: G. kola Binomial name: Garcinia kola

COMMON

NAMES Garcinia kola has been referred to as a “wonder plant” because every part of it has been found to be of medicinal importance (Dalziel, 1937). It is also called bitter cola, male kola due to the reported aphrodisiac properties. It is commonly called “Orogbo” in Yoruba language, „Aku ilu? in Igbo language and „Namijin goro? in Hausa language (Dalziel, 1937).

TRADITIONAL USES AND MEDICINAL VALUES

Garcinia kola is chewed extensively in Southern Nigeria as a masticatory and it is readily served to visitors, especially among the Igbo tribe in Eastern Nigeria, as a sign of peace and acceptance of visitors. The root of the plant is used as favorite bitter chew-sticks in West Africa (Otor, et al., 2001). The stem bark is used in folklore remedies as a purgative among the natives of Eastern Nigeria

and the latex is externally applied to fresh wounds to prevent sepsis, thereby assisting in wound healing. It is also popular among the people of Nigeria for nervous alertness and induction of insomnia. Garcinia kola is highly valued for medicinal use. This plant has been referred to as a „wonder plant? because every part of it has been found to be of medicinal importance (Dalziel, 1937). The seeds are chewed as an aphrodisiac or used to cure cough, dysentery, chest colds, liver disorders, diarrhoea, laryngitis, bronchitis, and gonorrhea (Adesina, et al., 2005). The seed is used to prevent and relieve colic; it can also be used to treat headache, stomach ache and gastritis (Ayensu, 1978). It has also been reported for the treatment of jaundice, high fever, and as purgative (Iwu , 1989). In Sierra Leone, the roots and bark are taken as a tonic for sexual dysfunction in men. The bark is also added into palm wine to improve its potency (Iwu, et al., 1990). Traditional medicine practitioners in Nigeria, particularly in the Ogoni area use a decoction of Garcinia kola stem bark for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea, fever, inflammation and burns (Adesina, et al., 1995). "Bitter kola is anti-poison and helps to detoxify the system, it has the ability to repel evil men and spirits, it could sound superstitious but it works (Iwu , 1989).

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON GARCINIA KOLA

Chemical constituents The phytochemical compounds isolated from G. kola include tannins, saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides (Ebana, et al.,1991). Other phytochemical compounds isolated from G. kola seeds are biflavonoids such as kolaflavone and 2-hydroxybi-flavonols. Two new chromanols, garcioic and garcinal, together with tocotrienol were reported isolated from G. kola (Terashima, et al., 2002). Morabandza, et al., (2013) had also determined the chemicalcomposition of Garcinia kola Heckel (Clusiaceae) mesocarp. Anti-microbial properties Adegboye, et al., (2008) had investigated the in vitro antimicrobial activities of crude extract of Garcinia kola against some bacterial isolates comprising of both Gram-positive and Gramnegative organisms. In another study, the antimicrobial interaction between Garcinia kola seed (GKS) and gatifloxacin (GAT), a fourth generation fluoroquinolone was evaluated by a modification of the checkerboard technique using Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus as the test organisms (Ofokansi, et al., 2008). The antimicrobial activity of five solvent extracts of Garcinia kola seeds had also been investigated against 30 clinical strains of H. pylori and a standard control strain, NCTC 11638, using standard microbiological techniques (Collise, et al., 2011). In vitro anti-Vibrio activities of methanol and aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola seeds against 50 Vibrio isolates obtained from wastewater final effluents in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa were also investigated (Penduka, et al., 2011).The bioactivity of G. kola seeds was also assessed on Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Salmonella typhimurium (Christinah and Roland, 2012).Trichomonacidal effects of G. kola nuts were also investigated (Gabriel and Emmanuel, 2011). Esimone et al., 2002 also investigated the effect of Garcinia kola seed extract (100 mg/kg) on the pharmacokinetic and antibacterial effects of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (40 mg/kg). Anti-diabetic properties The hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of fractions from kolaviron (KV) (a Garcinia kola seed extract) were investigated in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats (Adaramoye and Adeyemi, 2006). Garcinia kola seed Powder (GKP) had also been shown to have antidiabetic, antilipidemic and anti-atherogenic properties with a tremendous potential to protect against coronary

heart disease (Udenze, et al., 2012). Significant hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic activity of Garcinia kola in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats had been reported (Nwangwa, 2012). Hepatoprotective and anti-oxidant activities The hepatoprotective effect of Garcinia kola seed extract against paracetamol induced hepatptoxicity had been investigated in rats (Alade and Ani, 1990).The protective effects of Garcinia kola against a dose of Carbon-Tetrachloride (CC14)-induced liver damage in experimental rats were also investigated (Mathew and Blessing, 2007). Antioxidant potentials of five fractions (ME1–ME5) of methanolic extract of Garcinia kola seeds was also studied (Tebekeme, 2009). Effects on fertility Garcinia kola seed meal had been shown to improve semen characteristics and sexual drive (libido) in matured rabbit bucks (Iwuji, and Herbert, 2012). In another study, long- term ingestion of Garcinia kola seed diet had been shown to cause a significant reduction in sperm count, sperm motility, and ultimately infertility in the male wistar rat (Mesembe, et al., 2013). Garcinia kola seed at 200mg/kg body weight altered oestrous cycle and partly inhibits ovulation in female rats (Akpantah, et al., 2005). Other studies on Garcinia kola Anti-ulcer potential and proton pump inhibitory activity of kolaviron (KV) isolated from Garcinia kola Heckel had been evaluated using different ulcer models and was suggested to emerge as a potent anti-ulcer compound (Onasanwo, et al., 2011). Garcinia kola (Heckel) seed extract evaluated in albino Wistar rats possess significant anti-pyretic activity, which justified its ethnomedicinal use (Kakjing, et al., 2014). Garcinia kola 0.5% aqueous solution eye drop significantly reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) as compared to baseline (Adebukunola, et al., 2010). Comparative study on the efficacy of Garcinia kola in reducing some heavy metal accumulation in liver of Wistar rats was also carried out. Garcinia kola has the highest hepatoprotective

effect to Cd followed by Hg and least protection against Pb toxicity in rats and its administration was beneficial in reducing heavy metal accumulation in the liver (Nwokochaa, et al., 2011). Administration of Garcinia kola for a period of six weeks in rabbits elicited no observable histo-pathological effects on the histology of the liver (Charity, et al., 2012). Garcinia kola had been shown to enhance erythropoiesis in rabbits and rats and as well has no long term significant toxicological implication (Unigwe and Nwakpu, 2009; Esomonu, et al., 2005). In another study, Garcinia kola significantly reduced tissue damage induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Okoko and Ndoni, 2009). Daily administration of Garcinia kola (G. kola) in growing Wistar rats for a period of 70 days showed a depressive effect on appetite and water intake with resultant poor feed utilization efficiency and mass gain of rats in a dosedependent manner. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were elevated (P<0.05) but histological examinations of liver, heart and lungs of experimental rats revealed no alterations. The extract enhanced sexual interest (libido) of the male rats but did not necessarily improve their fertility rate (Otor, et al., 2001).

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This review has covered the ethnobotanical, ethnomedicinal, pharmacological and clinical studies on Garcinia kola. Garcinia kola is no doubt a potential medicinal plant. Phytochemical composition also shows that Garcinia kola can be useful in the Pharmaceutical and Medical science to make drugs that can prevent myriad diseases. Research into herbal medicine had made great impact in the development of numerous drugs in the health care industry. Hence this article will be useful to those researchers interested in authenticating the hidden truth which has not been scientifically validated.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are thankful to the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors, editors and publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature of this present work has been reviewed and discussed.

References:

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A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08

A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07

A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness

A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health

A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06

A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia

A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05

A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04

A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03

A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02

A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01

A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24

A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23

A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22

A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21

A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20

A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19

A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18

A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17

A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16

A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15

A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020

A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"

A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13

A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 12

A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 11

A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 10

A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 09

A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 08

A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for Vol 12 issue 07

A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20

A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR

A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13

A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR

A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR.

A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award

A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award

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GARCINIA KOLA: A REVIEW OF ITS ETHNOMEDICINAL, CHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

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