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IJCRR - 11(5), March, 2019

Pages: 10-13

Date of Publication: 14-Mar-2019


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Two New Cladosporium Species from Murshidabad District, West Bengal, India

Author: Dinesh Haldar

Category: Life Sciences

Abstract:Introduction: Cladosporium is a member of dematiaceous hyphomycetes which is characterized and easily recognised by its unique structure of the conidiogenous loci and conidial hila. Despite being imperfect in forms, they are the most versatile organisms in nature. While working on dematiaceous hyphomycetes from Murshidabad district, two specimens of Cladosporium had been collected which on critical examination characterised as two new species.
Methods: The infected leaves with distinct symptoms were collected and dried to make herbarium specimens. The microscope slides were prepared in lacto-phenol cotton blue mixtures of the recognised species. The fungi, treated here were studied in their natural habitat on the leaves of Clitoria terrnatea and Hibiscus mutabilis.
Results and Discussion: Two new species of Cladosporium viz. Cladosporium clitoriae Haldar and Cladosporium murshidabadense Haldar on Clitoria ternatea Land Hibiscus mutabilis L. respectively had been collected, figured and described in the present communication with notes on their phylogeny and ecology.

Keywords: Anamorphic, Hyphomycetes, Taxonomy, sp.nov

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

The genus Cladosporium, a well documented fungus and was established by Link  in  the year 1815 with Cladosporium herbarum (Pers: Fr.) Link ex S.F. Gray is the type species. It had been named as “Klados” means a branch, hence branched spore chains. The taxonomic posi­tion of the genus Cladosporium is almost accepted as being a member of the form family Cladosporiaceae under the order Hyphomycetes of the form class Deuteromycetes. The genus Cladosporium is well characterized and easily recognised by its unique structure of the conidiogenous loci and conidial hila which classified as coronate, i.e., composed of a central convex dome surrounded by a raised periclinal rim. Cladosporoid are common and worldwide distribution and it is one of the largest, most heterogeneous genera of hyphomycetes, comprising more than 772 names i.e., valid, invalid, legitimate and illegitimate species, varieties, formae as well as herbarium name. Reasons for this vast number of taxa probably reside in the imprecise, wide circumscription of this genus in literature, the strong morphological variability of most species and the occurrence of some species on a wide range of substrates. The members of Cladosporium is a dematiaceous fungi occurring  on all kinds of living and dead leaves and stems of herbaceous and woody plants, as secondary invaders on necrotic leaf lesions caused by other fungi, are frequently isolated from air, soil, food stuffs, paint, textiles and other organic matters.

Reviews keys of Cladosporoid taxa on living plants were provided  by  a large number of worker from India and abroad. Some of them are : Amanelah, Beharvandi & Zafari2, Avasthi, Gautam &Bhadauria3  Bensch et al4 ., Braun &Hill5, Braun &Crous6,  Crous7, Crous et al,8. Crous 9 ,Das10,David &David11,Dugan et al.12,Ellis13, Ellis14, Heuchert, Braun &Schubert15, He & Zhanh16,Jang et al17,Kirk18,  Mu?enko, Schubert & Kozlowska 19, Partridge & Morgan-Jones 20, Schubert  et al,21 Schubert & Braun22,Seifert ,Nickerson  & Corlet23 Schubert & Braun24, Wirsel SGR & Runge- Frobose25, Thomma, Van Esse & Crous26 , Schubert et al 27 , Braun & Schubert28, Zhang et al29, Sharma et al30, Sandoval-Denis et al31, Subramania32, Kamal33 and Haldar34.

During working on the foliicolous fungi of Murshidabad district in the year 2016 of West Bengal the author had collected two mem­bers of Hyphomycetes growing on the living leaves of Clitoria ternatea L. (Fabaceae)and Hibiscus mutabilis L.(Malvaceae). which on critical examination found to be two new species of the genus Cladospori­um. Hence, these two species. Cladosporium clitoriae  Haldar sp.nov. and Cladosporium murshidabadense Haldar sp.nov. have been created as new taxa (Myco Bank35).

The district of Murshidabad is located in the central part of the state of West Bengal under Presidency Division, lies  between 23°43/ to24052/ N latitude and 87049/ to 88044/ E longitude and occupies an area of 5341sq km. The district is separated from the Maldah district by the river Ganga on its north. The eastern boundary of the district is formed by Bangladesh. It is bounded by the districts of Burdwan and Nadia on the south, the Birbhum district and the state of Jharkhand located in the western side. The river Bhagirathi flowing across the district divides it into almost two equal parts. The western part is known as Rarh which is substantially continuation of sub-vindhyan region. The soil of this district is primarily alluvial. The tract east to river is known as Bagri and is covered with recent alluvium consisting sandy clay. The elevation of the district is from 10m to 50m above MSL. Ganga and its tributaries such as Bhagirathi, Jalangi and Bhairab are the important rivers of the district. The district is oppressively having hot summer, short winter, high humidity and good rainfall during monsoon season. The average annual rainfall of the district is 1400 mm.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Specimens with typical disease symptoms of Cladosporoid fungi  on living leaves were collected during field trips. The infected leaves were detached intact from the host plants and they were kept in polythene bags and processed by following standard techniques Castaneda85. Pho­tographs of the infected spots on the host leaves were cap­tured by Sony DSC-HX200, camera and for the examination of fungal structure and spore morphology, the microscope slides were prepared in lacto-phenol cotton blue mixtures of the recognised species. Morphotaxonomic study of the associated fungi was done through the low and high magnification 100x400 of the compound microscope, (Olympus-CX21i FS1 Research Microscope) by using USB INSTA CMOS camera. The mi­crophotographs were stored in electronic format JPEG. Holotypes being deposited at AMH, Agharkar Research Institute (ARI), Pune (MS), India and isotypes retained in the Departmental her­barium (KNC)for future reference.

RESULTS

Cladosporium clitoriae Haldar sp.nov.(Fig.1)

Myco Bank MB 829285

 Incidence in winter, infection foliicolous inciting whitish, necrotic,  spots amphigenous distinct on upper surface, numerous, subcircular to irregular, sometimes surrounded by grey margin, lesions occasionally developing shot-hole appearance, 1.5-2.5 in diam. caespituli epiphyllous, brown, mycelium immersed, superficial, smooth. stroma amphigenous,well developed, arising from the epidermal hairs of the host tissue, composed of thick walled isodiametric  type of cells, light brown: conidiophores solitary to fasciculate, with 2-8 divergent stalks in a fascicle arising from the base of the stroma and rarely through the stomata, straight to curved, pale brown, septate, simple to branched, sometimes nodose with terminal and intercalary swelling, thick walled, smooth with distinct scars, after succession of conidia, apex sub acute to obtuse, average length 277.56-627.92 µm  and breadth-29.16µm.conidia solitary to catenate up to 3 in a chain, pale olivaceous, usually straight, rarely curved, cylindrical, ellipsoidal, thin walled, smooth to verruculose, up to 4 septate, often with distinct protuberant scar at  both ends, average length 53.49-212.89 µm and breadth 29.16 µm.

Etymology: Referring to the genus of the host.

Habitat in folis vivis Clitoria ternatea L.(Fabaceae),Ring Road, Berhampore, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India, AMH 9847(Holotypus), KNC 142 (Isotypus). D.Haldar, 06.11.1016.

Cladosporium murshidabadense sp.nov.(Fig.2)

MycoBank MB 829286

Incidence in rainy season, spots formed on lamina, amphigenous, semi circular to circular, dark brown centre surrounded by blackish margin, sometimes no definite spots, only greyish discoloration without any boundary,0.5—10 mm in diam,; caespituli amphigenous ,vein limited, unevenly distributed over the spots, black; stroma present(23.60-297.87 µm),occasionally only a few brownish spherical to gobular hyphal cells, substomatal; conidiophores amphigenous, solitary to fasciculate, in fascicles  2-7 stalks emerging the stomatal opening, straight to flexus, brown to pale brownish, simple or branched, thick walled, smooth, very often nodose, plurisepted (1-9 septa),septa distinct, often geniculate, often terminal vesicular swelling with distinct spore scar lying at the apex or by the side wall of the conidiophores,(average length 559.33-1124.60 µm) and breadth(40.79-48.02 µm);conidia solitary to catenate, cylindrical, ellipsoidal, lemon shaped, oblong, pale brown, smooth, thick walled 0-3 septate, hilum distinct aat one end or both ends, average length,(53.26-137.97 µm) and average breadth (25.81-54.88 µm).

Specimen studied : On Hibiscus mutabilis L. (Malvaceae), Kossim Bazar, Berhampore, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India, AMH-9748(Holotypus), KNC 317(Isotypus), D.Haldar,2 June,2016.

Etymology: Referring to the genus of the host.

No species of Cladosporium has yet been recorded and described on the hosts Clitoria ternatea L.(Fabaceae) and Hibiscus mutabilis L.(Malvaceae) and there is no record of this genus so far on other members of the family Fabaceae and Malvaceae respectively. So, the present fungus is described and illustrated here as a new taxon.

DISCUSSION

The fungi Cladosporium clitoriae Haldar and Cladosporium murshidabadense Haldar has been found to occur profusely during winter months to spring and early summer. The host plants Clitoria ternatea L. and Hibiscus mutabilis L. both are economically important. The roots of Clitoria ternatea L. is used as powerful cathartic and diuretic. Flowers yield a blue dye. Seeds contain a fixed oil. Both seeds and root-bark contain tannin. Purgative and leaves used as fodder. On the other hand Hiiscus mutabilis L. bark yields a strong fibre of inferior quality. Leaves used for cough, menorrhagia, dysuria and wounds caused by burns and scalds. Flowers given in pectoral and   pulmonary complaints36.

CONCLUSION

Two new species of Cladosporium  viz   Cladosporium clitoriae Haldar and Cladosporium murshidabadense Haldar  growing on two ornamental plants namely Clitoria ternatea L. and Hibiscus mutabilis L. They cause severe leaf infection of the host plants resulted which the growth of the plants become stunted. A pathologist should develop the control measures of the disease.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author is thankful to the Principal, Krishnath College, Murshidabad, West Bengal for rendering help during the pre­sent work.. The author expresses his sincere gratitude to the Curator of AMH-ARI, Pune for depositing holotype of the specimens and providing the accession numbers. I wish to acknowledge the extended help of Dr. S. Bandyopadhyay, Assistant Pro­fessor and Head, Department of Botany, Krishnath College, Murshidabad for the identification of host plants. The author is also grateful to the Director, UGC, for financial support. Author acknowledges the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in reference in the manuscript. The au­thor is also grateful to authors/editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

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A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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