International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 10(10), May, 2018

Pages: 10-18

Date of Publication: 30-May-2018


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Morphology and Morphometry of Venous Drainage System of Heart: A Retrospective Cadaveric Study

Author: Mahesh K. Sharma, Jyotsna Singh, Arun Sharma, Kanchan Kapoor, Devinder

Category: Healthcare

Abstract: Introduction: In recent times the veins of the heart have gained importance as a treatment modality for the ischaemic myocardium and carry great importance in cardiac surgery. This treatment is possible because of the presence of intramyocardial collateral venous circulation Anatomic mapping of the cardiac veins is important to guide transvenous procedures such as biventricular pacing. A detailed knowledge of cardiac venous anatomy is necessary for successful catheterization of the coronary sinus and cardiac veins. Material and Methods: The dissection of the cardiac veins was carried out on 30 preparations of formalin fixed hearts obtained from cadavers during routine undergraduate teaching. About 10 ml of CAB solution (Cellulose Acetate Butyrite crystals in acetone) was injected into the coronary sinus. The specimens were left overnight and then placed into the 5% formalin solution. The specimen was dissected to expose coronary sinus with its tributaries. Various parameters including length, diameter of coronary sinus and its tributaries and presence of muscle bridges were noted. Observations: CS was present in all 30 (100%) cases. The mean diameter of CS was calculated as 8.87\?1.48mm. The great cardiac vein (GCV) normally drains the left atrium and both ventricles. This pattern was seen in 20 cases (66.6%). Arteriovenous anastomosis between GCV and the right coronary artery and anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery were observed in 13.3% cases respectively. The present findings are discussed in light of available literature.

Keywords: Arteriovenous anastomosis, Coronary sinus, Great cardiac veins

Full Text:

Introduction

Variations pertaining to the coronary arterial system have been described throughout the literature. The therapeutic modalities for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) have also been described vastly. The coronary venous system, by comparison, has been largely neglected1. The venous system does, however, have key importance in the application of new technologies and techniques designed for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Tori was the first to outline some of the larger veins by retrograde injection of contrast material into the catheterized coronary sinus.

 Recently the veins of the heart have gained importance as a treatment modality for the ischaemic myocardium3. The coronary sinus can be used for retrograde perfusion of the myocardium4-8. Presence of intramyocardial collateral venous circulation is the key to this treatment. Projects to protect the myocardium by means of reperfusion were reported to be highly successful in some centers while in others the results were reported to be inconsistent because of the great variability of the cardiac venous system. Apart from this, lack of uniform terminology/classification and incomparability in categorizing the variations of cardiac venous system exists.

This process of venous reperfusion can be managed with arterial blood or nutritive solutions 9-12. The important function of the venous drainage of the heart is “venous-unity” and a great compensating capacity13.

                        There are three main domains in which a thorough understanding of the venous system may lead to potentially useful clinical interventions. First is the use of percutaneous techniques to allow retroinfusion of arterialized blood into the coronary veins in patients deemed unsuitable for conventional revascularization. Second, the regional delivery of therapeutic agents such as cardioprotective drugs, cells or gene vectors, is possible14. And finally, the use of the coronary venous system as a route of access to the myocardium by the cardiac electrophysiologist15. Variability in terms of valves, diameter, angulation, extent of muscular sleeves, proximity to other cardiac structures, and cross-over spatial relationship with branches of coronary arteries have implications for practitioners seeking to make use of the system 16.

Anatomic mapping of the cardiac veins is important to guide transvenous procedure such as biventricular pacing and for deployment of cardiac devices15-16. In the current scenario, there are therapeutic options for arrhythmias and for heart failure that use the coronary venous system to access target areas1. The epicardial coronary venous system has become the subject of renewed interest in recent years16.

Coronary sinus cannulation has allowed access to the left atrial and left ventricular (LV) epicardium, enabling a spectrum of diagnostic and mapping maneuvers to aid in the determination of the type of arrhythmia as well as permit the delivery of ablative energy. More recently, the coronary sinus has become the gateway to LV epicardial lead placement to achieve biventricular pacing15. Retrograde cardioplegia is done in cardiac surgeries like valve replacement/repair, severe coronary lesions/ occlusion, aortic incompetence, coronary reoperations, coronary grafts and pediatric cardiac surgeries19. It is achieved by introducing the cardioplegic drug, potassium chloride through the coronary sinus after passing the catheter beyond the ostium of the coronary sinus. Hence any variation in the veins of the heart is significant1. Therefore, an attempt is made to discuss the anatomy and variations of cardiac venous system so that it may help in forming a basis for the treatment of Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD) and CAD.

Material and Methods

The cross sectional study of anatomical variations in the venous drainage of heart was conducted on 30  adult cadaveric hearts obtained from the department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh. The study was conducted by following the ethical guidelines for biomedical research on human subject as given in “Declaration of Helsinki” and by Central Ethics Committee on Human Research (CECHR) of ICMR, New Delhi. The opening of coronary sinus was approached through the opening of inferior vena cava and a 18G veinflow was introduced into it. About 10ml of 10% mixture of coloured CAB (Cellulose Acetate Butyrite) crystals in acetone was injected into the coronary sinus. Specimens were left overnight and then placed into 5% formalin solution. The specimens were dissected for the coronary sinus and its tributaries. Length and diameter of coronary sinus were measured. Tributaries of coronary sinus along with their diameter were penned down. The observations were recorded on a Performa (appended). The results were tabulated and analysed statistically using appropriate statistical tests.

Observations

The coronary sinus (CS) was present in all 30 (100%) cases. The mean diameter of CS was calculated as 8.87±1.48mm. The range of the diameter varied from 5.0 to 12mm. In majority of cases (63.3%), the range of the diameter was calculated as 9.0 to 12mm whereas in 36.7% cases, the range was 5.0 to 8.0mm. The most frequent shape of CS was “cylindrical” (93.3%) followed by “flattened” in 6.67% cases.

The mean length of the CS was calculated as 33.76±5.36mm. The minimum length of the coronary sinus was observed as 26.0mm while the maximum was 48.0mm. In 30% cases, the range was calculated as 36 to 40mm; in 23.3% cases, the range was 32 to 34mm and in 10% cases, the range of length was 42 to 48mm as shown in Table 1.

Great cardiac vein (GCV)

  The great cardiac vein starts at the apex of heart and runs in the anterior interventricular sulcus (AIS) along with anterior interventricular branch of the Left Coronary Artery (LCA) (Fig.2). This pattern was observed in 25 cases (83.3%) in the present study.

 In some specimens, variations were observed in the beginning of the GCV. In one case (3.3%), the GCV started at the junction of upper 2/3rd and lower 1/3rd  of AIS. In three cases (10%), it started at the middle of AIS and in only one case (Fig 1), the beginning of GCV was at the junction of upper 1/3rd  and lower 2/3rd of AIS. Superficial veno-venous anastomosis were observed in 13(42.9%) of hearts in the present study. In these cases, there was a communication seen between the GCV and the left marginal vein LMV, between the GCV, LMV and middle cardiac vein (MCV ; between the left marginal vein (LMV) and the uppermost tributary of the GCV ; between the GCV, middle cardiac vein (MCV) and posterior vein of left ventricle (PVLV)  (Fig.2) ; between the GCV and the PVLV.

 The GCV, normally, drains the left atrium and both ventricles. This pattern was seen in 20 cases (66.6%). However, in the remaining 10 cases (33.3%), this normal pattern of drainage was not seen and the GCV received most of the tributaries from the left side of the heart as compared to right side. In one case (3.3%), the GCV passed superficial to one of the branches of LCA.

Arterio-venous anastomosis

 In four cases (13.3%)  ‘Arterio-venous’ anastomosis were observed  between the tributaries of great cardiac vein and branches right coronary artery (RCA); between the GCV and the anterior interventricular branch of the LCA at the upper end of AIS ; between the GCV and the anterior interventricular branch of the LCA at the junction of upper2/3rd  and lower1/3rd  of AIS  and also at the apex of heart. At the upper end of AIS, arteriovenous anastomosis was observed between GCV and one of the branches of LCA in a single case (Fig 3).

Muscle Bridges were observed in four cases. In one case, muscle bridge was seen crossing over the major tributary of GCV from its left side; in the other, the muscle bridges were seen over the GCV and the anterior interventricular branch of the LCA in the upper part of AIS. In another heart, the MCV was covered by a muscle bridge at the middle of posterior interventricular sulcus (Fig.4). In another heart, the CS was covered by a muscle bridge at the site of termination of GCV into the CS.

The mean diameter of GCV was calculated as 3.31±0.72mm. The range of diameter varied from 1.8 to 4.8mm. In majority of cases (53.3%), the range of the diameter varied from 2.8 to 3.4mm, whereas in 36.7% cases, the range of the diameter was 3.8 to 4.8mm and in 10% cases, the range was 1.8 to 2.4mm.

Middle cardiac vein (MCV)

 The middle cardiac vein normally starts at the apex of heart and runs in the posterior interventricular sulcus along with posterior interventricular branch of the RCA (Fig 5). This kind of normal pattern was present in 25 cases (83.3%).

In others, the beginning of the middle cardiac vein varied. In one case (3.3%), the MCV started at the junction of upper 2/3rd and lower 1/3rd  of AIS. In three cases (10%), it started at the middle of AIS and in only one case at the junction of upper 1/3rd  and lower 2/3rd  of AIS. In these cases, communication was seen between the MCV, LMV and the PVLV ; between the tributaries of MCV, LMV and PVLV ; between the MCV and LMV  ; between the MCV and right marginal vein (RMV) through a communicating vein ; between the MCV, GCV and PVLV (Fig.2). In one case (3.3%), the MCV received tributaries only from its right side.

 Normally, it drains the diaphragmatic surface of both ventricles. This pattern was seen in 26 cases. However, in the remaining 4 cases, this normal pattern of drainage was not seen and the MCV was also receiving tributaries from the anterior surface of ventricles.

 The mean diameter of the MCV was calculated as 3.79±1.10mm. The range of diameter varied from 2.0 to 6.0mm. In majority of cases (56.7%), the range of diameter was calculated as 2.0 to 3.0mm. However, in 40% cases, the range of diameter was 4.0 to 5.0mm and 6 mm in 3.3% cases.

 

The middle cardiac vein diameter is greater than great cardiac vein.

Small cardiac vein (SCV)

The small cardiac vein normally lies posterior in the coronary sulcus between the right atrium and right ventricle and opens into the coronary sinus at its termination into the right atrium. In our study of 30 hearts, the small cardiac vein was present only in 18 cases (60%) and absent in remaining 12 cases (40%).

In all the 18 cases (60%), where the small cardiac vein was present, its location was seen to be normal as described above. In one heart, there was also an “AV anastomosis” seen between the small cardiac vein and the right coronary artery. In another heart, the SCV was receiving the RMV.

The mean diameter of SCV was 1.81±0.54mm. The range of the diameter varied from 1.0 to 3.0mm. In majority of cases (23.3%), the range of the diameter was calculated as 1.6 to 2.0mm. In 20% cases, the range of the diameter was calculated as 1.0 to 1.4mm; in 10% cases, the range was 2.2 to 2.4mm and in 6.6% cases, the range was 2.6 to 3.0mm.

Posterior vein of the left ventricle (PVLV)

The posterior vein of the left ventricle is normally found on the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle and a little to the left of the middle cardiac vein (Fig 2). It usually opens into the centre of the coronary sinus but sometimes into the great cardiac vein. The former kind of normal pattern was seen in 27 cases (90%). In the remaining 3 cases (10%), the PVLV joined the left end of CS (near the termination of GCV into the CS). In three cases, there was a communication seen between the PVLV and the tributaries of LMV. In two cases (6.67%), there was a communication seen between PVLV and the tributaries of MCV. In one case (3.3%), there were number of communicating veins seen between the tributaries of PVLV, LMV and MCV. The PVLV was accompanied by a vein on its left side in three cases (10%); accompanied by a vein on its right side in two cases (6.67%) and accompanied by a vein on its either side in three cases (10%).

The mean diameter of PVLV was calculated as 2.84±0.97mm. The range of diameter varied from 1.0 to 2.6mm. In majority of cases (46.7%), the range of diameter was calculated as 2.1 to 3.0 mm. Out of the remaining cases (53.4%), 50% cases were in the range of 1.0 to 2.0mm and the remaining 50% cases were in the range of 3.2 to 5.6mm.

Oblique vein of left atrium (OVLA)

The oblique vein of left atrium descends obliquely on the back of the left atrium and drains into the CS near its atrial end (Fig 6). In our study of 30 hearts, the OVLA was present only in 9 cases (30, and not observed in the remaining 21 cases (70%).

The above described normal pattern was seen in all the 9 cases (30%).

The mean diameter of OVLA was 1.0±0.41mm. The range of the diameter varied from 0.4 to 1.6mm. In majority of the cases (13.3%), the range of the diameter was calculated as 1.0 to 1.2mm. In 10% cases, the range of the diameter was 0.4 to 0.8mm and 6.6% cases were in the range of 1.4 to 1.6mm.

The Right Marginal Vein opened directly into the right atrium in 11 cases (36.3%) while in two cases (6.67%), it joined the small cardiac vein. In the remaining 13 cases (where it was present), it was difficult to appreciate its termination.

Discussion

Coronary Sinus (CS) is a major vessel which is about 2 to 3 cm long, lying posteriorly in the coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove) between the left atrium and left ventricle (Fig.2). The sinus opens into the right atrium between the opening of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the right atrioventricular orifice, and its opening is guarded by an endocardial fold. The incidence of presence of CS was observed by various authors 15,20-28,30. In the present study, the incidence was 100% which was similar to that observed by various authors15,20-28,30. Variations pertaining to the absence of the coronary sinus had been reported Bergman et al, 198830 and Kawashima et al, 200331. According to them in such cases, the great cardiac vein drained into the superior vena cava or the left brachiocephalic vein. Several veins, including the middle cardiac converge to empty into the right atrium directly or may reach the right atrium by passing successively into the left superior vena cava, left brachiocephalic vein and the right superior vena cava. Sahinoglu et al,1994 32 reported a case of persistent left superior vena cava with a double coronary sinus, one superior and one inferior, both emptying into the right atrium. No such anomaly was observed in the present study.

In the present study, the mean diameter of the CS was 8.87±1.48 mm with a range of 5.0 mm-12 mm. None of the other studies15,21 have mentioned the mean diameter; however the range of the diameter reported by them is almost similar to the present observations. The measurement of the length shows great variability when compared to existing literature. The mean length of the CS was 33.76±5.3mm with range of the diameter varied from 26 to 48 mm in the present study. Whereas Plass et al, 200824 and Sun et al, 201226 measured the mean length as high as 108.9mm, followed Lee MS as 86.5mm. Some other authors including Ballestros LE et.al, 201025 reported it as less as 25.96±6.34 mm. Probably the points to measure the total length varied in different studies.

The most common shape of coronary sinus was cylindrical (93.33%) and flattened in 6.67% in the present study (Fig.2), in accordance with other studies22,25 except Ominde BS et.al, 201528 have reported “wind-sock” shape in 100% of cases .

85% of the venous drainage of heart occurs through great, middle, small cardiac veins through coronary sinus to the right atrium. The right marginal vein may join the small cardiac vein or may open in to right atrium directly. Oblique vein of left atrium descends obliquely on the back of left atrium to join CS.15 (Fig 6). Variations regarding venous drainage were observed similar to other authors20,21,31,33,34.

 The GCV had many variations due to its long course before draining into the right atrium31. In the present study, the mean diameter of the GCV was calculated as 3.31±0.72mm which was less than that observed by Ortale et.al,199421 (3.9±1.1mm). The great cardiac vein originated at the apex of heart in 25 cases (80%) which was considerably higher than that reported by Ortale et.al, 199421 (27%). In one case (3.3%), the origin was at the junction of upper1/3rd and lower 2/3rd  of AIS while the origin of GCV was absent in the upper1/3rd  as reported by Ortale et.al,199421. In three cases (10%), the origin was at the middle of AIS which was less as reported by 21(16%). In one case (3.3%), the origin of GCV was at the junction of upper 2/3rd  and lower 1/3rd  of AIS while Ortale.et.al,199421 reported 57% cases in which the origin of GCV was in the lower 1/3rd .

The heart is one of the sites in which arteriovenous anastomosis are common feature21. Connection between CS and RCA have been described at the crux of the heart. 21,53 . Hadziniselimovic and Secerov, D 1974 33 observed a higher incidence (39%) and Pejkovic and Krajnc,2004 34 (6%) of arteriovenous anastomosis. In the present study the AV anastomosis were present in 36.6% cases. In four (13.3%) cases AV anastomosis existed between GCV and RCA; whereas similar frequency was observed between GCA and LCA. It is assumed that these anastomosis prevent coagulation of blood in small veins. In cases of arterial occlusion; myocardium can be supplied by retrograde vascularisation. Cardiologists who interpret imaging of the cardiac veins and cardiac surgeons who operate close to the GCV should be aware of such a variation. Venovenous anastomosis are seen at the apex, anterior and posterior aspects similar to other studies.16,33 communication between GCV, MCV and PVLV have been observed in the present study (Fig.2).

There are not much variations seen in the MCV due to its short course before draining into the right atrium31. In the present study, the mean diameter of the MCV was calculated as 3.79±1.10 which was slightly greater than that observed by Ortale21 (3.6±0.8). The MCV originated at the apex of heart (Fig.5) in 25 cases (80%) as compared to 73% reported by Ortale21. In one case (3.3%), the origin was at the junction of upper 1/3rd and lower 2/3rd of AIS while the origin of MCV was absent in the upper 1/3rd of PIS as reported by Ortale21. In three cases (10%), the origin was at the middle of AIS while Ortale21 reported 5% cases in which the origin of MCV was in the middle 1/3rd of posterior interventricular sulcus. In one case (3.3%), the origin of MCV was at the junction of upper 2/3rd and lower 1/3rd of AIS while it was 22% reported by Ortale 21 in the PIS. The mean diameter of middle cardiac vein is greater than great cardiac vein thus its adequate size is useful for inserting a pacing lead 16.

Venovenous anastomosis are seen at the apex, anterior and posterior aspects similar to other studies.16,33. Superficial veno-venous anastomosis were observed in 13(42.9%) of hearts in the present study. Hadziselimovich and SecerovD, 1979 33 observed such anastomosis in 49% hearts.

In the present study, the small cardiac vein was present in 60% cases while its presence was reported in 54% cases by Ortale21 and 46% cases by Mochizuki20. The mean diameter of the SCV was calculated as 1.81±0.54 which was almost similar to that recorded by Ortale21 (1.8±0.8). The SCV received the RMV in two cases (6.67%).

The PVLV was present in 100% cases. The mean diameter of PVLV was calculated as 2.84±0.97 which was slightly greater than that observed by Ortale21 (2.4±1.1). In majority of cases, the range of diameter was calculated as 2.1 to 3.0mm while it was 3.0 to 4.0 mm as observed by Mozhizuki22.

The OVLA was present in only 30% cases while Ortale21 reported its presence in 43% cases. The mean diameter of OVLA was calculated as 1.0±0.41 which was absolutely same as that observed by Ortale21.

The left marginal vein was present in 100% cases while Ortale21 reported it in 97% cases. The mean diameter was calculated as 2.81±0.99 which was greater than that observed by Ortale 21(2.3±0.8).

The right marginal vein was present in 26 cases (86.7%) and Ortale21 reported its presence in 92% cases. The mean diameter was calculated as 1.71±0.71 which was slightly less as recorded by Ortale21 (1.8±0.6). The RMV opened directly into the RA in 11 cases (36.3%) while in 2 cases (6.67%), it joined the SCV. In the remaining cases, it was difficult to appreciate its termination. A study 24 has reported right marginal vein draining directly into the right atrium in 51% of cases.

Table 5 shows the number and diameter of the tributary veins of the coronary sinus, while Table 6 summarizes the origin of the anterior and posterior interventricular veins.

Muscle bridges play a role in sclerotic process since intimal hyperplasia of blood vessels is observed proximal to the muscle bridges. Presence of myocardial bridges results in misinterpretation of vessels in coronary angiographic studies.35,36 Angiographic studies have demonstrated muscle bridges exclusively over anterior interventricular artery.33 Whereas dissection study conducted by Reyman HC, 200836 have demonstrated myocardial bridges both over anterior interventricular artery and great cardiac vein. In the present study muscle bridges were observed not only over anterior interventricular artery and great cardiac vein, but over coronary sinus and middle cardiac vein as well (Fig.4).

Conclusion

The length and diameter of coronary sinus is helpful in selecting devices of appropriate length for cannulation procedures to protect the ischemic myocardium by perfusion of coronary sinus. Myocardial bridges covering coronary sinus increase chance of development of cardiac arrhythmias. The study provides a baseline data which will be helpful in conventional and interventional studies.

Acknowledgement

Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors/ editors/publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

Conflict of interest: None

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  31. 31. Kawashima T, Sato K, Sato F, Sasaki H. An anatomical study of the human cardiac veins  with special reference to the drainage of the great cardiac vein. Ann Anat. 2003 Dec; 185 (6) : 535-542

  32. 32 Sahinoglu K, Cassell MD, Miyauchi R. Bergman RA (1994) Human persistent left superior vena cava  with doubled coronary sinus. Ann Anat 176: 451 – 454.

  33. 33. Hadziselimovic H, Secerov D. Superficial anastomoses of blood vessels in the human heart. Acta Anat (Basel) 1979; 104(3): 268-278.

  34. 34. Pejkovic B, Krajnc I. The anatomic variability of the coronary vasculature of the human heart – part II: Some anatomical peculiarities of arteriovenous relations. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2004 Jun 30; 116 (11-12) : 394 - 397.

  35. 35. Bharambe VK, Arole V. The study of myocardial bridges. J. Anat. Soc. India 2008; 57(1):14-21.

  36. 36. Reyman HC. Disertatio de vasis cordis propriis. Med Diss Univ Gottingen !737;1-32. Cited by Bharambe VK, Arole V. The study of myocardial bridges. J. Anat. Soc. India 2008; 57(1):14-21.

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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