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IJCRR - 9(23), December, 2017

Pages: 09-14

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Vitellogenin gene expression during the development of anautogenous malaria vector, Anopheles culicifacies A.

Author: Monika Miglani, S. K. Gakhar

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Aim: Anautogenous mosquitoes require a blood meal before they can lay their first batch of eggs. Unluckily, this happens at the consequence of pathogen transmission and the spread of vector-borne diseases. The reproductive success of all oviparous species including insects depends on vitellogenin (Vg) biosynthesis and its accumulation in the developing oocytes. Therefore, during the present study, the temporal and spatial expression of the Vg gene has been studied in Anopheles culicifacies, which is the major vector in Indian subcontinent.
Methodology: The Dhera strain of An. culicifacies Species A was maintained in an insectary at appropriate rearing conditions. The RNA was extracted from the female fat bodies after blood feeding at different time intervals. The temporal and spatial expression patterns of the Vg gene was examined by Real-time PCR using SYBR Green dye.
Result: The An. culicifacies vitellogenin (AncuVg) showed significant and strong expression in fat body tissues only as compared to other tissues at specific time interval after blood feeding. Time and tissue specific expression of the gene showed induction of the gene at 3 h PBM and peak expression was observed after 24 h of blood feeding.
Discussion: The peak expression of Vg gene observed at 24h corresponds to the peak levels observed earlier for 20-E after 24h of blood meal and also corresponds with the timing of ookinete invasion and oocyst formation.
Conclusion: The molecular events of vitellogenesis as observed in case of An. culicifacies, may prove beneficial to develop novel control strategies to combat parasite transmission because the timing of Vg expression coincides with ookinetes invasion in general.

Keywords: Anopheles, Fat body, Hematophagy, Mosquito, Vitellogenin

DOI: 10.7324/IJCRR.2017.9233

Full Text:

Introduction

Hematophagy, or blood feeding behaviour is exhibited by most of the arthropod vectors of human pathogens both for reproduction and for transmission1. Hematophagous mosquitoes are broadly categorized into two groups with respect to egg development. Anautogenous mosquitoes require a blood meal before they can lay their first batch of eggs, whereas autogenous mosquitoes can use their protein reserves—stored in fat body tissue during larval development—to synthesize yolk proteins and develop one batch of eggs before taking a blood meal. One important distinction is that anautogenous mosquitoes must feed on vertebrate hosts more frequently than autogenous mosquitoes, thereby increasing their overall vectorial capacity. The understanding of the mechanisms underlying anautogeny is very crucial because this reproductive strategy is the driving force behind the transmission of disease to millions of people1-3.

These mosquitoes (Aedes and Anopheles species) also require a blood meal to synthesize vitellogenins during each gonotrophic cycle2,3. The developmental expression of Vgs has been documented in ananutogenous mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi1,4-6 and in autogenous Culex tarsalis7. Similarly, the mechanisms underlying the molecular regulation of one of the three vitellogenin genes (VgA1) in anautogenous Aedes aegypti has also been characterized8-10. However, more such studies are required to confirm the pattern and to better understand the mechanism of vitellogenesis in other mosquito species.

An. culicifacies is considered to be the principal vector of malaria in India accounting for 60-70% of malaria cases in the country and exists as a species complex of five sib-ling species named A, B, C, D and E11-15. In the present study, the expression of the vitellogenin gene during different stages of development following blood meal has been studied. The present investigations complement our previous study where, the complete vitellogenin gene of An. culicifacies was cloned and characterized including its upstream regulatory region16.

Experimental Procedures

Mosquitoes

 The Dhera strain of An. culicifacies Species A was maintained in an insectary at temperature of 28 ± 2°C, 75 ± 5% relative humidity and 14/10-h light-dark cycles17. Larvae were reared in enamel trays at a standard density of 300 larvae/450 ml of water and were fed on yeast extract and dog biscuits in the ratio of 2:3 (w/w). It passes through 4 instars for about 12-13 days. After pupation, the pupae were transferred to fresh bowl and were kept in cloth cages for emergence to adult mosquitoes.

Adult mosquitoes were maintained on 5% glucose and fed on rabbit blood for ovarian development. Mosquitoes were starved by denying access to sugar and water for 8 h before blood feeding and those that had fed to repletion were separated from the cohort and shifted to a new cage. After blood feeding 10-15 blood fed females were taken after regular time intervals to analyse gene expression profile. During the complete procedure, a bowl filled with water was placed in the cage to enable oviposition.

RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis

Total RNA was isolated from 5-7 day old sugar-fed males and non-blood fed and blood-fed females at several time points post blood meal (PBM) using TRI reagent (Sigma) according to the manufacturer’s protocol after homogenization with a motor-driven pellet pestle mixer. RNA samples also were extracted from immature stages and dissected tissues (i.e. fat body, midgut, salivary gland, ovaries). For each stage, tissues were dissected from 20 mosquitoes in a drop of DEPC treated water and were immediately processed for RNA isolation and stored at −80?C after treatment with amplification-grade RNase-free DNase I (Invitrogen) until used further for cDNA synthesis. All the plastic ware and glassware were treated with DEPC water before use.

RNA integrity was confirmed on a 1% agarose gel and was quantified using Nanodrop ND2000c spectrophotometer. For each stage 1 µg RNA was used for cDNA synthesis using the Superscript RT for PCR kit (Invitrogen) in 20µl volume with oligo(dT)20 primers at 37°C for 1hr followed by termination of the reaction at 70°C for 20 min. To minimize possible variations in reverse transcriptase efficiency, all cDNA synthesis were proceeded siumeltaneously.

Quantiative Real time PCR (qRT-PCR)

  Real-time PCR was performed using SYBR Green dye on Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystem). In order to quantify relative gene expression, standard curves were generated, using 10-fold serial dilutions of cDNA pools containing high concentrations of the gene of interest. Each qPCR reaction was carried out in a total volume of 20 µL, using 2 µL cDNA template with SYBR Green chemistry and gene specific primers. The primer pair was derived from two different exons with an intervening intron in order to detect amplification products from genomic DNA that may have precipitated during the RNA preparation. Primers were designed using the primer premier 5.0 to yield amplification products ranging in size between 100 and 150 bp (Vg: forward, 5’-CCTACATGCGTTGTTGATGG-3’, reverse, 5’-TGACGACTATGCACTCCAGC-3’; beta-actin: forward, 5’-AGCGGGAAATCGTGCGTGAC-3’, reverse, 5’-CAATGGTGATGACCTGGCCAT-3’).

The amplification of the Vg gene and an endogenous control gene was performed simultaneously and the relative expression levels between Vg and endogenous control gene assessed. The relative abundance of the gene of interest in each RNA sample was estimated from the respective standard curves and the gene expression level was normalized against the β-actin expression level. Cycling conditions were kept constant for all assays. A 2-step qRT-PCR program described earlier18 was used in the amplification process. Melting curves were visually inspected to verify a single amplification product with no primer dimers.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using Graph Pad Prism3.0 software19. All data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Differences between test samples and their respective controls were evaluated by unpaired Student’s t-test. The significant difference of expressions was shown at P < 0.05.

Results

The temporal and spatial expression patterns of the Vg gene were examined using qRT-PCR. The RNA was extracted from the female fat bodies after blood feeding at different time intervals. In addition, RNA was also extracted from midguts, ovaries and salivary glands. During the present study it was observed that the level of expression of the vitellogenin gene varied during different stages of development. For each gene (vitellogenin and beta-actin), a single peak on the melting curve was observed, indicating that target PCR products were amplified selectively and also the primer dimers and other products were not formed.

The expression was observed both in males and both sugar-fed and blood fed females excluding larvae and pupae samples (Fig. 1). The level of vitellogenin mRNA in these stages was negligible, indicating that the vitellogenin expression in male, and non-blood fed females is merely basal level transcription. It could also be ascribed to the presence of transcription initiation complex which could access the promoter region of the Vg genes. However, the Anopheles culicifacies vitellogenin (AncuVg) showed significant and strong expression in fat body tissues only as compared to other tissues viz. salivary glands, midgut and ovaries at specific time interval after blood feeding suggesting that the AncuVg is expressed only in fat bodies (Fig. 2).

The presence of the mRNA was detected in the fat body within 3 h of a blood meal. The expression increased several folds after blood feeding. The peak expression level was observed after 24h PBM then decreased gradually to almost negligible at 72 h PBM (Fig. 3). All the PCR products were also analysed by electrophoresis in ethidium bromide stained agarose gels (1%) (Figs. 4-6) showing expected results.

Discussion

Vg is synthesized abundantly in the female fat body in tissue-, sex- and stage-specific manner, secreted into haemolymph, and subsequently sequestered in the developing oocytes through receptor-mediated endocytosis20-22. During the present study, the AncuVg expression was found in males and non-blood-fed females at very insignificant levels as compared to that in blood fed females (Fig. 1), indicating that this gene may be expressing constitutively in all stages prior to blood feeding. However, the level of Vg RNA was too low to support the process of egg development. This may be because of the presence of certain rare synonymous codons that might have initiated the process of vitellogenesis after accumulating at the 5’ end in the absence of any external amino acid supply23. Also, as described earlier, the induction of Vg expression after a blood meal requires the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway and ecdysone signaling24,25. Thus, once a female mosquito ingests blood, the vitellogenesis process may be triggered under the combined action of JH and 20-E along with the presence of enough amino acid residues.

The significant vitellogenin gene expression is thus restricted to adult female mosquitoes only. However, males of several species have been reported to express vitellogenin gene including Oncopeltus fasciatus26,Rhodnius prolixus27, and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotuspurpuratus28 but their physiological significance remains to be investigated. In addition, treatment with steroid hormones (estrogen for vertebrate and 20-HE for insects) also stimulates vitellogenin gene expression in males of the chicken, G. gallus29, the frog, X. laevis30, the fruit fly D. melanogaster31, the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata32, An. gambie33, and Cherax quadricarinatus34. Thus, it is possible that an increase in tRNA levels especially those required to increase translation of rare synonymous codons has been stimulated by ecdysone along with the induction of Vg transcription after blood feeding.

Time and tissue specific expression of the gene showed induction of the gene at 3 h PBM and peak expression was observed after 24 h of blood feeding. These results of AncuVg gene are in accordance with the previous studies of Vg gene expression in fat bodies35-37. The temporal expression pattern of the Vg gene in An. culicifacies (Fig. 3) was found to be similar to that in An. gambiae6, VgA1 in Ae. aegypti9 and in Cx. tarsalis7. The only difference lies in the initiation of Vg expression by 3h after blood feeding in An. culicifacies and other autogenous mosquitoes as compared to at 12-24h after emergence in case of autogenous mosquitoes7

These results also are in accordance with the pattern shown during the hormonal regulation of anautogeny. The peak expression of Vg gene observed at 24h in the present study after blood meal corresponds to the peak levels observed earlier for 20-E after 24h of blood meal9 and also corresponds with the timing of ookinete invasion and oocyst formation as observed earlier in case of An. gambiae with infection of P. nigerensis6. This invasion was found to coincide with the time at which vitellogenesis is first affected. Similar results have also been observed with infection of P. berghei in An. gambiae38 and in An. stephensi4. A significant decrease in Vg mRNA level at 24h PBM was observed when the ookinetes were invading and transforming into oocysts6, indicating that the infection has a negative effect on vitellogenesis in the fat body, thus eventually causing a significant reduction in fecundity4. Thus, the peak observed at 24 h PBM in AncuVg gene indicate the possibility of similar hormonal regulation pathway in An. culicifacies and also correlating the similar mode of parasite infection as observed earlier in other mosquitoes.

Conclusion

The expression pattern of AncuVg shows that the gene is expressed significantly in response of blood meal. The results of present study indicates that the fat body is the only site of Vg gene expression in An. culicifacies female mosquitoes after blood feeding and that too showing its peak expression at 24h PBM coinciding with the time of ookinete invasion and oocyst formation as reported earlier. Thus, the molecular events of vitellogenesis as observed in case of An. culicifacies, may prove beneficial to develop novel control strategies to combat parasite transmission because of the similar timing of Vg expression and ookinetes invasion in general.

Acknowledgement

Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

Source of Finding

The author Monika Miglani highly acknowledges the financial assistance provided by Department of Biotechnology-Builder Programme, New Delhi (BT/PR4329/INF/22/144/2011).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare they have no conflict of interest.

 

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A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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