International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 9(19), October, 2017

Pages: 26-31

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Prediction of Potential Lead Molecules through Systematic Integration of Multi-omics Datasets - A Mini-Review

Author: Ashok Kumar T., Rajagopal B.

Category: General Sciences

Abstract:Prediction of a novel or potential lead molecules for a therapeutic drug target without adverse effects is a challenging task in the drug designing, discovery, and development process. The systematic integration of multi-omics data from various data/knowledge bases through computational techniques enables to identify potential lead molecules and study the therapeutic properties. Over the last decades, several drug discoveries using multi-omics and huge dataset integration methods proven with successive results. In this paper, we present different types of computational approaches for prediction of potential lead molecules through the systems-level integration of multi-omics datasets.

Keywords: Systematic Integration, Multi-omics Datasets, Drug Discovery, Lead Identification, Big Data Analysis

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INTRODUCTION
In drug discovery, lead is a chemical compound that binds to active site regions of the biological target molecule and hence minimizes the binding free energy. Leads may be a natural product, synthetic, or semi-synthetic compound which has therapeutic effects[1].Natural product (or natural drug) consists of bioactive compounds which were produced by the living organisms that are present in nature. Plants, minerals, and animals (including microorganisms) are the common sources of natural products[2,3,69,74,75]. Natural products can also be developed by chemical synthesis (both semi-synthesis and total synthesis) and have been placed a major role in the development of potential synthetic targets. But synthetic and semi-synthetic compounds are chemically synthesized by the humans in the laboratory using in silico and/or experimental approaches[4,5].

 

Developing a potential lead molecule by using the experimental method is tedious, complicated, expensive, time-consuming, and trial-and-error process[6]. Recently, many advanced computational techniques analogous to wet-lab techniques were introduced to reduce the problem. Modern computer-aided drug design and discovery (CADDD) involve virtual screening, testing, and validation of lead molecules in a short time span using large datasets and software [73].The resulting lead molecule further undergoes a series of preclinical and clinical studies to test the toxicity and adverse effects. The successful drug candidate is released in different dosage forms in the market after passing the food and drug administration (FDA) verification process[7,8].

 

MULTI-OMICS AND BIG DATA INTEGRATION
Multi-omics is a new approach for analyzing biological problems in various aspects through combining multiple­omics datasets[3,9]. The common types of omics include genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics, phytochemomics, interactomics, and microbiomics[10-12]. Integration of multiple omics data in a systematic way enables to study the functional relationship or identify the key problem in an efficient manner. An association of large datasets or complex datasets of multi-omics data is a difficult task and must have sound knowledge in all areas of omics.The pattern matching (or regular expression) is a general and most popular technique for extraction of knowledge from the datasets. Analyzing the large multi-omics datasets involves big data handling.

Due to rapid growth in data size, diversity, and complexity of datasets in the biological databases, big data were introduced to analyze, manage, and derive knowledge from the datasets. Big data (aka huge data or massive data) refer to a very large volume of data or data storage, which cannot be processed using traditional computing devices and applications. Size of big data ranges from petabytes(1 PB = 1015 bytes) to exabytes (1 EB = 1018 bytes), or even more[13-15].Even though the big data analysis is a hot topic today, the concept has evolved over many years ago in IT and R and D sector. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and drug discovery are the two most popular areas of biological sciences which currently implement big data analysis in knowledge discovery[16-18].

Comprehensive Data Integration Methods
Integrating comprehensive and related datasets from various biological databases or other external sources increases the accuracy in lead prediction, and also reveals hidden functions and interrelationship within the molecules[19].There are three types of approaches adopted to combine comprehensive data and reduce data size (Table 1): (i) semantic web approach - searching, retrieving, or annotating data from other external data sources through metadata or a RESTful APIweb services [20,21]; (ii) data warehousing approach - extracting data from other external sources and combining into a global dataset[19,22]; and (iii) data mining approach - extracting data or knowledge from different types of large datasets through suitable patterns[23,24].

Most of the popular three-dimensional (3D) molecular structure databases such as RCSB Protein Data Bank[25], NCBI PubChem[26], EMBL-EBI ChEBI [27], Drug Bank[28], etc. have implemented REST ful API web services or SOAP to share or integrate data in the form of FTP, HTML, XML, JSON, plain text, or AWK commands[29].Moreover, cloud computing services were offered to handle, analyze, or interpret big datasets through various remote applications/servers. There are many cloud servers such as Cloud BLAST[30], Myrna[31], Cloud Burst[32], Hadoop-BAM[33], GPU-BLAST[34], Hydra[35], Peak Ranger[36],Crossbow[37], etc. were available over cloud for analyzing different types of big datasets [38-41].

Unsupervised Data Analysis and Analytics
Handling big dataset or multi-omics data is a difficult task, because it is often very comprehensive and available in real time. In Bioinformatics, sequence (alphabets) and structure (XYZ coordinates) are the major data used for big data analysis and analytics. An effective lead identification and functional interrelationship prediction require integration of very large datasets of3D chemical libraries and disease-target-ligand interaction network. Usually unsupervised multi-omics/big datasets are integrated using clustering and grouping technique. The different types of dataset integrations are target-ligand interactions, intermolecular interactions, disease-target interactions, disease-disease relationships, protein-protein interactions, target-disease-metabolic pathways, drug-side effect relationships, gene interactions, structure-function relationships, etc. [42-44].

The network model graphical representation of biological data interrelations and various types of unsupervised dataset integration methods are [44,56]:(i) network-based methods - graphical representation of interrelations using the network (distance) datasets [45,46],(ii) Bayesian methods - probabilistic graphical representation of interrelations using the probability distribution datasets [47-51], (iii) correlation-based methods - multivariate graphical representation of interrelations using the partial least squares datasets [52,53], (iv) matrix factorization methods - graphical representation of interrelations using the product and rank of the two matrix datasets [54], and (v) kernel-based methods - graphical representation of interrelations using the pattern datasets predicted from kernel matrix [55].

Big Data Accessing Methods
Accessing large datasets requires high-performance computing (HPC) infrastructure and a suitable big data framework [14,15]. The common methods for big data handling are cloud computing, graphics processing unit (GPU) computing, Xeon Phi computing, grid computing, and cluster computing [57,58]. Large datasets can be accessed from various data sources using big data framework, which is based on client-server technology [59]. There are many types of big data processing frameworks used for accessing datasets through a pipeline, among which popularly used frameworks and programs are: Apache Hadoop [76], Apache Spark [77], Apache Flink [78], Apache Storm [79], Apache Samza [80], Apache Cassandra [81], NoSQL [82], R [83], and Python[84].

 

SYSTEMATIC MULTI-OMICS DATA INTEGRATIONA successful drug discovery requires exact compound or most suitable compound which can fit all pocketsin the active site of the target molecule and brought to a stable state [7,8]. The systematic integration of theoretical and experimental datasets of multi-omics, target-ligand interaction network, physicochemical properties, and functional properties leads to design a safe and efficient therapeutics [60].

Integrative Systems Biology Approach
To design an effective drug molecule, it is most essential to understand the nature and causes of the disease [61].Integrative systems biology advances thorough study of biological phenomenon of a system (organism, e.g. human) in a systematic way (Figure 1).The complex interaction networks in a system can be combined through either top-down or bottom-up approaches using multi-omics datasets [62,63].Currently there are many bioinformatics databases and tools were available for collection of various omics data and hence can design a new virtual system.

 

Computational Methods for Lead Identification

A lead molecule can be identified by integrating or comparing target data with large datasets using computational and statistical approaches. The common computational lead identification techniques using large datasets include:

  1. Multiple sequence alignment -It is a popular method to find local similarity, homology, and phylogenetic relationship between different genes or protein sequences [41]. The sequence similarity through structure-based sequence alignment enables to find the similar target-ligand interacting molecules. Structural superposition is another alternative approach to compare similar protein structures based on the root mean square deviation (RMSD) calculation [64]. Moreover, systematic integration of large datasets of target-ligand molecular interaction network data with multi-omics data enables to predict or design a potential lead molecule [60].
  1. Maximum common substructure - It is a widely used method in CADD for finding similar 3D structures through structured-based or ligand-based virtual screening [60].Maximum common substructure search using SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System)pattern is commonly used to find structural similarity between large chemical datasets [65].The substructure search with compounds in the phenotype linked target-ligand interacting network datasets integrated with multi-omics data enables to predict or design a novel and potential lead molecule [66-68].
  1. Molecular interaction network - It is the modern and most successive approach to find a novel drug by systematic integration of large datasets of multi-omics data [60].Data scientists integrates big data into complex network in the order of phenotype ? target ?target-ligand?ligand?chemical library to predict or design a novel and potential lead molecule (Figure 2). Recently, many big pharmaceutical companies and R and D organizations have renewed their interest in discovering potential lead compounds from the natural products due to the structural diversity and medicinal properties [3,69,70].

 

CONCLUSION
Biological systems are analogous to the computer system in disease/target identification and drug design. To troubleshoot hardware issues in the computer, we must have the complete circuit diagram and the component to fix the problem [71]. In contrast, through increasing the volume of multi-omics datasets and systematic integration of large datasets, it is possible to design an effective drug molecule [72]. Recent research advances in cloud computing, big data analysis, multi-omics data integration, and virtual screening and testing technology have reduced the cost and time in predicting potential lead molecules.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding publication of the paper.

Table 1: A comparison between various comprehensive data integration approaches.

Approaches

Advantages

Disadvantages

Semantic web

  • Occupies less storage space
  • Provides more information
  • Provides updated information
  • High quality of data
  • Multiple access options
  • Non-uniform data from external sources
  • Sometimes links may be broken
  • The data access format may be changed
  • Sometimes data may be ambiguous
  • Interlinking is not possible
  • Sometimes data process may timeout
  • Interrelationship study is not possible

Data warehousing

  • Provides more information
  • High quality of data
  • Uniform access options
  • Interlinked to the target source
  • Can predict interrelationships
  • Can add more features
  • Occupies more storage space
  • Provides outdated information
  • Manual data synchronization

Data mining

  • Provides updated information
  • Uniform access options
  • Interlinked to the target source
  • Can predict interrelationships
  • Can add more features
  • Occupies more storage space
  • Provides less information
  • Less quality of data

 

 

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3. T. Ashok Kumar, B. Rajagopal, PDTDB – An Integrative Structural Database and Prediction Server for Plant Metabolites and Therapeutic Drug Targets, Int. J. Curr. Res. 9(2017) 46537– 46541.

4. All natural, Nat. Chem. Biol. 3 (2007) 351–351. 5. A.M. Lourenço, L.M. Ferreira, P.S. Branco, Molecules of natural origin, semi-synthesis and synthesis with anti-inflammatory and anticancer utilities, Curr. Pharm. Des. 18 (2012) 3979–4046. 6. F. Ooms, Molecular modeling and computer aided drug design. Examples of their applications in medicinal chemistry, Curr. Med. Chem. 7 (2000) 141–158. 7. I.M. Kapetanovic, Computer-aided Drug Discovery and Development (CADDD): in silico-chemico-biological approach, Chem. Biol. Interact. 171 (2008) 165–176. 8. G. Sliwoski, S. Kothiwale, J. Meiler, E.W. Lowe, Computational Methods in Drug Discovery, Pharmacol. Rev. 66 (2013) 334–395. 9. A. Ebrahim, E. Brunk, J. Tan, E.J. O’Brien, D. Kim, R. Szubin, J.A. Lerman, A. Lechner, A. Sastry, A. Bordbar, A.M. Feist, B.O. Palsson, Multi-omic data integration enables discovery of hidden biological regularities, Nat. Commun. 7 (2016) 13091. 10. M. Bersanelli, E. Mosca, D. Remondini, E. Giampieri, C. Sala, G. Castellani, L. Milanesi, Methods for the integration of multi-omics data: mathematical aspects, BMC Bioinformatics. 17 (2016) 167–202. 11. C. Bock, M. Farlik, N.C. Sheffield, Multi-Omics of Single Cells: Strategies and Applications, Trends in Biotechnol. 34 (2016) 605–608. 12. C. Vilanova, M. Porcar, Are multi-omics enough?, Nat. Microbiol. 1 (2016) 16101. 13. M. Swan, The Quantified Self: Fundamental Disruption in Big Data Science and Biological Discovery, Big Data. 1 (2013)

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

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Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
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A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
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A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
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A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
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A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
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A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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