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IJCRR - 9(15), August, 2017

Pages: 32-36

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Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on Fracture Resistance of Nickel Titanium Rotary Instruments a Systematic Review

Author: Kumar Ujjwal, Anamika C. Borkar, Piyush Oswal, Karan Bhargava

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Introduction: Endodontic instruments upon rotation are subjected to both tensile and compressive stresses in curved canals. This stress is localized at the point of curvature. It has been demonstrated that the continuous cycle of tensile and compressive forces in the area of curvature of the canal to which (Nickel Titanium) NiTi rotary instruments are subjected produce a very destructive form of loading, causing cyclic fatigue and eventually fracture of the instrument.2 The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review on the effect of cryogenic treatment on fracture resistance of nickel titanium rotary instruments.
Methods: Two Internet sources of evidence were used in the search of appropriate papers satisfying the study purpose: the National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE PubMed) and Google Scholar, Google and manual search using DPU college library resources. All cross reference lists of the selected studies were screened for additional papers that could meet the eligibilitycriteria of the study.
Results: Preliminary screening consisted total of 54 articles out of which 24 articles were selected. The papers were screened independently by two reviewers. At first the papers were screened by title and abstract. As a second step, full text papers were obtained when they fulfilled the criteria of the study aim. Any disagreement between the two reviewers was resolved after additional discussion. Finally 3 articles were included in this study.
Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study we can conclude that the cryogenic treatment increases the fracture resistance of nickel titanium rotary instruments.

Keywords: Treatment, Fracture Resistance, Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments

DOI: 10.7324/IJCRR.2017.9156

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Nickel-titanium alloy exhibits the unique properties of shape memory (SM) and pseudoelasticity.1 It is well known that instrument separation occurs either by brittle fracture (cyclic fatigue) or by ductile fracture (torsional fatigue). Endodontic instruments upon rotation are subjected to both tensile and compressive stresses in curved canals2. This stress is localized at the point of curvature. It has been demonstrated that the continuous cycle of tensile and compressive forces in the area of curvature of the canal to which NiTi rotary instruments are subjected produce a very destructive form of loading, causing cyclic fatigue and eventually fracture of the instrument2. Despite the extreme flexibility,4 these thermomechanically processed NiTi instruments undergo permanent plastic deformation, especially while reusing the smaller size instruments5,6 due to inadequate martensite content. Cryogenic treatment is a supplementary procedure of subjecting stainless steel7,8 and superelastic NiTi3 to subzero temperatures that affects the entire bulk of the material rather than the accessible surface alone. One of the mechanisms proposed behind the improvement in properties following cryogenic treatment is the complete martensitic transformation from the austenite phase.9 It has been proved that deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) at a soaking temperature of up to −185°C increases the martensite content of SM NiTi alloys by a similar mechanism.10 Previous studies have been done evaluating the effect of cryogenic treatment on the fracture resistance of nickel titanium rotary instruments. However, no systematic review comparing the effect of cryogenic treatment on fracture resistance of nickel titanium rotary instruments have been conducted. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review on the effect of cryogenic treatment on fracture resistance of nickel titanium rotary instruments.

METHODS        

 Inclusion criteria:

      1. Articles in English or those having detailed summary in English.
      2. In vitro Studies published between 1st January 1985 and 31st June 2016.
      3. New packet of Nickel-Titanium rotary files.
      4. Cryogenic treatment modality.

 Exclusion criteria:

  1. Used nickel-titanium rotary file.
  2. In vivo studies, reviews, case reports were excluded.

PICO:

P – Product: Nickel-titanium rotary files.

I - Exposure: treatment modalities.

C -Comparison: between cryogenically treated and non treated nickel titanium rotary instruments.

O - Outcome: increase in the fracture resistance of treated nickel-titanium rotary files.

Two Internet sources of evidence were used in the search of appropriate papers satisfying the study purpose: the National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE PubMed) and Google Scholar, Google and manual search using DPU college library resources. All cross reference lists of the selected studies were screened for additional papers that could meet the eligibility criteria of the study. The databases were searched up to and including 31st June 2016 using the search strategy.

RESULTS

Preliminary screening consisted total of 54 articles out of which 24 articles were selected. The papers were screened independently by two reviewers. At first the papers were screened by title and abstract. As a second step, full text papers were obtained when they fulfilled the criteria of the study aim. Any disagreement between the two reviewers was resolved after additional discussion.  Finally 3 articles were included in this study.    (Fig no.1)

DISCUSSION

Biomechanical preparation has been considered the most important step in root canal therapy.15 Advent of rotary NiTi instruments has aided endodontists in cleaning and shaping of root canals. Civjan et al in 1975  suggested the use of NiTi alloy for fabrication of hand and rotary endodontic instruments.15 The extraordinary characteristics of super elasticity and shape memory of the NiTi alloy have made it possible to manufacture rotary instruments.1

 Endodontic instruments upon rotation are subjected to both tensile and compressive stresses in curved canals.2 This stress is localized at the point of curvature. It has been demonstrated that the continuous cycle of tensile and compressive forces in the area of curvature of the canal to which NiTi rotary instruments are subjected produce a very destructive form of loading, causing cyclic fatigue and eventually fracture of the instrument.2  It has been suggested that cyclic fatigue has accounted for 50–90% of mechanical failures.2

Cryogenic methods have been used to increase the wear, abrasion, corrosion resistance, and to improve the strength of metals. Cryogenically treated NiTi instruments have shown increased microhardness. Deep cryogenic treatment involves suspending the metal over a super-cooled bath containing liquid nitrogen at −196°C or −320°F and then allowing the metal to slowly warm to room temperature.16

Methods like boron ion implantation,17thermal nitridation,18 physical vapor deposition of titanium nitride19 and electropolishing20 have been used for increasing the cutting efficiency of rotary NiTi instruments. Anderson et al in 2007 showed that electropolished instruments performed significantly better than non-electropolished instruments in both the cyclic fatigue testing and static torsional loading, which is likely to be caused by a reduction in surface irregularities that serve as points of stress concentration and crack initiation in nickel titanium.21

Methods like boron ion implantation17 thermal nitridation18 physical vapor deposition of titanium nitride19 and electropolishing20 have been used for increasing the cutting efficiency of rotary NiTi instruments. Anderson et al in 2007 showed that electropolished instruments performed significantly better than non-electropolished instruments in both the cyclic fatigue testing and static torsional loading, which is likely to be caused by a reduction in surface irregularities that serve as points of stress concentration and crack initiation in nickel titanium.21

Kim et al 200522 studied the effect of cryogenic treatment on nickel-titanium endodontic instruments.30 size 25 nickel-titanium K-files (NTO2525; Dentsply-Tulsa Dental) were embedded in epoxy resin (811-563-103 and 811-563-104; Leco, St Joseph, MI, USA) mixed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 15 control instruments and 15 cryogenically treated instruments were used. Each instrument was cut at the handle and then placed within a mounting ring (20-8161-010; Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA). The mounting rings were brushed with releasing agent (20-8185-032; Buehler) and placed upon a flat surface. The resin and hardener were then mixed until clear in appearance and was then poured into each mounting ring. The epoxy resin was left to cure for 8 h. The resin blocks were then removed from the mounting rings and ground to reveal a cross-section of the instruments and polished flat using a grinder/polisher (Phoenix Beta; Buehler). Silicon carbide polishing papers (240, 320, 400, 600 and 1200) were used in succession followed by Al2O3 powder/H2O suspensions (1.0, 0.3 and 0.05μm particle sizes) for final polishing. A Vicker’s indenter was used to make two indentations adjacent to the edge of the instrument cross-section (FM-7; Future Tech, Tokyo, Japan). A 9.8 N indentation load was applied for a 15 s dwell time. Both indentation diagonals were measured, and the Vicker’s microhardness (VHN), was calculated from the size of the indentation. According to the equation

VHN = 0.1891F/ d 2

Where, F is the indentation load having unit (N) and d is the average diagonal length of indentation having unit (mm).

 It was concluded that there was an increase in the microhardness following cryogenic treatment. Non treated instruments had a mean VHN of 339.3 ± 23.0, and treated instruments had VHN of 346.7 ± 20.6 (Fig. 2). A Student’s t-test showed this to be a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001; β > 0.999).

Mahalaxmi Sekar et al 201116 studied the effect of deep dry cryotreatment on the cutting efficiency of three rotary nickel titanium instruments. 20 NiTi instruments of RaCe (FKG Dentaire, Switzerland), K3 (Sybron Endo, CA, USA) and Hero Shaper (Micro Mega, France) of size 25, 21mm length and of 0.06 taper, were used for this study. The files were randomly divided into two groups for evaluating the cyclic fatigue as follows:

Group A: untreated NiTi rotary files and Group B: cryotreated NiTi rotary files. These were further divided as the follows.

Group A1: 10 untreated RaCe rotary files : Group A2: 10 untreated K3 rotary files:Group A3: 10 untreated Hero Shaper rotary files.

Group B1: 10 cryotreated RaCe rotary files: Group B2: 10 cryotreated K3 rotary files: Group B3: 10 cryotreated Hero Shaper rotary files.

Mean number of cycles required to fracture in Group B1 (405 ± 3) was significantly higher than that of Group A1 (352 ± 2) (P < 0.0001). Mean number of cycles to fracture in Group B2 (708 ± 4) was significantly higher than that in Group A2 (452 ± 3) (P < 0.0001). Mean number of cycles to fracture in Group B3 (359 ± 10) was significantly higher than that in Group A3 (268 ± 7) (P < 0.0001). Groups B1, B2, and B3 showed significantly higher number of cycles to fracture than Groups A1, A2 and A3 (P < 0.0001).

The results of this study showed an increase in the fracture resistance of NiTi files which were treated as compared to untreated files. This could be attributed to the fact that the complete transformation of the austenitic phase of the alloy to martensitic phase, which could have occurred at −195°C, would have decreased the internal stress within the alloy due to plastic deformation. Amini et al [15] have explained in their study that the presence of residual austenite phase in an alloy decreases hardness and also reduces the wear resistance of the tool. Thus, increasing resistance to wear, reduction of internal stresses can be regarded as the most important benefits of using cryogenic treatment.  It was observed that by decreasing the temperature of cryogenic environment, better properties were obtained. The deep dry cryogenic treatment (DCT) has been seen to affect the entire cross section of the instrument rather than just the surface, with no change in the elemental crystalline composition of the alloy.

T.S.Vinothkumar et al 201614 studied mechanical behavior of deep cryogenically treated martensitic shape memory nickel–titanium rotary endodontic instruments. The martensitic SM NiTi instruments made from controlled memory wire (HyFlex® CM; ColteneWhaledent Inc., Cuyahoga Falls, OH, USA) of size 25, 0.06 taper were selected for this study. A total of 75 instruments were randomly divided into three groups of 25 each as follows: DCT 24: Soaking temperature −185°C, soaking time 24 h, DCT 6: Soaking temperature −185°C, soaking time of 6 h, number of cycles to failure (NCF) for each instrument. The NCF is directly proportional to the cyclic fatigue resistance of the instrument. They concluded that the maximum NCF of each HyFlex® CM rotary endodontic instrument following rotation in artificial root canals with 30° angle of curvature was observed in DCT 24 group followed by DCT 6 and control.

Despite the extreme flexibility of HyFlex® CM SM NiTi instrument, supplementary cryogenic treatment would further increase the volume of martensite resulting in superadded benefits, especially for smaller size instruments. Cryogenic treatment can be classified based on the soaking temperature as deep (−185°C) and shallow (−80°C).[9,19,20] Deep soaking temperatures are effective in increasing the martensite content of SM NiTi alloys than the conventional shallow cold treatments. Consequently, DCT significantly reduces the hardness and increases the wear resistance of the SM NiTi alloy. Therefore, the objective of this study was only to evaluate the role of DCT soaking time with respect to the constant cooling and warming rate. The advantage of the dry DCT facility used in this study is to gradually increase or decrease the temperature in order to avoid thermal shock to the instrument that would make it brittle.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review summarizes that the cryogenic treatment of NITI Rotary endodontic instruments increases the fracture resistance of the instruments. It could be attributed to the complete transformation of the austenitic phase to martensitic phase.

LIMITATIONS

Search strategy may not be complete due to limited accessibility.

IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

Cryogenic treatment appears to be a promising supplementary method in the manufacturing of nickel titanium endodontic instruments. Cryogenic treatment significantly increases the fracture resistance of nickel titanium alloy. Further investigations are required to evaluate the impact of cryogenic treatment on fracture resistance of nickel titanium rotary instruments.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The completion of this systematic review would not have been possible without the people who fill my life with positivity.

It has been a privilege to work under my advisor, my mentor and guide Dr. Anamika C. Borkar. I thank her for her timely advice and constant encouragement.  

I would like to acknowledge all the authors and researchers for their contribution to the subject.

Abbreviations:

  1. NITI – Nickel Titanium
  2. SM -  Shape Memory
  3. DCT – Deep Cryogenic Treatment
  4. VHN – Vicker’s Hardness Number
  5. NCF – Number of Cycles to Failures

References:

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  2. Pruet JP, Clmenat DJ, Carnes DL. Cyclic fatigue testing of NiTi endodontic instruments. J Endod 1997;23:77-85.
  3. Vinothkumar TS, Miglani R, Lakshminarayananan L. Influence of deep dry cryogenic treatment on cutting efficiency and wear resistance of nickel-titanium rotary endodontic instruments. J Endod 2007;33:1355-8.
  4. Testarelli L, Plotino G, Al-Sudani D, Vincenzi V, Giansiracusa A, Grande NM, et al. Bending properties of a new nickel-titanium alloy with a lower percent by weight of nickel. J Endod 2011;37:1293-5.
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  8. Bensely A, Senthilkumar D, Lal DM, Nagarajan G, Rajadurai A. Effect of cryogenic treatment on tensile behavior of case carburized steel-815M17. Mater Charact 2007;58:485-91.
  9. Barron RF. Cryogenic treatment of metals to improve wear resistance. Cryogenics 1982;22:409-13.
  10. Vinothkumar TS, Kandaswamy D, Prabhakaran G, Rajadurai A. Microstructure of cryogenically treated martensitic shape memory nickel-titanium alloy. J Conserv Dent 2015;18:292-6.
  11. Fayyad DM, ElhakimElgendy AA. Cutting efficiency of twisted versus machined nickel-titanium endodontic files. J Endod 2011;37:1143-6.
  12. Parashos P, Messer HH. Rotary NiTi instrument fracture and its consequences. J Endod 2006;32:1031-43.
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  14. Vinothkumar TS, Kandaswamy D, Prabhakaran G, Rajadurai A. Mechanical behavior of deep cryogenically treated martensitic shape memory nickel–titanium rotary endodontic instruments. Eur J Dent 2016;10:183-7.
  15. Civjan S, Huget EF, DeSimon LB. Potential applications of certain nickel titanium alloys. J Dent Res 1975;54:89-96.
  16. George GK, Sanjeev K, Sekar M. An in vitro evaluation of the effect of deep dry cryotreatment on the cutting efficiency of three rotary nickel titanium instruments. J Conserv Dent. 2011 Apr;14(2):169-72.
  17. Lee DH, Park B, Saxeba A, Serene TP. Enhanced surface hardness by boron implantation in Nitinol alloy. J Endod 1996;22:543-6.
  18. Rapisarda E, Bonaccorso A, Tripi TR, Fragalk I, Condorelli GG. The effect of surface treatments of nickel-titanium files on wear and cutting efficiency. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral RadiolEndod 2000;89:363-8.
  19. Schäfer E. Effect of physical vapour deposition on cutting efficiency of nickel titanium files. J Endod 2002;28:800-2.
  20. Baumann MA. Reamer with alternating cutting edges–concept and clinical application. Endod Top 2005;10:176-8.
  21. Anderson EM, Price JW, Parashos P. Fracture resistance of electropolished rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments. J Endod 2007;33:1212-6.
  22. Kim J. W., Griggs J. A., Regan J. D., Ellis R. A.  andCai Z. Effect of cryogenic treatment on nickel-titanium endodontic instrument. IntEndod J. 2005 June ; 38(6): 364–371.

 

 

 

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A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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