International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
logo
slider
slider
slider
slider
Bootstrap Slider

Indexed and Abstracted in: Crossref, CAS Abstracts, Publons, Google Scholar, Open J-Gate, ROAD, Indian Citation Index (ICI), ResearchGATE, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, WorldCat (World's largest network of library content and services)

Search Articles

Track manuscript

Full Html

IJCRR - 3(8), August, 2011

Pages: 129-143

Print Article   Download XML  Download PDF

GINGIVAL MMP and TIMP LEVELS IN CYCLOSPORINE AND TACROLIMUS TREATED RATS - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Author: Sheeja S. Varghese, Rajesh A, Jayakumar ND, Sankari M, Padmalatha O, Dare BJ

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Objectives:Gingival overgrowth is an infrequent side effect with tacrolimus when compared to
cyclosporine. The exact mechanism underlying this is not fully understood. The study was aimed to
compare the collagen content, levels of MMP-1, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 in cyclosporine and tacrolimus
induced gingival overgrowth in rats.
Methods:A total of eighteen, 21 days old male wistar rats were assigned to three group of six each.
Group-1 (control) \? Administration of olive oil daily, Group-2 \? Administration of cyclosporine 30 mg /
kg body weight in olive oil, Group-3 \? administration of tacrolimus 1.5 mg / kg body weight in olive oil.
Gingival tissues were collected after 30 days from incisor region and total collagen content was calculated
from hydroxyproline estimation. SDS-PAGE zymography was used to obtain zymogram profiles of
MMP-1 and MMP-2. Western blot analysis was performed to confirm the expression MMPs and TIMP-1.
ELISA was used to quantify the expression of MMPs and TIMP-1. Mean values were compared by oneway
ANOVA followed by Tukey-HSD procedure.
Results:Collagen content was significantly higher in Group-2 with no significant difference between
Groups-1 and 3. MMP-1, MMP-2 were significantly reduced in Group-2 but was significantly higher in
Group-3 compared to Group-1. TIMP-1 was highest in Group-2 but Group-3 also showed higher level
compared to Group-1.
Conclusion:Cyclosporine increases the collagen content and reduces MMP-1 and MMP-2 whereas
tacrolimus doesn't alter collagen content but increases MMP-1 and MMP-2 and cyclosporine increases
TIMP-1 more than in rats.

Keywords: Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Gingival overgrowth, MMP, TIMP, Collagen.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Drug- induced gingival overgrowth is an adverse effect associated principally with 3 types of drugs such as immunosuppressive agents, antiepileptics, and calcium channel blockers. Cyclosporine is a cyclic hydrophobic polypeptide widely used as an immunosuppressive drug that is especially effective in cell – mediated immune response. The side effects associated with cyclosporine A (CsA) therapy includes nephropathy, hypertension, hepatotoxicity, thromboembolic GINGIVAL MMP and TIMP LEVELS IN CYCLOSPORINE AND TACROLIMUS TREATED RATS - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Sheeja S. Varghese1 , Rajesh A1 , Jayakumar ND1 , Sankari M1 , Padmalatha O 1 , Dare BJ2 1Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai 2Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre (BRULAC) Saveetha University, Chennai E-mail of corresponding author: drsheeja@rediffmail.com International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 08 August 2011 130 complications, neurotoxicity, hypertrichosis, and gingival overgrowth (1-5). Gingival overgrowth is observed in 25% to 81% of patients undertaking CsA (6). Tacrolimus (formerly known as FK-506) was introduced as an immunosuppressive agent for use in organ transplantation in 1987. It has immunosuppressive capacity 100 times that of other immunosuppressive agents (7). Studies have reported that tacrolimus causes infrequently or lesser degree of gingival overgrowth when compared to cyclosporine (8- 12). CsA induced gingival overgrowth is caused by accumulation of extracellular matrix components, particularly collagen in the gingival connective tissue compartment. Experimental investigations indicate interstitial collagen as the main target of CsA, and altered collagen degradation pathway seems to be responsible for this pathology (13-15). Collagen turnover is, in fact, very tightly regulated. Under physiological conditions there is dynamic balance between collagen synthesis and degradation, fine tuned by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) a family of proteolytic enzymes responsible for the remodeling of extracellular matrix (16-17). MMP activity is closely controlled by tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP). Any derangement of this mechanism will lead to gingival overgrowth. It has been reported that MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP -3 were significantly reduced in CsA induced gingival overgrowth in rats (13). The levels of TIMP-1 were significantly lower in cyclosporine induced gingival overgrowth than in periodontaly healthy gingiva and there was no significant difference in the level of MMP-1 between the healthy gingiva and CsA induced gingival overgrowth (18). On the contrary another study reported that MMP-1 and MMP-2 were significantly reduced and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were increased but not at significant level in cultured fibroblast, when incubated with CsA (19). Gagliano et al. (20) analyzed the effect of tacrolimus (FK-506) on cultured human gingival fibroblasts and found that MMP-1 and MMP-2 mRNA levels rose significantly in tacrolimus treated fibroblasts compared to control and TIMP-1 levels were not significantly affected. The same author later reported that tacrolimus did not induce interstitial collagen over expression by cultured gingival fibroblast and induced upregulation of MMP protein levels (21). Only very few studies have compared the in vivo levels of MMPs between cyclosporine and tacrolimus induced gingival overgrowth. This experimental study was aimed to estimate and compare the levels of MMP-1, MMP-2 TIMP-1 and total collagen content between cyclosporine and tacrolimus induced gingival overgrowth in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in the department of periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre (BRULAC), Saveetha University, and Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai. Ethical clearance was obtained from IAEC (Institutional Animal Ethical Committee) New Delhi, India. (IAEC no: Perio.001/07)

Experimental animals and their diet The experiment was performed using eighteen, 21 days old male wistar rats weighing 55 – 60 gm. The rats were housed in plastic bottomed cages using husk as bedding. The animals were subjected to normal atmospheric conditions at 21° c and subjected to the same regimen of lighting feeding and handling. Rodent diet in the form of pellets and drinking water was provided.

Experimental protocol Experiment was carried out with the assistance of person trained to handle experimental animals. The rats were randomly assigned to experimental groups of 6 rats each prior to the commencement of the experiment. Group 1- Administration of olive oil daily (CONTROLS) Group 2- Administration of CYCLOSPORINE 30 mg/kg of body weight in olive oil daily Group 3- Administration of TACROLIMUS 1.5 mg/ kg of body weight in olive oil.

Drug dosage and administration At the beginning and during the course of the study the rats were weighed and drug dosages were adjusted accordingly. The drug solutions were freshly prepared each day and administered by means of infant feeding tube (gastric feeding). The amount of drug was calculated according to the measured body weight of the rat. The drugs were administered for 30 days.

Collection of Gingival tissues Gingival tissues were collected after 30 days from upper and lower central incisor regions after sedation with ketamine. Immediately following excision the tissue specimens were stored at - 70° C until use. From the sample tissues collagen content was estimated from hydroxyproline content. MMPs and TIMP were extracted and SDS-PAGE zymography was used to obtain zymogram profiles of MMP-1 and MMP-2. Western blot analysis was performed to specifically confirm the expression of MMPs and TIMP-1. Further ELISA was used to quantify the levels of MMPs and TIMP-1.

Collagen Estimation: Total collagen content was calculated from hydroproxyproline content (Neuman RE and Logan MA) (22) as given below; Total Collagen = Total Hydroxyproline x 7.46

Hydroxyproline Estimation

Sample Preparation

Samples were taken in a test tube, Acetone was added and kept in refrigerator for 1 hr, and then acetone was allowed to evaporate and the dried tissue was weighed accurately. 2mg of dried tissue was then transferred to hydrolysis tubes containing 6N HCI, sealed and kept for hydrolysis at 110°C, for 24 hrs. The contents were then transferred to a petridish and kept in water bath for acid evaporation. This was repeated twice after addition of water and evaporated to dryness. To this water was added to about 4 ml and rinsed thoroughly and transferred to 5ml standard flask and made up to 5 ml. The reagents used were,

1. 0.01 M CuSO4 – 0.29 gms in 100 ml (Fresh)

2. 2.5 N NaOH – 20 gms in 200 ml

3. 6 % H2O2 – 15 ml in 75 ml (Fresh)

4. 3 N H2SO4 – 82 ml in 984 ml d. H2O 5. 5% PDAB –

5 g/100 ml of n-propanol (Fresh)

6. Stock Standard - 10mg – L hydroxyproline in 10 ml of 0.01 N HCI (mg/ml)

7. Standard – 1 ml of stock in 10 ml d. H20 (1 mg/10 ml) (use 2 µg – 50 µg

for standard curve)

Extraction of MMPs Frozen gingival tissues were allowed to thaw at room temperature. 30 mg (wet weight) of gingival tissues from each group were homogenized with Tris buffer (Saline – 0.9%, Tris – 0.05M, Triton X-100 – 0.25 % and CaCl2 - 0.02M) and centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4° C. The resultant supernatant was separated and used for analysis.

Gelatine zymography The presence of MMP-1 and MMP-2 and TIMP- 1 in the tissue extracts were studied by gelatine Zymography using 10% SDS – PAGE containing 1 mg / ml gelatine under nonreducing conditions without prior boiling. After electrophoresis, gels were washed in 2.5% Triton X-100 for 1 h to remove SDS and allow the protein to denture, and subsequently immersed in a mixture containing Tris-HCI 50 mM/L (pH 7.5) and CaCl2 20 mM/L for 16 h at 37° C. The gels were then stained with 0.25% Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250/40% ethanol/10%acetic acid, and destained in 25% ethanol/8% acetic acid. Enzymatic activities were detected as clear bands of gelatine lysis against blue background. To measure the relative levels of MMPs, clear zones were scanned and analyzed by Multi – Image Gel Documentation system.

SDS – PAGE and Immunoblotting MMPS in the tissue extracts were separated in parallel with appropriate molecular weight markers using SDS-PAGE in 10% (w/v) polyacrylamide gel with 5% (w/v) stacking gel, and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250. For immunoblotting the proteins were separated by SDS – PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. The membranes were incubated with anti MMP-1, MMP-2 and TIMP- 1 antibody (1:1000 dilution) raised in rabbit in 0.05M Tris-HCI, 0.2M NaCI, 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20, pH 7.4, followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG alkaline phosphate conjugate (1:500 dilution in the same buffer) and stained with nitro blue tetrazolium/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate reagent, according to the manufacturer‘s instruction.

ELISA

Procedure 50μ1 of each (MMP-1, MMP-2 and TIMP-1) antibody solution (20 μg/ml in phosphate buffer saline – PBS, pH 7.4) was loaded in the wells and incubated overnight at 4° C. After incubation the wells were washed twice with PBS. The wells were filled with blocking solution (3% BSA/ PBS) and incubated for 2 hours in humid atmosphere at room temperature. After incubation the wells were washed withPBS and 50μ1 of antigen solution was added to the wells. After 2 hours of incubation at humid atmosphere at room temperature, the wells were washed with PBS. 50μ1 of secondary antibody (1:1000) was added and incubated for 2 hours. After incubation the wells were washed with PBS and 200μ1of substrate solution was added and incubated overnight at 4° C. After incubation the plate was read at 492 nm.

 

Statistical Analysis Quantitative levels of collagen, MMP- 1 and 2 and TIMP-1 were statistically analyzed. Mean values were analyzed statistically by one way ANOVA to determine the existence of difference among the group and further pair wise comparisons of all the three groups were done by Tukey HSD procedure. P<0.05 was considered as the level of significance.

RESULTS

In this study we could observe gingival overgrowth in all the 6 rats in cyclosporine group and it was more prominent in the interdental papilla, which promoted a gradual tooth separation of incisors. Whereas tacrolimus group did not show any gingival overgrowth and gingival condition were similar to controls. No clinical or morphometric measurements were taken as it was not the aim of our study. Quantitative assessment showed that the collagen content was highest in cyclosporine group (638±6.60). In tacrolimus group it was 287±2.1 and control group it was 279.3±8.21 (Table 1). MMP-1 and MMP-2 levels were highest in tacrolimus group (297.54±7.48, 526.62±12.5 respectively) followed by control group (225.2±9.12, 405.24±9.99 respectively) and lowest in cyclosporine group (168.6±11.88, 360.53±8.55 respectively) (Table 1). TIMP-1 levels were highest in cyclosporine group (434.39±13.2) followed by tacrolimus group (293.43±10.3) and lowest in control group (225.49±7.43) (Table 1). Statistical analysis by one way ANOVA showed that mean values were significantly different among the three groups (P<0.001) (Table 1). Pair wise comparison between the study groups were done by Tukey HSD procedure. Mean collagen content in cyclosporine group was significantly higher than the tacrolimus group and in controls (P<0.001) (Table 2) and there was no statistically significant difference in collagen content between the tacrolimus and control group (P=0.115) (Table 2) The mean levels of MMP-1 and MMP-2 in cyclosporine group were significantly reduced when compared to tacrolimus (P<0.001, P<0.001) and control group (P=0.004, P<0.001) (Table 2). Further the mean value of MMP-1, MMP-2 in tacrolimus group was significantly increased when compared to cyclosporine (P<0.001, P<0.001) and control group (P=0.005, P<0.001) (Table 2).

The mean levels of TIMP-1 in cyclosporine group and tacrolimus group were significantly increased when compared to controls (P<0.001). And when cyclosporine and tacrolimus were compared cyclosporine group showed significantly higher level than tacrolimus group (P<0.001) (Table 2). Figure 1 shows the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-2 on gelatin zymogram where the band width is reduced in cyclosporine group compared to control group and tacrolimus group. Figure 2 and 3 illustrating the MMP-1 and expression by western blotting assay on nitrocellulose paper shows maximum band width for tacrolimus group and minimum for cyclosporine group. Figure 4 depicting the western blot analysis for TIMP-1 shows that band width is increased for both cyclosporine group and tacrolimus group with the highest in the cyclosporine group.

 

DISCUSSION

Various researchers(18-20) have studied the role of MMPs and TIMP in the pathogenesis of the drug induced gingival overgrowth and these studies have reported an imbalance in MMP-1, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 in cyclosporine induced gingival overgrowth. Effect of tacrolimus on MMPs was not completely understood. The present study was undertaken to quantitatively estimate and compare the levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, and TIMP-1 and total collagen content in cyclosporine and tacrolimus induced gingival overgrowth in rats. In this study we have used rat model since it is one of the most suitable animals for disease models with respect to availability, handling, and preparing an inbred population. It also bears a close resemblance to humans with respect to the periodontal anatomy of teeth, development and composition of dental plaque, and histopathology of periodontal lesions. Younger rats were chosen as they are more susceptible to gingival enlargement than older rats (23) and only male rats were included in order to avoid gender bias as female sex hormones may suppress gingival overgrowth (23). In the study by Fu et al. it was seen that cyclosporine induces gingival overgrowth in a dose dependent manner and among the different concentrations used (3, 10, 30 mg / kg body weight) the maximum enlargement was associated with 30 mg / kg body weight (24). Hence we have chosen the dosage of 30 mg / kg body weight. Tacrolimus was administered at 1.5 mg / kg of body weight as their therapeutic dosages falls in the range of 0.5 – 1.5 mg / kg of body weight (25). Our findings showed that mean collagen content in cyclosporine group was significantly higher than the collagen content in control group. These findings are in consistence with previous study by Spolidorio et al (26). By stereological estimation they found that cyclosporine treatment in rats resulted in increased volume density of fibroblast and collagen fibres. In vitro studies on human gingival fibroblast also indicated stimulatory effect of cyclosporine on collagen synthesis (27-28). When compared, the mean collagen content in tacrolimus group was not significantly different from the control group. This finding is also in agreement with other studies (20-21) where they found that COL-1 mRNA and protein were not significantly affected by FK-506 (tacrolimus). It has also been reported that FK-506 did not affect the basal expression of type 1 procollagen protein or alpha 2(1) collagen mRNA in normal fibroblast (29). In the present study MMP-1, 2 and TIMP-1 were analyzed as MMP-1 or interstitial collagenase has the unique capacity to cleave interstitial collagens into ¾ and ¼ degradation fragments, the so called gelatins (16). These cleavage products can be further degraded by other proteinases such as gelatinase or MMP-2, leading to complete digestion of fibrillary collagen. TIMP-1 controls gene expression and activation of MMP-1 and MMP-2 (30). We found that the levels of MMP-1 and MMP-2 in cyclosporine group were significantly reduced when compared to control group. These findings are in accordance with the previous studies (19, 13) where they found that MMP-1 and MMP-2, were significantly reduced in cultured gingival fibroblasts when incubated with CsA. Another study (31) also reported similar results where cyclosporine inhibited the expression of membrane type 1 MMP in gingiva of rats and reduced the activation of MMP-2. When the tacrolimus group was compared with the control we observed that MMP-1 and MMP-2 were significantly increased in the former. These in vivo findings agree with the in vitro study (20) where they found that MMP-1 and MMP-2 mRNA levels rose significantly in FK-506 treated fibroblasts compared to healthy controls. Same author later reported that tacrolimus induced upregulation of MMPs in cultured human fibroblast (21). Higher MMP-1 and MMP-2 levels in tacrolimus group when compared to cyclosporine group speculate that the mechanism activated by tacrolimus differs from CsA toxicity and also suggest that tacrolimus has an inducing effect on MMPs and thereby counteracting collagen accumulation in the connective tissue compartment. TIMPs form classical non-covalent bimolecular complexes with the active forms of matrix metalloproteinase and in some instances with latent matrix metalloproteinase precursors as well and specifically control matrix metalloproteinase activities. TIMPs regulate matrix degradation both by proteinase elimination and by blockage of autolytic matrix metalloproteinase activation, expressed by fibroblast, keratinocytes, monocytes and endothelial cells (32). TIMP-1 forms complexes with all active collagenase but not procollagenase (30). TIMP-1 levels in cyclosporine group were significantly increased when compared to control group in this study, which is in accordance with study by Cotrim et al. (19) who found that TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were increased in primary cultures of human gingival fibroblasts incubated with increasing concentrations of CsA. In contrary a few studies (18, 33) showed that the levels of TIMP-1 were reduced in primary cultures of human fibroblasts incubated with CsA compared to controls. Similarly in our study TIMP-1 level in tacrolimus group were significantly increased when compared to control group whereas previous study (20) reported that TIMP-1 mRNA levels were not significantly affected by FK-506 but observed slight increase when human gingival fibroblasts were incubated with FK-506 for 42 hrs. Even though cyclosporine group and tacrolimus group showed higher TIMP-1 level when compared to control group, the tacrolimus group had significantly lesser TIMP-1 level than the cyclosporine group. It has been reported that cyclosporine and tacrolimus had different effects on TIMP-1 gene expression in transplant glomeruli and that cyclosporine treated patients had significantly higher TIMP-1 level than tacrolimus treated patients (34). Reduced MMP levels observed in cyclosporine group could also be correlated with increased TIMP-1 level in our study. Another interesting finding we could infer was in spite of the increased TIMP-1 level, the tacrolimus group showed an increase in MMP levels. This suggests that tacrolimus may have an inducing effect on MMPs. Initiation of the transcription of the most matrix metalloproteinases requires the building of the transcription factor AP-1, to a specific promoter sequence of the gene. There is considerable evidence that protein kinase C plays a significant role in regulating gene expression of metalloproteinases by its control of AP-1. Activation of protein kinase C is a Ca++ dependant process which may be directly influenced by lowering of intracellular free calcium within the fibroblast. Cyclosporine is known to have an effect on the intracellular Ca++ levels by inhibiting it‘s entry into the cell (35). This mechanism by reducing MMP synthesis and release, both directly and indirectly, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of gingival overgrowth. Reduced MMP-1 and MMP-2 levels and increased TIMP-1 level seen in our study would offer an explanation for the increased collagen content in cyclosporine treated rats. Even though the pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus and cyclosporine are similar (35) tacrolimus was acting differently on collagen, MMPs and TIMPs. In spite of having increase in TIMP-1 level there was increased MMP levels too counteracting the collagen accumulation in the ingival connective tissue compartment in tacrolimus treated rats. The limitation of this study was the drug administration period was limited for 30 days. It has been reported that deleterious side effect of tacrolimus on the gingival tissues of rats may be time related as they could observe gingival overgrowth only after 180 days of drug administration (36). Hence the long term effect could not be determined with our experimental results. Nevertheless within the limits of this study it can be concluded that cyclosporine increases the collagen content and reduces MMP-1 and MMP- 2 whereas tacrolimus does not alter collagen content but increases MMP-1 and MMP-2 and cyclosporine increases TIMP-1 more than tacrolimus in rats. More studies are required to establish the long term effects of tacrolimus on gingiva and also further studies are needed to find out the mechanism by which cyclosporine and tacrolimus act differently on MMPs and TIMP.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors thank Dr Senthil kumar M Sc, PhD, Dr.P.K. Sehgal, M.Sc., PhD, Deputy Director and Head, Department of Bioproducts, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, for their valuable technical guidance.

 

 

 

References:

1. Calne RY, Rolles K, White DJ, et al. Cyclosporine A initially as the only immunosuppressant in 34 recipients of Cadaveric organs: 32 kidneys, 2 pancreases and 2 livers. Lancet 1979;2:1033-1036.

2. Hamilton DV, Carmichael DJ, Evans DB, Calne RY. Hypertension in renal transplant recipients on cyclosporine A and corticosteroids and azathioprine. Transplant Proc 1982;13:597-600.

3. Kintmalm GBC, Iwatsuki S, Starzl TE. Cyclosporine A hepatotoxicity in 66 renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 1981;32:488-489.

4. Atkinson K, Biggs J, Darveniza P, Boland J, Concannon A Dodds A. Cyclosporine associated central nervous system toxicity after allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1984;38:34-37.

5. Vanrenterghem Y, Roels L, Lerur T. Thromboembolic complications and hemostatic changes in cyclosporine treated cadaveric kidney allograft recipients. Lancet 1985;1:999-1002.

6. Seymour RA, Jacobs DJ. Cyclosporine and Gingival tissues. J Clin Periodontal 1992;19:1-11

7. Jacobson P, Uberti J, Davis W, and Ratanatharathorn V. Tacrolimus: a new agent for prevention of graft versus host disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1998;22:217-225.

8. Adams CK, Famili P. A study of the effects of the drug FK 506 on gingival tissues. Transplant Proc 1991;23:3193-3194

9. Hernandez G, Arriba L, Lucas M, de Andres A. Reduction of severe gingival overgrowth in a kidney transplant patient by replacing cyclosporine A with tacrolimus. J Periodontol 2000;71:1630-1636.

10. James JA, Jamal S, Hull PS, et al. Tacrolimus is not associated with gingival overgrowth in renal transplant patients. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:848-852.

11. Ellis JS, Seymour RA, Taylor JJ, Thomason JM. Prevalence of gingival growth in transplantation patients immunosuppressed with tacrolimus. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:126-131.

12. Ashwin Prabhu and D.S. Mehta. A morphologic comparison of gingival changes influenced by cyclosporine and tacrolimus in rats: An experimental study. J Periodontol 2006;77:265-270.

 

13. Bolzani G, Della Coletta R, Junior HM. De Almeida, OP and Graner E. Cyclosporine A inhibits production and activity of matrix metalloproteinases by gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res. 2000;35:51-58

14. Kataoka M, Shimiza Y, Kunikivo K, Asahara Y, Yamashita K, Ninomiya M. Morisaki I, Ohsaki Y, Kido JI, and Nag T. Cyclosporin A decrees degradation of type I collagen in rat gingival overgrowth. Journal of cell physiology 2000;182:351-358.

15. Hyland PL, Traynor PS, Myrillas TT, Marley JJ, Linden GJ, Winter P. Leadbetter N, Cawston TE, and Irvia. The effects of cyclosporine on the collagenolytic activity of gingival fibroblast. J Periodontol 2003;74:437-445.

16. Woessner FJ. Matrix mettalloproteinases and their inhibitors in connective tissue remodeling. FASEB Journal 1991;5:2415- 2154.

17. Birkedal – Hansen H, Role of matrix metalloprotenaises in human periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1993;64:474-484.

18. Tuter, Serdar M, Yalim M, Evaluation of matrix metalloproteinase -1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases – levels in gingival fibroblasts of cyclosporine A – treated patients. J Periodontol 2002;73:1273-1278.

19. Cotrim CR, De Andrate H, Martelli – Junior E. Graner JJ, Sauk, and RD Coletta. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in cyclosporine treated gingival fibroblast is regulated by transforming growth factor (TGF) – β 1 autocrine stimulation. J Periodontol 2002;73:1313-1322.

20. Gagliano N, Moscheni C, Dellavia C. Immunosuppression and gingival overgrowth: gene and protein expression profiles of collagen turnover in FK-506 – treated human gingival fibroblasts. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:167-173.

21. Gagliano N, Moscheni C, Tartaglia GM, Selleri S, Chiriva – internati M, Cobos E, Torri C, Costa F, Pettinari L, Gioi M. A therapeutic dose of FK-506 does not affect collagen turnover pathways in human gingival fibroblast. Transplant Proc 2008; Jun 40(5):1419-1424.

22. Neuman RE, Logan MA, The determination of collagen and elastin in tissues. J Biol Chem 1950;186:549-556

23. Nishikawa S, Nagata T, Oka T, Morisaki I, Ishida H. Pathogenesis of drug induced gingival overgrowth. A review of studies in the Rat model. J Periodontol 1996;67:463- 471.

]24. Fu E, Nieh S, Chang HL, and Wang SL. Dose-Dependant gingival overgrowth induced by cyclosporine in Rats. J Periodontol 1995;66:594-598.

25. Shishido S, Asanuma H, Tajima E, et al, Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in pediatric renal transplant patients. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:1066-8.

26. Spolidorio LC, Spolidorio DM, Holzhausen M, Nassar PO, Nassar CA. Effect of long term cyclosporine therapy on gingival of rats- analysis by stereological and biochemical estimation. Braz oral Res. 2005 Apr-Jun;19(2);112-118.

27. Schincaglia GP, Fornitif, Cavallini R, Piva R, Calura G, del senno L. Cyclosporine A increases type 1 pro collagen production and mRNA level in human gingival fibroblast in vitro. J Oral Pathol Med. 1992 Apr;21(4):181-185.

28. Gagliano N, Moscheni C, Dellavia C, Torri C, Stabellini G, Ferrario VF, Gioia M. Effect of cyclosporine A on human gingival fibroblast collagen turnover in relation to the development of gingival overgrowth: an in vitro study. Biomed Pharmacother. 2004 May;58(4):231-238.

29. Asan Y, Ihn H, Yamana K, Jinnin M, Mimura Y, Tamaki K. Differential effect of the immune suppressant FK 506 on human alpha 2(1) collagen gene expression and transforming growth factor signaling in normal and scleroderma fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Apr;52(4); 1237- 1247.

30. Brew K, Dinakarpandian D, Nagase H. Tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinases: evolution, structure, and function. Biochem Biophys Acta; 2000; 1477: 267-283.

31. Chiu HC, Lu YT, Tu HP, Chianq CY, Gau CH, Neih S, Fu E. Cyclosporine A inhibits the expression of membrane type I matrix metalloproteinases in gingiva. J Periodontal Res. 2009 Jun; 44(3):338-347.

32. Shibata Y, Takiguchi H, Abiko Y. Antisense oligonucleotide of TIMP-1 induces the plasminogen activator activity in periodontal cells. J Periodontol 1999;70:1158-1165.

33. Yamada H, Nishimura F, Naruishi K, et.al. Phenytoin and cyclosporine A suppress the expression of MMP-1, TIMP-1, and Cathepsin L, but not Cathepsin B in cultured gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontol 2000;71:955-960. 34. Brown RS, Beaver WT, Bottomley WK. On the mechanism of drug  induced gingival hyperplasia J Oral Pathol Med 1991;20:201-209. 

35. Spencer CM, Goa KL, and Gillis JC. Tacrolimus. An update of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in the management of organ transplantation. Drugs; 1997;54:925- 975.

36. Nassar CA, Nassar PO Andia DC, Guimaraes MR, Spolidorio LC. The effect of upto 240 days of tacrolimus therapy on gingival tissues of rats – a morphological evaluation. Oral Dis. 2008 Jan 14(1): 67 - 72.

 

 

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

COPE guidelines for Reviewers

SCOPUS indexing: 2014, 2019 to 2021


Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


Best Article Award

A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
A Study by Mokhtar M Sh et al. entitled "Prevalence of Hospital Mortality of Critically Ill Elderly Patients" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 12
A Study by Vidya S. Bhat et al. entitled "Effect of an Indigenous Cleanser on the Microbial Biofilm on Acrylic Denture Base - A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 11
A Study by Pandya S. et al. entitled "Acute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Tablet in Rodents" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 10
A Study by Muhammad Zaki et al. entitled "Effect of Hemoglobin Level on the Severity of Acute Bronchiolitis in Children: A Case-Control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 09
A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
A Study by Divya MP et al. entitled "Non-Echoplanar Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and 3D Fiesta Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences with High Resolution Computed Tomography Temporal Bone in Assessment and Predicting the Outcome of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Cholesteatoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 06
A Study by Zahoor Illahi Soomro et al. entitled "Functional Outcomes of Fracture Distal Radius after Fixation with Two Different Plates: A Retrospective Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 05
A Study by Ajai KG & Athira KN entitled "Patients’ Gratification Towards Service Delivery Among Government Hospitals with Particular Orientation Towards Primary Health Centres" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 04
A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
A Study by Chandran Anand et al. entitled "A Prospective Study on Assessment of Quality of Life of Patients Receiving Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 15
A Study by Rosa PS et al. entitled "Emotional State Due to the Covid – 19 Pandemic in People Residing in a Vulnerable Area in North Lima" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 14
A Study by Suvarna Sunder J et al. entitled "Endodontic Revascularization of Necrotic Permanent Anterior Tooth with Platelet Rich Fibrin, Platelet Rich Plasma, and Blood Clot - A Comparative Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 13
A Study by Mona Isam Eldin Osman et al. entitled "Psychological Impact and Risk Factors of Sexual Abuse on Sudanese Children in Khartoum State" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 12
A Study by Khaw Ming Sheng & Sathiapriya Ramiah entitled "Web Based Suicide Prevention Application for Patients Suffering from Depression" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 11
A Study by Purushottam S. G. et al. entitled "Development of Fenofibrate Solid Dispersions for the Plausible Aqueous Solubility Augmentation of this BCS Class-II Drug" is awarded Best article for Vol 13 issue 10
A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
A Study by Mardhiah Kamaruddin et al. entitled "The Pattern of Creatinine Clearance in Gestational and Chronic Hypertension Women from the Third Trimester to 12 Weeks Postpartum" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 08
A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
A Study by M. Muthu Uma Maheswari et al. entitled "A Study on C-reactive Protein and Liver Function Tests in Laboratory RT-PCR Positive Covid-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre – A Retrospective Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06 Special issue Modern approaches for diagnosis of COVID-19 and current status of awareness
A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 06
A Study by Chen YY and Ghazali SRB entitled "Lifetime Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder Symptoms and Early Adolescence Risk Factors for Poor Physical Health Outcome Among Malaysian Adolescents" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04 Special issue on Current Updates in Plant Biology to Medicine to Healthcare Awareness in Malaysia
A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


RSS feed

Indexed and Abstracted in


Antiplagiarism Policy: IJCRR strongly condemn and discourage practice of plagiarism. All received manuscripts have to pass through "Plagiarism Detection Software" test before Toto Macau forwarding for peer review. We consider "Plagiarism is a crime"

IJCRR Code of Conduct: To achieve a high standard of publication, we adopt Good Publishing Practices (updated in 2022) which are inspired by guidelines provided by Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) and International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)

Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



ABOUT US

International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

Contact

148, IMSR Building, Ayurvedic Layout,
        Near NIT Complex, Sakkardara,
        Nagpur-24, Maharashtra State, India

editor@ijcrr.com

editor.ijcrr@gmail.com


Copyright © 2024 IJCRR. Specialized online journals by ubijournal .Website by Ubitech solutions