International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 3(11), November, 2011

Pages: 206-213

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CONCURRENT VALIDITY OF PEDIATRIC BALANCE SCALE WITH COMPUTERIZED POSTUROGRAPHY

Author: Snehal Lende, Vijaymuniraj, John Solomon. M

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Purpose: To establish the concurrent validity of Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) with the measures of Computerized Posturography Methods: Typically developing children between the age group of 3 to 8 years and children with balance impairment were tested Results: The total numbers of subjects included in study were 47, mean score on PBS was 50.21+ 4.07. Out of
seven items performed on Computerized Posturography six items correlated significantly and
only reaching forward with outstretched hand did not correlate significantly. Also Velocity
Moment of Computerized Posturography correlated significantly with Centre of Sway in
Anterior-Posterior and in Medial-Lateral direction. Maximum correlation was present for
standing with feet together (0.902) in A-P direction and for standing unsupported (0.936) in ML
direction. Conclusion:
Concurrent validity sub items of Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) with
measures of Computerized Posturography is fair to good

Keywords: pediatric balance scale (PBS), berg balance scale (BBS), computerized posturography, balance, children

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION

Balance is an essential part of movement and skill. It is the ability to maintain the centre of body mass over the base of support with minimal sway or maximum steadiness.1 Static balance is defined as the ability to maintain the centre of gravity within the base of support in a quiet upright position during sitting or standing. Dynamic balance involves maintaining an upright position while the centre of gravity and base of support is moving or the centre of gravity is moving outside the base of support. Both static and dynamic balance is thought to be important and necessary for maintaining posture and for doing activities.2 Maintenance of balance requires active efferent information from the proprioceptive, visual and vestibular systems, as well as from the cognitive system, which is integrated and evaluated to generate motor responses that keep the body inside its limits of stability.3 This integration of system occurs by responding quickly and accurately to all internal and external environmental changes. During functional activities, these changes may occur independently or in any combination.4 Development of balance occurs in sequential order. Studies have shown that the greatest development of balance occurs between the age group of 4 to 6 years. And CONCURRENT VALIDITY OF PEDIATRIC BALANCE SCALE WITH COMPUTERIZED POSTUROGRAPHY Snehal Lende1 , Vijaymuniraj2 , John Solomon. M2 1 Sigma Institute of Physiotherapy, Vadodara, Gujarat 2Department of Physiotherapy, MCOHAS, Manipal University, Manipal E-mail of Corresponding Author: snehalrathi2003@gmail.com 207 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011 becoming similar to that exhibited by adult when the child is 7 to 10 years of age.5 Balance skills are an integral part of gross motor abilities and poor balance causes difficulties with functional tasks involved in activities of daily living. Balance deficits in a functional context become an important issue in rehabilitation, and are often the focus of intervention. Therefore, an outcome measure addressing the construct of functional balance is required. A reliable, valid and simple tool to measure balance in children should be valuable to clinicians that are involved in the rehabilitation of the children with balance impairment.2 Traditional balance assessments include timed measures of static sitting and standing balance including single limb stance. Standardized examination tools currently utilized by pediatric physical therapists for children with mild to moderate motor impairment include the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Peabody Developmental Motor Scale and Gross Motor Function Measure. These scales provide clinicians with valuable information, but may not fully meet their needs to assess a child's functional balance abilities.5 Computerized posturography provides the gold standard of measurement of balance, and in literature it is the most widely used reported method to quantify balance measurement.6 It offers a technology for objective assessment and comprehensive documentation of postural control.7 The general census is that computerized measures have a greater precision and potential to detect sub clinical balance impairments.6 But clinical functional tests have a more direct functional relevance and are usually less costly and easier to administer.7 One of the clinical functional tests used in Pediatric clinic is Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) which is a modified version of Berg Balance Scale. It is a 14 item scale and is used to assess the functional balance of children with mild to moderate motor impairments. It identifies need for physical therapy intervention and to monitor progress within a therapeutic program.8 By nine years of age a child is able to score fully on PBS.9 And it has a good test-retest reliability (0.99), also clinical observation supports the content validity of PBS.8 PBS is being correlated with BOTMP (0.73).10 But PBS is not yet correlated with the standardized Computerized Posturography. Thus attainment of balance in children occurs sequentially. And various clinical tests have being incorporated to assess the balance. The standardized balance assessment is done by Computerized posturography which gives quantitative balance measures. Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) involves fourteen items tested for balance in children and requires less time to complete test. And by nine years of age child is able to score fully on PBS. PBS has been validated with BOTMP. But PBS concurrent validation is not yet established with Computerized posturography measures. Thus the main objective of the study was to establish the concurrent validity of sub items of PBS with the measures of gold standard assessment of balance that is Computerized posturography.

METHODOLOGY

Typically developing children in the age group of 3 to 8 years and children with balance impairment admitted at Kasturba Hospital, Manipal (India) were taken. The balance testing of children was done in Balance and Vestibular Rehabilitation unit, Physiotherapy department, Manipal, India.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References:

1. Marylou R Barnes, Carolyn A Crutchfield, Carolyn B Heriza, Susan J Herdman. Reflex and Vestibular Aspects of Motor Control, Motor Development and Motor learning. Stokeville 1960:303-321

2. Sarah W Atwater, Terry K Crowe, Jean C Deitz, Pamela K Richardson. Interrater and test retest reliability of two Pediatric Balance Test. Phys Ther, 1990;70(2):78-87 211 International Journal of Current Research and Review www.ijcrr.com Vol. 03 issue 11 November 2011

3. R Steindl, K Kunz, A Schrott-Fischer, A W Scholtz. Effects of age and sex on maturation of sensory system and balance control. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2006;48:477-482

4. Susan B O‘Sullivan, Thomas J Schmitz. Physical Rehabilitation, assessment and treatment. Fourth edition 2001

5. Anne Shumway Cook, Marjorie Woollacott. Motor Control Translating research into clinical practice. Third edition 2006. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

6. Paul K Yim-Chiplis, Laura A Talbot. Definition and measuring balance in elderly. Biological research for nursing, 2000;1(4):321-33

7. Dirk Cambier, Ann Cools, Lieven Dannels, Erik Witvrouw. Reference data for 4 and 5 years old children on the Balance Master: values and clinical feasibility. Eur J Paediatr, 2001;160:317-322

8. Mary Rose Franjoine. Pediatric Balance Scale: A modified version of BBS for the school age children with mild to moderate motor impairment. Paeds Phys Th, 2003;15:114-128

9. Dr. Anuja Abraham and Savita Ravindra. Assessment of age or attainment of balance in children using Pediatric Balance Scale. Childhood Disability Update, 2005:Sppl 1

10. Suomi, Rory E. Validity of Berg Balance Scale in children with mild to moderate disabilities. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2005;37(5):Supplement; Page S311

11. Doreen Bartlett, Trevor Biringham. Validity and reliability of Pediatric Reach Test. Paeds Phys Ther, 2003;15:84-92

12. Sarah L Westcott, Linda Pax Lowes, Pamela K Richardson. Evaluation of postural stability in children: current theories and assessment tools. Phys ther, 1997;77(6):629-643

13. Gayatri Kembhavi, Johanna Darrah, Joyce Magill-Evans and Joan Loomis. Using the Bergs Balance Scale to distinguish the balance abilities in children with cerebral palsy. Paeds Phys Ther, 2002;14:92-99

14. Posturography [Online]. Modified [2009, 13 April]. Available from: URL:http://wikipedia.org/wiki/posturo graphy

15. Du Pasquier, Y Blanc. The effect of ageing on postural stability: a cross sectional and longitudinal study. Clin Neurophysiol, 2003;33(5):213-218

16. V L Cumberworth, N N Patel, W Rogers, G S Kenyon. The maturation of balance in children. The J of Laryn and Otol, 2006:1-6

17. Hua-Fang Liao, Pai-Jun Mao, Ai-Wen Hwang. Test- retest reliability of balance tests in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2001; 43:180-186

18. Katherine Berg, Brian Maki, Jack Williams, Pamela Holliday, Sharon. Clinical and laboratory measures of Postural Balance in an elderly population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1992;73:1073-80

19. Susan Niam, Wayne Cheung. Balance and physical impairment after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1999;80:1227-33

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A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
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A Study by Vinita S & Ayushi S entitled "Role of Colour Doppler and Transvaginal Sonography for diagnosis of endometrial pathology in women presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 08
A Study by Prabhu A et al. entitled "Awareness of Common Eye Conditions among the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Workers in the Rural Communities of Udupi District- A Pilot Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 07
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A Study by Mbungu Mulaila AP et al. entitled "Ovarian Pregnancy in Kindu City, D.R. Congo - A Case Report" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 03
A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
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A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
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A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
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A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
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A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

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A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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