International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 4(5), March, 2012

Pages: 93-100

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A STUDY ON MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUID (MRF) DAMPER

Author: D.V.A. Rama Sastry, K.V.Ramana, N.Mohan Rao

Category: Technology

Abstract:Vibration signals indicate machine?s health. In most of the cases, it stipulates the requirement
of bringing down vibration intensity to operational limit. Researchers are focusing over different types of vibration isolators and their optimization in terms of space occupancy,weight, cost and reliability. In this paper, an attempt has been made to introduce the basic concepts of Magnetorheological Fluids (MRF) which can be used as a semiactive vibration isolator, for the beginners and researchers. The scope of MR fluids in future, problems are also presented.

Keywords: Semi active vibration isolator, Magnetorheological fluid, Magnetorheological fluid damper

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Vibrations in a machine are unavoidable due to characterization of kinetic energy. Efforts are to be made at the design stage to reduce the intensity of vibration to extend the life of the machine. Vibration isolation is the procedure by which the undesirable effects of vibration are reduced. The need for vibration isolation is becoming increasingly important for precision structures and sensitive high technology equipment.

Also it is becoming vital to design more reliable devices with a higher bandwidth, smaller size, and lower power requirement. Semi-active control has recently been an area of much interest because of its potential to provide the adaptability of active devices without requiring a significant external power supply for actuators. Semi-active control has been developed as a compromise between passive and active control. Instead of opposing a primary disturbance as is the case with active control, semi-active control scheme applies a secondary force to the system. A semi-active control system cannot provide energy to a system comprising the structure and actuator, but it can achieve favorable results by altering the properties of the system, such as stiffness and damping [1].

The close attention received in this area in recent years can be attributed to the fact that semi-active control devices offer the adaptability of active control devices without requiring the associated large power sources. In addition, as stated earlier, semi-active control devices do not have the potential to destabilize (in the bounded input/bounded output sense) the structural system. Extensive studies have indicated that appropriately implemented semi-active systems perform significantly better than passive devices and have the potential to achieve the majority of the performance of fully active systems, thus allowing for the possibility of effective response reduction during a wide array of dynamic loading conditions [2-5].

Magnetorheological fluids and their characteristics
Recently, a very attractive and effective semi-active system featuring Magnetorheological Fluid (MRF) dampers has been proposed by many investigators [6-8]. Magnetorheological is a branch of Rheology that deals with the flow and deformation of the materials under an applied magnetic field. Magnetorheological (MR) fluids are suspensions of noncolloidal (0.05-10 μm), multi-domain, and magnetically soft particles in organic or aqueous liquids [2]. They are able to change reversibly from free-flowing, linear viscous liquids to semi-solids having controllable yield strength under a magnetic field [9]. Their apparent viscosity changes significantly (105 −106 times) within a few milliseconds, when the magnetic field is applied. The inert-particle forces originating from the magnetic interactions lead to a material with higher apparent viscosity. This dipolar interaction is responsible for the chain like formation of the particles in the direction of the field as shown in Fig. 1[9]. Particles held together by magnetic field and the chains of the particles resist to a certain level of shear stress without breaking, which make them behave like a solid. This phenomenon develops a yield stress which increases as the magnitude of the applied magnetic field increases [10]. One of the advantages of MR fluids is the higher yield stress value. Low voltage power supplies for MR fluids [11] and relative temperature stability between –40°C and +150°C make them more attractive materials for vibration isolation. In MR fluids, materials with lowest coercivity and highest saturation magnetization are preferred, because as soon as the field is taken off, the MR fluid should come to its demagnetized state in milliseconds. Due to its low coercivity and high saturation magnetization, high purity carbonyl iron powder appears to be the main magnetic phase of most practical MR fluid compositions. MR fluids have been prepared based on ferromagnetic materials such as manganese-zinc ferrite and nickel zinc ferrite of an average size of 2 μm. The robustness and the simple mechanical design of Magnetorheological (MR) dampers make them an obvious choice for a semi-active control device. They require minimal power while delivering high forces suitable for fullscale applications. They are fail-safe since, they behave as passive devices in case of a power loss [13]. MR devices can be divided into three groups of operational modes or a combination of the three based on the design of the device [10, 12]. In the valve/shear mode, of the two surfaces that are in contact with the MR fluid, one surface moves relative to the fluid. This relative motion creates a shear stress in the fluid. The shear strength of the fluid may be varied by applying different levels of magnetic field. In the direct shear/flow mode, the fluid is pressurized to flow between two surfaces which are stationary. The flow rate and the pressure of the fluid may be adjusted by varying the magnetic field. In the squeeze film mode, two parallel surfaces squeeze the fluid in between and the motion of the fluid is perpendicular to that of the surfaces. The applied magnetic field determines the force needed to squeeze the fluid and also the speed of the parallel surfaces during the squeezing motion[14]. A magnetic circuit is necessary to induce the changes in the viscosity of the MR fluid. By using Kirchoff?s Law of magnetic circuits, the necessary number of amp-turns (NI) is NI=∑HiLi=Hfg+ Hs L ................ .(1) where Hf and Hs are the magnetic field intensity of the fluid and the steel, respectively, g is the length of the gap where the fluid flows, and L is the total length of the steel path. From equation (1), it is clear that, to increase the total magnetic field intensity, the number of amp-turns have to be kept at a maximum while minimizing the length of the fluid gap and the steel path. However, sufficient cross-section of steel must be maintained such that the magnetic field intensity in the steel is very low. Also, too small a fluid gap would cause the damping force to be too high when no magnetic field is applied. The magnetic circuit typically uses low carbon steel, which has a high magnetic permeability and saturation. This steel effectively directs magnetic flux into the fluid gap.

Properties of commercial MR fluids
Basic composition and density of four commercial MR fluids are given in Table 1 and ranking of fluids on the basis of various material properties are given in Table 2[10]. The MR fluids within the preyield region exhibit viscoelastic properties and these are important in understanding MR suspensions, especially for vibration damping applications.

MR damper
Several different designs of MR dampers have been built and tested in the past. The first of these designs is the bypass damper as shown in Fig.3 (a), where the bypass flow occurs outside the cylinder and an electromagnet applies a magnetic field to the bypass duct [15]. While this design has a clear advantage that the MR fluid is not directly affected by the heat build-up in the electromagnet, the presence of the bypass duct makes it a less compact design. In another design, the electromagnet is inside the cylinder and the MR fluid passes through an annular gap around the electromagnet as shown in Fig. 3(b). This design uses an accumulator to make up for the volume of fluid displaced by the piston rod which is going into the damper[16]. A variant to this is a twin tube MR damper that has two fluid reservoirs, one inside of the other, as shown in Fig. 3(c). In this configuration, the damper has an inner and outer housing. The inner housing guides the piston rod assembly, in exactly the same manner as in a mono tube damper. The volume enclosed by the inner housing is referred to as the inner reservoir. Likewise, the volume that is defined by the space between the inner housing and the outer housing is referred to as the outer reservoir.

The inner reservoir is filled with MR fluid so that no air pockets exist. However, most of these dampers were intended for large-scale applications such as vibration isolation of buildings and bridges. A linear, double-shaft MR damper with the electromagnet placed inside the cylinder is suitable for small-scale applications and is intended for use with parallel platform mechanisms where a damper will adjust the damping in each leg connector of the mechanism.The MR damper utilizes the unique properties of the MR fluid. In this design, the MR fluid flows through the annular gap between the housing and the magnetic body as seen in Fig. 4.

The damper operates in a combination of valve and direct shear modes. A magnetic field is created along this gap through the use of a coil which is wrapped around the magnetic body. When the magnetic field is applied, the viscosity of the magnetorheological fluid increases in a matter of milliseconds. The field causes a resistance to the flow of fluid between the two reservoirs. This way, the damping coefficient of the damper is adjusted by feeding back a conditioned sensor signal to the coil. Double-ended MR dampers have been used for bicycle applications [17] gun recoil applications [18], commercial applications [19-21], and for controlling building sway motion caused by wind gusts and earthquakes [22].

Problems with MR dampers and future scope:

a) Large size MR dampers limit their use in marine applications due to limited space especially in submarines. Design of MR dampers small in size needs to be further researched.

b) Non-linear behavior of MR dampers makes it difficult to devise control strategies to control the vibration. Studies on this are done by Mao et al. [23]. This effect further needs to be researched.

c) Control strategies further need to be researched to control the vibration in varying conditions. Jansen and Dyke [24] had done some studies on this area.

d) Reliability and maintainability should be further investigated to ensure success.

e) Implementation of MR dampers in real structures. Some studies were done on applications of MR damper in automobile industry [25-31], train suspension system [32], seismic protection of buildings [33-35], cablestayed bridges [36].

f) To increase the self-sufficiency of the damping system, investigations into development of a self-powered MR damper should be pursued.

CONCLUSION
The ability to tune the rheological properties of Magnetorheological (MR) fluids has led to vast research opportunities in the field of mechanical vibration control. Such opportunities have directed researchers to explore such topics as semiactive or adaptive vibration control; a very promising and important application in the attenuation of vibrations. Commercial applications are clearly expanding and in future, will probably be driven by equipment manufacturers looking to add value to their products through the introduction of smart fluids. Three areas where significant developments might be expected can be – automotive, civil and aerospace engineering.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

References:

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2. Hoogterp, F. B., Saxon, N. L., Schihl, P. J., “Semi-active Suspension for Military Vehicles,”Society of Automotive Engineering International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Michigan, March, 1993.

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11. Ginder J M, Davis L C, Elie L D. Rheology of magnetorheological fluids: Models and measurements , Proceedings of the fifth International Conference on ER Fluids and MR Suspensions. Sheffield, UK, 1996.

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18. Ahmadian. M., J. C. Poynor, J. M. Gooch: Application of magnetorheological dampers for controlling shock loading. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Dynamic Systems & Control Division Publication, DSC, 1999, Vol.67, pp. 731-735.

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A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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