International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 4(11), June, 2012

Pages: 115-122

Date of Publication: 18-Jun-2012


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CONTENT VALIDITY OF A QUESTIONNAIRE TO ASSESS THE ERGONOMIC KNOWLEDGE OF COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS

Author: Mohamed Sherif Sirajudeen, Umama Nisar Shah, Nagarajan Mohan, Padmakumar Somasekharan Pillai

Category: General Sciences

Abstract:Background: Ergonomics is the scientific study of human work. The objective of ergonomics is to obtain an effective match between the user and work station to improve working efficiency, health, safety, comfort and easiness to use. Neglect of ergonomic principles brings inefficiency and pain in the workplace. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to establish the content validity of an instrument (Questionnaire) to assess Ergonomic Knowledge of Computer professionals using a rigorous Judgmentquantification process. Methods and Measures: The Draft Questionnaire composed of 35 items related to Knowledge about Musculoskeletal disorders and its risk factors, Working Postures, Seating,
Keyboard/Mouse, Monitor, Table and Accessories and finally Rest breaks and Exercises. A panel of 9
experts validated the Draft Ergonomic Knowledge Questionnaire. After all correspondence was received
regarding Content validity for each item, The Content Validity Index (CVI) is calculated by tallying the
results of the experts based on the degree to which the experts agree on the relevance and clarity of the
items. Finally, a Focus group was held to evaluate the instrument for overall comprehensiveness. Results: Results from the panel of experts yielded a 0.98 overall Content validity index. Few experts suggested minor revisions regarding the clarity or wording of the items, and those revisions were incorporated into the instrument. Conclusion: The process used to determine Content validity proved to offer consistency and structure to the instrument development. High CVI scores were generated for the items judged relevant to the content domain as well as for the overall instrument. The results support the Content validity of this Questionnaire as a tool to assess the Ergonomic Knowledge of Computer Professionals.

Keywords: Content Validity, Ergonomic Knowledge Questionnaire, Musculoskeletal Disorders, Computer Professionals.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
This article describes the process undertaken to develop and validate a Questionnaire to assess the Ergonomic knowledge of computer professionals. Why is it important? Ergonomics is the scientific study of human work1 . The objective of Ergonomics is to obtain an effective match between the user and work station to improve working efficiency, health, safety, comfort and easiness to use. Neglect of Ergonomic principles brings inefficiency and pain in the workplace. An ergonomically deficient workplace may not cause immediate pain, because the human body has a great capacity for adapting to a poorly designed workplace or structured job. However, in time, the compounding effect of job and/or workplace deficiencies will surpass the body‘s coping mechanisms, causing the inevitable physical symptoms, emotional stress, low productivity, and poor quality of work 2,3 . These problems if ignored can prove debilitating and can cause crippling injuries forcing one to change one‘s profession. The purpose of this study is to establish the Content validity of an instrument (Questionnaire) to assess ergonomic knowledge of Computer professionals using a rigorous Judgment-quantification process. The Knowledge Questionnaire developed and validated herein will be used for future studies comparing Computer professional‘s Ergonomic Knowledge with their actual Ergonomic Practice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Overview
Content validity is a cardinal step in the development of new experimental measuring devices because it represents an initiating mechanism for linking abstract concepts with observable and measurable indicators4 . According to Lynn Content validation is a twostep process beginning with the Development stage and ending with the Judgmentquantification process5 . The Development stage requires an extensive review of the literature to identify content for the instrument and constitute relevant domains. In this study, the literature review identified approximately 40 to 50 articles on the subject of Computer Ergonomics and Work-related Musculoskeletal disorders. After the literature was reviewed the items were constructed. The entire instrument was developed along with instructions and scoring guidelines. The Judgment-quantification stage requires a Panel of experts, working independently, to evaluate the instrument and rate items of relevance according to the Content domain5 . In addition, item content and clarity, as well as overall instrument comprehensiveness, are evaluated in this stage. Berk recommends that expert panel members should evaluate how representative the items are of the Content domain 6 . As part of this process, expert panel members should be requested to suggest modifications for items that are not consistent with conceptual definitions5 . When estimating Content validity, it is essential to utilize a quantitative measure, the content validity index (CVI)4,7,8. The CVI is calculated by tallying the results of the experts based on the degree to which the experts agree on the relevance and clarity of the items.

Questionnaire
This research required drafting of an Ergonomic Knowledge Questionnaire for use with Computer Professionals. Approval was taken from Yenepoya University Ethical Committee prior to the commencement of the study. Questionnaires and information from various sources were reviewed9-11, and Draft Questionnaire items were created. The Draft Questionnaire composed of 35 items related to Knowledge about Musculoskeletal disorders and its risk factors, Working Postures, Seating, Keyboard/Mouse, Monitor, Table and Accessories and finally Rest breaks and Exercises. The section related to Knowledge about Musculoskeletal disorders and its risk factors composed of 3 Multiple choice questions(MCQ) and 2 True or False (T or F) questions related to Definition of Ergonomics , Cumulative Trauma Disorders, Goal of Ergonomics, Signs and symptoms of Musculoskeletal disorders and its risk factors. The Working Postures section composed of 1 MCQ and 4 Tor F questions related to Head, Neck and Trunk, Upper arm and Elbow, Wrist and Hand, Thigh and finally Feet. The Seating (Chair) section composed of 3 MCQs an 2 Tor F questions related to Adjustable back rest, Low back support, Seat height, Seat pan and finally Base of the Chair. The Key board/ Mouse section composed of 3 MCQs and 2 T or F questions related to Key board level, Mouse Size, Mouse grip, Mouse placement and finally Ideal Mouse pad. The Monitor section composed of 3 MCQs and 2 T or F questions related to Monitor‘s Position, Level (Height), Tilt, Distance (From the User) and finally presence of Glare. The Table and Accessories section composed of 3 MCQs and 2 T or F questions related to Placement of Telephone and Documents, Document holder, Telephone Usage, Edge of Table‘s Top and finally Leg room under the Table. The Rest breaks and Exercises section composed of 3 MCQs and 2 Tor F questions related to Periodically alternating Computer tasks, Micro breaks, Mini breaks, Stretching and finally Eye exercises.

Sample
A panel of experts was used to validate the Draft Ergonomic Knowledge Questionnaire. The Content validation process described by Lynn was used5 . The panel comprised of 9 experts including Orthopedic Surgeons, Physiotherapists, Research methodology expert, Psychiatrist, Community health Physician and Information technology expert. The panel of experts was selected based on their knowledge and experience in the area of Musculoskeletal disorders and Computer Ergonomics. Data Collection A cover letter explaining the purpose of the instrument along with Background, Aims and Objectives of the study and instructions on how to complete the criteria checklist were provided to the panel of experts. The researcher verbally explained the process to the panel of experts to ensure understanding of the process. Informed consent was obtained from the experts. The panel was asked to review the items in the tool and give their suggestions regarding accuracy, relevance, and appropriateness of the content. After all correspondence was received regarding content validity for each item, a Focus group was held to evaluate the instrument for overall comprehensiveness. The objective of the Focus group was to reach consensus on the overall comprehensiveness of the instrument, that is, to determine whether the experts felt the instrument measured what it was intended to measure.

RESULTS
The calculation or proportion that is sufficient for determining content validity agreement was searched in the literature. A CVI of 0.70 represents average agreement; 0.80, adequate agreement; 0.90, good agreement and CVI of 1.00 indicates 100 percent agreement between raters 4,5. According to Lynn, when there are six or more judges, the CVI should be no lower than 0.78 for an item to be judged acceptable. CVI was calculated for each item under 7 sections (see Table 1-7) and for the overall instrument. Results from the panel of experts yielded a 0.98 overall Content validity index. Few experts suggested minor revisions regarding the clarity or wording of the items, and those revisions were incorporated into the instrument. Once all items had been evaluated and all changes were made, the revised instrument was sent to Focus group to evaluate the overall instrument. The focus group discussed the instrument for overall comprehensiveness. None of the experts suggested additional content or changes at this time. Based on the CVI for each item as well as that for the overall instrument, it is believed that the instrument contains questions relevant to Ergonomic Knowledge of Computer Professionals.

CONCLUSION
Content validity is a cardinal step in the selection and administration of an instrument. The two-step method used in this study, consisted of a Developmental stage and a Judgment-quantification stage, required a comprehensive literature review, item creation, and agreement from a specific number of experts about the item‘s and the entire instrument‘s validity. The panel of Experts was asked to review the items in the tool and give their suggestions regarding accuracy, relevance, and appropriateness of the content. Finally a focus group discussed the instrument for overall comprehensiveness. The process used to determine Content validity proved to offer consistency and structure to the instrument development. High CVI scores were generated for the items judged relevant to the content domain as well as for the overall instrument. The results support the Content validity of this Questionnaire as a tool to assess the Ergonomic Knowledge of Computer Professionals.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are grateful to the Panel of experts who validated the Questionnaire. This project was supported by Seed Grant for Research for Faculty of Yenepoya University (YU/Seed Grant/2011-012). Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

 

References:

1. Stubbs D.A. Ergonomics and occupational medicine: future challenges. Occup Med. 2000; 50(4): 277- 282.

2. Murphy DC. Ergonomics and dentistry. N Y state J. 1997; 63 (7): 30-34.

3. Palm N .Ergonomics – OSHA‘S next regulatory frontier? J Mich Dent Assoc.1994; 76(5): 28-30.

4. Wynd CA, Schmidt B, Schaefer MA. Two Quantitative Approaches for Estimating Content Validity. Western Journal of Nursing Research. 2003;25(5): 508-518.

5. Lynn M. Determination and Quantification of Content Validity. Nursing Research.1986;35: 382–85.

6. Berk R. Importance of Expert Judgment in Content-Related Validity Evidence. Western Journal of Nursing Research.1990; 12: 659–71.

7. Anders RL, Tomai JS, Clute RM, Olson T. Development of a Scientifically Valid Coordinated Care Path. Journal of Nursing Administration.1997; 27:45-52.

8. Summers S. Establishing the Reliability and Validity of a New Instrument: Pilot Testing. Journal of Post Anesthesia Nursing.1993; 8:124-27.

9. Ocuupational safety and health administration OSHA VDT Work station check list. United states Department of labour (www.osha.gov).

10. Robertson MM, O‘Neill MJ. Reducing Musculoskeletal Discomfort: Effect of an Office Ergonomics Workplace and Training Intervention. International of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.2003;9(4):491-502.

11. Rizzo TH, Pelletier KR, Serxner S, Chikamoto Y. Reducing Risk Factors for Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs): The Impact of Preventive Ergonomic Training on Knowledge, Intentions and Practices related to Computer Use. Am J Health Promot. 1997;11(4):250-253.



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One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
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A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
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A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
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A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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