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IJCRR - 4(13), July, 2012

Pages: 68-73

Date of Publication: 18-Jul-2012


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PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF MALVA SYLVESTRIS

Author: Sudhanshu, Nidhi Rao Sandhya Mittal, Ekta Menghani

Category: General Sciences

Abstract:Assortment of medicinal plants which are conventionally used for thousands of years, are present in a assemblage of herbal provision of the Indian traditional health care system (Ayurveda) named Rasayana
which was projected for their appealing antioxidant activities. Along with the medicinal plants used in Ayurvedic Rasayana for their restorative action, medicinal plants have been scrupulously investigated. The developing countries predominantly rely on the conventional medicines. The long-established edicine involves the use of dissimilar plant extracts or the bioactive constituents. This nature of study provides the healthiness relevance at reasonable cost. The hit such as ethnomedicine actively epresents one of the unsurpassed avenues in penetrating new profitable plants for medicine. In observance with this view in mind that the current investigation is carried out in Malva sylvestris, known as common mallow, which is native to Europe, North Africa and Asia. In the Mediterranean region, this genus has a elongated history and used as food, and outstanding to its therapeutic significance, several parts of this plant have been engaged in conventional as well as ethnoveterinary medicines. The Antioxidant evaluation of Malva sylvestris, was carried out using the free radical scavenging activity of the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), total phenolics content and reducing power assay on the methanolic extract. Qualitative phytochemical investigation of this plant confirms the presence of various phytochemicals like saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. The results suggest that the phytochemical properties of this plant were used for curing various ailments and possess potential antioxidant properties.

Keywords: Antioxidants, Free radicals, DPPH, Malva sylvestris, Phytochemical Screening.

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
The conventional drug all over the world is currently revalue by an widespread activity of study on dissimilar plant species and their remedial principles. Investigational evidence suggests that free radicals as well as reactive oxygen species be able to involved in a high numeral of diseases1,2. As plant life produce a lot of antioxidants to manage the oxidative stress caused by sunbeams along with oxygen, they can correspond to a resource of new-fangled compounds with antioxidant activity. The Indian traditional health care system, Ayurveda is the oldest medical organization in the world and is being rejuvenated in its inclusive form beneath the name of Maharishi Ayurveda3 . One of the scientific specialty of Ayurveda is Rasayana. Rasayana is not merely a drug rehabilitation but is a particular procedure accomplished in the form of rejuvenating recipe, dietary regimen promoting high-quality habit. The function of rasayana is two-fold: avoidance of disease along with counteraction of aging processes which result from optimization of homeostasis. The denotation of the word Rasayana fundamentally refers to nutrition and its gaining, association, circulation and perfusion in the body tissues4 . World Plant Biodiversity is the prevalent resource of herbal remedy also still concerning 60-80% World Population rely on plant based medicines which are being used in view of the fact that the ages as long-established health care systems. It is nowadays clear, that the medicinal ethics of these plants lie in the bioactive phytochemical constituents that manufacture definite physiological belongings on human body. Although the conventional Indian system of medicine has a elongated history of use, they are deficient in enough documentation, predominantly in light modern methodical knowledge5. These innate compounds formed the pedestal of modern drugs as we use these days6,7,8 . ?Phyto‘ is the Greek phrase for plant. There are readily available several families of phytochemicals and they assist the human body in a diversity of ways. Phytochemicals might defend human from an assortment of diseases. Phytochemicals are non-nutritive plant chemicals to facilitate defensive or disease anticipatory properties. Phytochemicals are fundamentally alienated into two groups i.e. primary in addition to secondary metabolites; according to their functions in plant metabolism. Primary metabolites encompass common sugars, amino acids, proteins and chlorophyll even as Secondary metabolites encompass of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins and terpenoids9,10 . Accordingly, the current study intended to reflect on 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydraxyl radical (DPPH) which will be used to resolve their free radical scavenging behavior and phytochemical screening of the frequently used medicinal plant i.e. Malva sylvestris. Malva sylvestris is a species of the Mallow genus, Malva which belongs to the family of Malvaceae in addition to is recognized as common mallow11,12,13. It originates from southern Europe along with Asia although has widen all above the world as a common weed. The dehydrated or fresh flowers moreover leaves of high mallow are used as food and medicine. It have been worn as food and medicine in Europe ever since the time of ancient Greece and Rome. Conventional herbal medicine continues to observe the plant as a valuable anti-inflammatory mediator for the respiratory tract, the skin, and the gastrointestinal tract14 . Malva sylvestris is an herbaceous plant used in phototherapy and broadly dispersed in Italy15, the leaves are used as emollient, laxative as well as cough medicine16 .

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection:
Authentic samples: Various market samples of Malva sylvestris were procured from Chunnilal Attar Ayurvedic Store, Ghat Gate, Jaipur in the month of March, 2010.

Identification:
All the samples were authenticated and were given identification number. The identification was as follows: These samples were authenticated and submitted in Ethnomedicinal Herbarium, Centre of Excellence funded by DST, MGiaS, Jaipur (Rajasthan).

Processing of plant materials:
During the course of the study each sample was screened for its foreign matter and milled, before use.

Experimental details:
Present studies were performed on Malva sylvestris for the following studies-.
1. Phytochemical test of plant extract
2. Antioxidant Potentials of Methanolic extract of plant 

1. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
Phytochemical screening was performed using standard procedure:

TEST FOR REDUCING SUGARS (FEHLINGS TEST)
The aqueous ethanol extract (0.5gm in 5 ml of water) was added to boiling fehling‘s solution (A and B) in a test tube. The solution was observed for a colour reaction.

TEST FOR TERPENOIDS (SALKOWSKI TEST)
To 0.5 gm each of the extract was added to 2ml of chloroform. Concentrated sulphuric acid (3ml) was carefully added to form a layer. Reddish brown coloration of the interface indicates the presence of terpenoids.

TEST FOR FLAVONOIDES
4ml of extract solution was treated with 1.5ml of 50% methanol solution. The solution was warmed and metal magnesium was added. To this solution, 5-6 drops of concentrated Hydrochloride acid was added and red colour was observed for flavonoids and orange color for flavons.

TEST FOR TANNINS
About 0.5 g of the extract was boiled in 10ml of water in a test tube and then filtered. A few drops of 0.1% ferric chloride was added and observed for brownish green or a blue-black coloration.

TEST FOR SAPONINS
To 0.5 g of extract was added 5 ml of distilled water in a test tube. The solution was shaken vigorously. And observed for a stable persistent froth. The frothing was mixed with 3 drops of olive oil and shaken vigorously after which it was observed for the formation of an emulsion.

TEST FOR ALKALOIDS
Alkaloids solutions produce white yellowish precipitate when a few drops of Mayer‘s reagents are added. Most alkaloids are precipitated from neutral or slightly acidic solution by Mayer‘s regent. The alcoholic extract was heated on a boiling water bath with 2% hydrochloric acid. After cooling, the mixture was filtered and treated with a few drops of mayer‘s reagent. The sample was then observed for the turbidity or yellow precipitation.

2. ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
Preparation of test extracts
All the test plant sample and their adulterants were milled and refluxed in ethanol for 36 h, filtered, concentrated to dryness in vacuo. A portion of ethanolic extract was further successively extracted in pet. ether, benzene, chloroform, alcohol and water, concentrated and stored at minimum temperature, until used.

Preparation of DPPH
DPPH (2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl, C18H12N5O6 ; Hi media) 0.8 mg was dissolved in 10 ml methanol to obtain a concentration of 0.08 mg/ml for antioxidative (qualitative and quantitative) assay.

Qualitative assay
Each successive extract (10 mg) was dissolved in 10 ml of its suitable solvent to get a concentration of 1 mg/ml and from this, 0.25µl was taken with the help of micropipette, applied on silica gel G coated plates. These circular spots were sprayed with DPPH solution, allowed to stand for 30 min. When DPPH reacts with an antioxidant compound, which can donate hydrogen, it is reduced, and the changes in colour (from deepviolet to light- yellow on white) were recorded at 517 nm on a UV spectrophotometer (Varian Cary PCB 150, Water Peltier System).

Quantitative assay
A concentration of 1 mg/ml of ethanolic extract of each test sample was prepared to obtain different concentrations (102 µg to 10-3 µg/ ml). Each diluted solution (2.5 ml each) was mixed with DPPH (2.5ml). The samples were kept in the dark for 15 min at room temperature and then the decrease in absorption was measured. Absorption of blank sample containing the same amount of methanol and DPPH solution was prepared and measured. The UV absorbance was recorded at 517 nm. The experiment was done in triplicate and the average absorption was noted for each concentration. Data were processed using EXCEL and concentration that cause 50% reduction in absorbance (RC50) was calculated. The same procedure was also followed for the standards- quercetin and ascorbic acid.

 

DISCUSSION
In the present investigation, Table 1 shows the optical density of Malva sylvestris at different concentrations and it was showed that the maximum optical density comes out to be 0.808 nm which is at the concentration 10-3 µg/ml and the smallest optical density is 0.198 nm which is at the concentration 103 µg/ml where as the other shows comparable O.D at different concentrations i.e. 0.669 nm at 10-2 µg/ml, 0.298 nm at 10-1 µg/ml, 0.269 nm at 1 µg/ml, 0.251 nm at 101 µg/ml, 0.218 nm at 102 µg/ml. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of Malva sylvestris is given in the Fig.1. In the present investigations antioxidant activity of Malva sylvestris showed appreciable activity against the DPPH assay method where the regression line clear cut showed the effectiveness of it as it‘s have potentials which are comparable to ascorbic acid. The antioxidant activity of Malva sylvestris in methanolic extract using DPPH assay method shows appreciable activity comparable to standard ascorbic acid. The straight line showed Y= - 0.182x+1.776 & regression = 0.838 whereas, in above drug the straight line is Y= -0.099x+0.784 & regression = 0.763. The Phytochemical screening of the plants bare a few differences in the constituent of the tested plants in table 2. The phytochemical screening of Malva sylvestris shows the occurrence of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponin, whereas it shows the absence of tannin, terpenoids respectively. The screening of the Malva sylvestris shows only a miniature amount of differences in the component of the hard-bitten plants. This drug shows the substantiation of broad-shouldered antioxidant activity equivalent or in a less important amount. The prolongation of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponin in this plant is persuasive to be painstaking for the free radical scavenging effects hardheaded.

CONCLUSION
Numerous studies have been performed to categorize antioxidant compounds with pharmacologically activity and a restricted toxicity. The Phytochemical screening and qualitative estimation of Malva sylvestris shows a small amount of differences in the ingredients, Where it possess a large amount of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins. The incidence of quercetin in enormous capacity is rationally proportional to the antioxidant activity so it is manifestly shows that the occurrence of flavonoids will provide evidence of the antioxidant activity and also it promotes a drug for treatment of various infectious diseases. Malva sylvestris exhibit strapping antioxidant activity in added or a smaller amount. The presence of flavonoids in the plant is expected to be conscientious for the free radical scavenging effects pragmatic. The plant phenolic compound i.e. flavonoids are a chief assemblage of compounds that execute as primary antioxidants or free radical scavengers. The DPPH analysis provides in progression on the reactivity of the test compounds through stable free radical along with it gives a strapping absorption band at 517nm in visible region. Accordingly, these types of studies suggest that these plants acquire antioxidant activities which can counteract the oxidative damage caused by infectious disease.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Author acknowledge with thanks the financial support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of Rajasthan, in the form of Centre with Potentials for Excellence in Biotechnology, sanction no F 7(17) (9) Wipro/Gaprio/2006/7358-46(31/10/2008).

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1. Richards, R.T., Sharma, H.M., 1991. Free radicals in health and disease. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice 2 (7), 15–26.

2. Niwa, Y., 1991. Effect of Maharishi 4 and Maharishi 5 on inflammatory mediators with special reference to their free radical scavenging effect. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice 1 (8), 23–27.

3. Glaser, J.L., 1988. Maharishi Ayurveda: an introduction to recent research. Modern Science and Vedic Science.

4. Singh, R.H., 1992. Rasayana and Vajikarana. In: Sharma, P.V. (Ed.), History of Medicine in India. Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi.

5. Shrivastava Surabhi and Leelavathi S. Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Catunaregum spinosa Thunb. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 2010; 3 (2) : 114-118.

6. Edeoga HA, Okwu DE, and Mbaebie BO. Phytochemical constituent of some Nigerian Medicinal Plants, African Journal of Biotechnology academic journals 2005; 4:685-688.

7. Akinmo-laudn, Ibukun, EO, afor, E, Obuotor, EM and Farombi, EO Phytochemical constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from leaves of O>Gratissimum, Sci. Res. Essay 2:163-166.

8. Rout SP, Choudhary KA, Kar DM, Das L and Jain A. Plants in Traditional Medicinal System- Future Source of New Drugs, Internl. J. Pharmacy and Pharmaceurical Sci 1(1) : 1-23.

9. Parekh Jigna, Chanda V Sumitra. In vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Some Indian Medicinal Plants. Turk J Biol 2007; 31: 53-58.

10. Kumar A, Ilavarasn R, Jayachandran T, Decaraman M, Aravindham P, Padmanaban N and Krishnan M RV. Phytochemical investigation on a tropical plant. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2009; 8(1): 83-85.

11. Chevallier, A . (1996): The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants . New York: DK Publishing.

12. Blumenthal, M.; Goldberg, A. and Brinckmann, J. (2000): Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs . Marshmallow leaf . Austin, TX: American Botanical Council; Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications.

13. Milin, V. and Kustrak, D. (2003): Officinal and unofficinal polysaccharide containing drugs (Mucilagenous drugs) . Farm Glas . 59: 57-67.

14. Lust, J. (1974): The Herb Book. Toronto, Bantam Books, 262–3.

15. Guarrera, P.M. (2005) : Traditional phytotherapy in central Italy (Marche, Abruzzo, and Latium). Fitoterapia 76: 1-25.

16. Gonda, R., Tomoda, M. and Shimizu, N., 1990: Structure and anticomplementary activity of an acidic polysaccharide from the leaves of Malva sylvestris var. mauritiana. Carbohydrate Research, 198: 323- 9.

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A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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