International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 4(16), August, 2012

Pages: 156-167

Date of Publication: 28-Aug-2012


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THERMODYNAMIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF POLAR PROTIC SOLUTIONS OF L. ARGININE MONO HYDROCHLORIDE

Author: K. Kannagi, E. Jasmine Vasantha Rani, R. Padmavathy, N. Radha

Category: General Sciences

Abstract:FTIR spectroscopic techniques are widely used as a tool with unique capability and sensitivity. The shift and splitting up of the frequencies of molecular ions are interpreted in terms of molecular interactions. In the present investigation an attempt is made to correlate the spectroscopic results with thermodynamic study of L. Arginine mono hydrochloride in non-aqueous solutions. FTIR spectra of L. Arginine mono hydrochloride solutions and pure solvent are recorded. The observed vibrational spectra are analysed. Thermodynamic parameters such as internal pressure, free volume, Rao's constant, Wada's constant and adiabatic compressibility are measured. The results obtained from FTIR ananlysis are found to be in good agreement with the thermodynamic studies.

Keywords: Internal pressure, Free volume, Vibrational spectra

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
The molecular behaviour of liquids can be investigated both by spectroscopic and nonspectroscopic methods[1]. The ultrasonic velocity measurement is a unique technique for the characterization of structure and properties of liquid and solution[2]. During the past decades, studies of ultrasonic velocity have been carried out to investigate the hydration of proteins using volume and ultrasonic measurements because these properties are sensitive to the degree and nature of hydration.[3,4] The amino acids and proteins are the basic components which have been investigated in detail with respect to their thermodynamical behavior in solutions[5]. Salt solutions have large effects on the structure and properties of proteins, including such properties like solubility and dissociation[6,7]. In the present work L.Arginine monohydro chloride in non-acqueous solution is analyzed for the specific bonding interactions. The ultrasonic velocity along with other experimental data such as density and viscosity furnish wealth of information about the interaction between ions-dipoles, hydrogen bonding, multi-polar and dispersive forces[8]. Internal pressure is the important thermo dynamic parameter to determine the various molecular interactions occurring in the solution[9]. FTIR spectroscopic study finds wide spread application in qualitative and quantitative analysis of many components and it is well employed to understand the nature of interatomic bonding and for the identification of the various phases present in the sample and shifts in frequencies[10]. L-Arginine mono hydrochloride is commonly used in cell culture media and drug development.

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
L-Arginine monohydrochloride solutions of different concentration is prepared with AR grade salt. It is used without further purification. The sample solution is studied at different concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.05,0.1, 0.2) mol. d.m-3 with an accuracy of 0.0001gm is maintained. The density of the solutions is determined using 25ml specific gravity bottle, using the thermostatic bath with a compressor unit. A Cannon Fenske viscometer (10ml) is used for the viscosity measurements. Variable bath interferometer having a frequency of 2MHz (Mittal Enterprises, New Delhi) with overall accuracy of 0.1% is used for velocity measurements. The fundamental parameters such as density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity are measured for different molalities in the temperature range of 278.15K to 328.15K. The FTIR spectrum of this solution is recorded in the region of 4000-400 cm-1 using (PERKIN ELMER) model SPECTRUM RXI FTIR spectrometer. The following formulae are used for the computation of Internal Pressure (π i), Free Volume(Vf), Rao’s constant and Wada’s constant:


RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Internal Pressure and Free Volume Internal pressure and free volume are easily measurable parameters which are fundamentally responsible for various interactions occurring in the solution[11]. Internal pressure can be expressed as sum of an attractive and repulsive contribution. The attractive forces mainly comprise hydrogen bonding. Dipole-dipole, multipolar, and dispersion interactions. Repulsive forces, acting over very small intermolecular distances, play a minor role in the cohesion process under normal conditions[12]. Generally, the significance of the internal pressure and its correlation with the solubility parameter (widely used for instance in paints, pharmaceutics, polymers, and petroleum industry) has been discussed among others in review articles by Dack [13] and Barton [14]. Internal pressure varies due to all the internal interactions[15]. The variations of internal pressure and free volume with temperatures and molalities are shown in figures 1 and the values are tabulated in Table 1. The increase in internal pressure of the solution at very low concentrations suggests that there is a structure promoting nature[16] of the salt in non-aqueous. It is also confirmed from the free volume values of the solution. The temperature increases, there is a tendency for the ions to move away from each other[17]. Hence, there is a reduction in internal pressure with increases in temperature. Internal pressure shows an increasing trend upto 0.01 molality at all the temperatures. A dip is observed at 0.05m at all the temperature in the solution. These results supports that there is a weak ion-solvent interaction within the solution. Free volume is one of the significant factors in explaining the variations in the physicochemical properties of liquids. The molecules of the liquids are not closely packed and there is some free space between the molecules for movements which is called as free volume [18]. The concept of free volume is an extension of the idea that each molecule is enclosed by its neighbours in a cell, the free volume is however not the whole cell volume but rather than average volume in which the center of the molecule can move inside the hypothetical cell due to the repulsion of the surrounding molecules[19]. Free Volume is the free space available for the ions to move[20]. The variations of free volume with respect to molalities and temperatures figures 2 confirm that there is a weak interaction in L-Arginine Mono- hydrochloride solution. Rao's and Wada’s Constant Studying the molecular interactions is to evaluate certain parameters which are constant in non interacting systems[21]. The variation of this constant indicates the measure of interaction in interacting systems. In liquid systems the sound velocity varies linearly with concentration[22]. It is known that in two component liquid systems which are noninteracting, the sound velocity varies linearly with concentration. Rao [23] established an empirical relation linking molecular weight, density and ultrasonic velocity of a mixture. Rao's constant is found to be independent of concentration in non-interacting systems[24]. The variation in the Rao’s constant was explained as arising from molecular association[25]. The irregular behavior of Rao’s and Wada’s constants in Table 2, figures 3 and4 also supports that there is a molecular dissociation existing in the solution. Adiabatic Compressibility The orientation of solvent molecules around the solute is determined by adiabatic compressibility[26]. Elastic deformation is propagated by acoustic waves. The longitudes waves are generated by isotropic pressure, causing a uniform compression and thus a deformation in the direction of propagation[27]. The primary effect of dissolving a solute is to lower the compressibility of the solvent. The lowering is attributed to the influence of the electrostatic field of the ions on the surrounding solvent molecules[28]. This variation represents the existence of weak hydrogen bonding arising as a result of hydrophobic interactions occurs between the solute and solvent molecules. This weak bond is responsible for the existence of weak interactions. In L-Arginine Monohydrochloride system, the rise and fall in compressibility shows in Table 2 and figure 4 supports the pre-dominance of dissociation of molecules occurring in the solution.

FTIR spectral analysis of L.Arginine Mono Hydrochloride: Solute-solvent interactions are conveniently studied by several spectroscopic techniques. Infrared spectroscopy is normally carried out in the mid infrared region 4000 – 200 cm-1 . The near infrared region at higher frequency 12500 – 4000cm-1 and the far infrared region at lower frequency 200 to 10cm-1 required special techniques. L.Arginine mono hydrochloride is dissolved in non-aqueous solution, the following spectral changes are observed. Table 3, figures 6 and 7. L-Arginine mono hydrochloride exists in ionic form and it is solvated both at NH3 + site of guanidino group and COOsites of solute in which the existence of zwitterionic form to a greater extent[29]. These findings support that at lower molalities there is a strong solute-solvent interaction. There is a significant shift by 88cm-1 of the enolic form of solvent, towards the lower wave number region. this indicates the binding of the solute molecule to C=N of solvent resulting in bond lengthening, on the others hand there is a shift of NH2 stretching vibration by 21cm-1 and about 50 cm-1 for the bending vibration for the salt shown in Table 3. These shifts confirms that L-Arginine mono hydrochloride exists in Enolic and Amide forms figure 8 and 9 by the solvent. CONCLUSION In the present investigation, L-Arginine and LArginine Monohydrochloride in non-aqueous medium have been analyzed both by acoustic and spectroscopic methods. The results obtained from the above two methods are as follows. The results obtained from the acoustic study supports that there is a weak ion-solvent interaction with in the solution. A weak hydrogen bonding exists in the solution. It exhibits the hydrophobic interaction takes place within the solution. This weak bond is responsible for the existence of weak interactions in the solution of L-Arginine Monohydrochloride. From FTIR analysis L.Arginine mono hydrochloride is present in protonated ionic form and it is solvated both at NH3 + site of guanidino group and coosites and also the existence of zwitterionic form is found to be very high in the solution. The results obtained from FTIR analysis are found to be in good agreement with the acoustic studies.

References:

1. C. Kapota; J. Lemaire,; P. Maiitre, G.Ohanissian, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 2004, 126, 1836

2. R.A. Jocksuch, A.S. Lemof, E.R.Willuiams, J Am.Chem. Soc. 2001 123,12255.

3. A.S Lemoff, M.F. Bush, J.T. O’Brien, E.R. Williams, J. Phys. Chem.A 2006, 110, 8433.

4. S.K. Chauthan, and V.R. Singh, Ind. J. pure and Applied Physics, 635:(1993)

5. H.Eyring, and M.S. John, , Significance of liquid structures, Wiley (1969)

6. M Schafer, N.C. Polfer, J. Oomens, D. Blunk, M. Forbes, R.A. Jockusch, In Proceedings of the 54th ASMS conference on Mass Spetrometry and allied Topics, Seattle, WA, 2006

7. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research J.Chem. Pharm. Res., 2011, 3(3): 587- 596.

8. Lennard – J.E.Jones, Proc. Roy. Soc., A., 106 (1924) 463.

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10. State (1963).

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12. David R. Lide., Handbook of chemistry and physics, 86th edition, CRC press.

13. Peter Atkins and Julio de Paula, Physical Chemistry, 8th edition, 60–61.

14. Dack M.R.J., J. Chem. Soc. Rev., 4 (1975) 211-229.

15. A.F.M.Barton, J. Chem. Educ., 75(6), (1975) 731-753.

16. Edward Zor?bski, Molecular and Quantum Acoustics vol. 27 (2006) 327.

17. S.Glasstone, K.J. Laidler and H. Eyring, The theory of Rate Processes, Mc Graw Hills, NewYork, (1950).

18. R. Palani, S. Balakrishnan and G.Arumugam, J. Phy. Sci., 22(1), (2011) 131-141.

19. B.S.Patial, S.Chauhan and V.K.Syal, Ind. J. Chem., 41A (2002) 2039-2047.

20. E. Jasmine Vasantha Rani, R. Padmavathy, N. Radha, K. Kannagi, Proceedings on National Conference on Exploring the Frontiers of Vibrational Spectroscopy (EXFOVIS2011).

21. R. Badarayani, A.Kumar, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 48 (2003) 664-668.

22. R.Watson, Phil. Trans. Roy .Soc. London, 60 (1770) 325.

23. S.Holker, Phil. Magazine, 27 (1844) 207.

24. P.A. Favre and C.A.Valson, C.R. Acad sciences, 75 (1872) 1000.

25. F.Kohlraush and W.Hallwacks, Phys. Chem, 5 (1894) 14. 26. P.Drude and W.Nernst, Z. Phys. Chem., 15 (1894) 79.

27. D.V. Jahagiridar and A.G.Shankarwar, Ind. J. Pure and Appl. Phys, 38 (2000) 645-650.

28. R.Palani, S.Saravanan, J. Phy., 2 (2008)13- 21.

29. J.T.Eller, Hist. Acad. Roy. Berlin, 6 (1750) 82.





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One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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A study by Dorothy Ebere Adimora et al. entitled \"Remediation for Effects of Domestic Violence on Psychological well-being, Depression and Suicide among Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-cultural Study of Nigeria and Spain\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 23
A study by Muhas C. et al. entitled \"Study on Knowledge & Awareness About Pharmacovigilance Among Pharmacists in South India\" is awarded Best article for Vol 14 issue 22
A study by Saurabh Suvidha entitled \"A Case of Mucoid Degeneration of Uterine Fibroid with Hydrosalphinx and Ovarian Cyst\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 21
A study by Alice Alice entitled \"Strengthening of Human Milk Banking across South Asian Countries: A Next Step Forward\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 20
A study by Sathyanarayanan AR et al. entitled \"The on-task Attention of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Eye Tracker Study Using Auticare\" is awarded Best article of Vol 14 issue 19
A study by Gupta P. et al. entitled \"A Short Review on \"A Novel Approach in Fast Dissolving Film & their Evaluation Studies\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 18.
A study by Shafaque M. et al. entitled \"A Case-Control Study Performed in Karachi on Inflammatory Markers by Ciprofloxacin and CoAmoxicillin in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media\" is awarded Best Article of Vol 14 issue 17
A study by Ali Nawaz et al. entitled \"A Comparative Study of Tubeless versus Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) \? A Randomized Controlled Study\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 16.
A study by Singh R. et al. entitled \"A Prospective Study to Find the Association of Astigmatism in Patients of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in India (Vindhya Region MP)\" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 15
A Study by Humaira Tahir et al. entitled "Comparison of First Analgesic Demand after Major Surgeries of Obstetrics and Gynecology between Pre-Emptive Versus Intra-Operative Groups by Using Intravenous Paracetamol: A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 14
A Study by Monica K. entitled "Risk Predictors for Lymphoma Development in Sjogren Syndrome - A Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 13
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A Study by Maryam MJ et al. entitled "Evaluation Serum Chemerin and Visfatin Levels with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Possible Diagnostic Biomarkers" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 02
A Study by Shanthan KR et al. entitled "Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Versus Nerve Stimulator Guided Technique of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 14 issue 01
A Study by Amol Sanap et al. entitled "The Outcome of Coxofemoral Bypass Using Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Treatment of Unstable Intertrochanteric Fracture of Femur in a Rural Setup" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 24
A Study by Manoj KP et al. entitled "A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial to Know the Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Against Multimodal Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia Following Caesarean Section" is awarded Best Article Award of Vol 13 issue 23
A Study by Karimova II et al. entitled "Changes in the Activity of Intestinal Carbohydrases in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats and Their Correction with Prenalon" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 22
A Study by Ashish B Roge et al. entitled "Development, Validation of RP-HPLC Method and GC MS Analysis of Desloratadine HCL and It’s Degradation Products" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 21
A Study by Isha Gaurav et al. entitled "Association of ABO Blood Group with Oral Cancer and Precancer – A Case-control Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 20
A Study by Amr Y. Zakaria et al. entitled "Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ATP-Binding Cassette Gene(ABCC3 rs4793665) affect High Dose Methotrexate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Children with Osteosarcoma" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 19
A Study by Kholis Ernawati et al. entitled "The Utilization of Mobile-Based Information Technology in the Management of Dengue Fever in the Community Year 2019-2020: Systematic Review" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 18
A Study by Bhat Asifa et al. entitled "Efficacy of Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Carbapenemase Detection and Comparative Evaluation with Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Identification of Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella pneumonia Isolates" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 17
A Study by Gupta R. et al. entitled "A Clinical Study of Paediatric Tracheostomy: Our Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 16
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A Study by Kumar S. et al. entitled "A Study on Clinical Spectrum, Laboratory Profile, Complications and Outcome of Pediatric Scrub Typhus Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit from a Tertiary Care Hospital from Eastern India" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 09
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A Study by Sarmila G. B. et al. entitled "Study to Compare the Efficacy of Orally Administered Melatonin and Clonidine for Attenuation of Hemodynamic Response During Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Gastrointestinal Surgeries" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 07
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A Study by Gainneos PD et al. entitled "A Comparative Evaluation of the Levels of Salivary IgA in HIV Affected Children and the Children of the General Population within the Age Group of 9 – 12 Years – A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 05 Special issue on Recent Advances in Dentistry for better Oral Health
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A Study by Kumari PM et al. entitled "Study to Evaluate the Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Tamilnadu - A Cross-Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 05
A Study by Anu et al. entitled "Effectiveness of Cytological Scoring Systems for Evaluation of Breast Lesion Cytology with its Histopathological Correlation" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 04
A Study by Sharipov R. Kh. et al. entitled "Interaction of Correction of Lipid Peroxidation Disorders with Oxibral" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 03
A Study by Tarek Elwakil et al. entitled "Led Light Photobiomodulation Effect on Wound Healing Combined with Phenytoin in Mice Model" is awarded Best Article of Vol 13 issue 02
A Study by Mohita Ray et al. entitled "Accuracy of Intra-Operative Frozen Section Consultation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Samples in Correlation with the Final Histopathological Diagnosis" is awarded Best Article for Vol 13 issue 01
A Study by Badritdinova MN et al. entitled "Peculiarities of a Pain in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Presence of Individual Combines of the Metabolic Syndrome" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 24
A Study by Sindhu Priya E S et al. entitled "Neuroprotective activity of Pyrazolone Derivatives Against Paraquat-induced Oxidative Stress and Locomotor Impairment in Drosophila melanogaster" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 23
A Study by Habiba Suhail et al. entitled "Effect of Majoon Murmakki in Dysmenorrhoea (Usre Tams): A Standard Controlled Clinical Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 22
A Study by Ghaffar UB et al. entitled "Correlation between Height and Foot Length in Saudi Population in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 21
A Study by Siti Sarah Binti Maidin entitled "Sleep Well: Mobile Application to Address Sleeping Problems" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 20
A Study by Avijit Singh"Comparison of Post Operative Clinical Outcomes Between “Made in India” TTK Chitra Mechanical Heart Valve Versus St Jude Mechanical Heart Valve in Valve Replacement Surgery" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 19
A Study by Sonali Banerjee and Mary Mathews N. entitled "Exploring Quality of Life and Perceived Experiences Among Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatment in Western India: A Mixed Methodology" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 18
A Study by Jabbar Desai et al. entitled "Prevalence of Obstructive Airway Disease in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease and Hypertension" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 17
A Study by Juna Byun et al. entitled "Study on Difference in Coronavirus-19 Related Anxiety between Face-to-face and Non-face-to-face Classes among University Students in South Korea" is awarded Best Article for Vol 12 issue 16
A Study by Sudha Ramachandra & Vinay Chavan entitled "Enhanced-Hybrid-Age Layered Population Structure (E-Hybrid-ALPS): A Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Crossover for Molecular Docking Studies of Drug Discovery Process" is awarded Best article for Vol 12 issue 15
A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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Disclaimer: International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal.



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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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