International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 4(19), October, 2012

Pages: 146-149

Date of Publication: 10-Oct-2012


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ANULOMA VILOMA PRANAYAMA MODIFIES REACTION TIMES AND AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY OF HEART: A PILOT STUDY

Author: Varun Malhotra, Usha Dhar, Rinku Garg, Sameer S, Archana S, Jayanti, Nivritti, Sushil

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Patanjali, foremost exponent of Yoga, described pranayama as the gradual unforced cessation of breathing. Pranayama is derived from two Sanskrit words-prana (life) or yama (control). Pranayam or control of prana or life force yields heart beat pulse and mind control. Yoga combines scientific technique of right behavior (Yama-Niyama), proper posture (asana), life force control (pranayama), interiorisation of the mind (pratyahara), concentration (dhyan), developing intuition (dharna) and Samadhi (ultimate realization). Anuloma Viloma pranayama starts with closing the right nostril with the thumb of the right hand, inhaling through the left nostril, holding the breath, followed by exhalation through right nostril while closing the left nostril with the index finger of right hand and then reversing the process. This forms one round of Anuloma Viloma pranayama or Nadishuddi pranayama. Pulse rate and reaction times were recorded before and after twelve cycles of alternate nostril breathing. The pulse rate dropped from 81.5\?5.3 to 72.9\?8.7. Reaction times dropped from 0.47\? 0.15 seconds to 0.38 \? 0.09 seconds .The changes are statistically significant at p< 0.001. The subjects felt joy, peace and were calm. Alternate nostril breathing is a process of continuous, regularity of inhalation, holding of breath and exhalation. It charges the body with an increased supply of oxygen through the lungs, this oxygen \"burns\" or oxidizes the waste impurities, chiefly carbon, in the venous blood. This process of purification is enhanced by an accompanying large increase in expulsion of waste carbon dioxide from the lungs during exhalation. As a consequence, very little of the tissue remains in the blood as waste material. There is less need for the breath, as the flow to the lungs of blood for purification slows down. The heart and lungs are given extraordinary rest.

Keywords: Pranayam, Anuloma Viloma, Yoga, Venous blood

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Patanjali, foremost exponent of Yoga, described pranayama as the gradual unforced cessation of breathing. Pranayama is derived from two Sanskrit words-prana (life) or yama (control). Pranayam or control of prana or life force yields heart beat pulse and mind control. Yoga combines scientific technique of right behavior (Yama-Niyama), proper posture (asana), life force control (pranayama), interiorisation of the mind (pratyahara), concentration (dhyan), developing intuition (dharna) and Samadhi (ultimate realization). The ancient Indian science of Yoga makes use of voluntary regulation of the breathing to make respiration rhythmic and to calm the mind (1). This practice is called Pranayama. Nadisuddhi pranayama means "purification of subtle energy paths", inhalation and exhalation are through alternative nostrils for successive respiratory cycles. Surya Anuloma Viloma Pranayama means "heat generating breathing particle" when the respiratory cycle of inhalation and exhalation is completed through the right nostril exclusively. When completed through the left nostril alone the practice is called “Chandra Anuloma Viloma Pranayama" which means a heat dissipating or cooling liberating practice. (2,3,4,5) The study is designed to study the scientific basis of effect of pranayama on the heart and mind. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Pranayama was performed before meals. The subjects were advised not to hold the breath for uncomfortably long periods, as this causes harmful pressure on the heart, lung, diaphragm and arteries. Subjects who were hyperthyroid have been excluded from the study. The subject was seated in a comfortable sitting posture with back straight (1, 15). Anuloma Viloma pranayama starts with closing the right nostril with the thumb of the right hand, inhaling through the left nostril, holding the breath, followed by exhalation through right nostril while closing the left nostril with the index finger of right hand and then reversing the process. This forms one round of Anuloma Viloma pranayama. Reaction time Reaction time test was taken online (17). It consists of a traffic light signal of red, yellow and green. The subject is instructed to click on a button to begin when ready, to wait for the stoplight to turn green, and click the button when it turns green quickly! The average of five responses in seconds is taken as a reading. Pulse rate and reaction times was recorded before and after twelve cycles of left nostril breathing. RESULTS Sixty six readings were taken for pulse and thirty subjects took the online reaction time test. The pulse rate dropped from 81.5±5.3 to 72.9±8.7.The change is significant at p<0.001. Reaction times dropped from 0.47± 0.15 seconds to 0.38 ± 0.09 seconds .The change is statistically significant at p<0.001The subjects felt joy, peace and were calm. The subjects served as there own controls as baseline pulse rate was taken before the maneuver.

DISCUSSION
Nostril breathing is a process of continuous, regularity of inhalation, holding of breath and exhalation. It charges the body with an increased supply of oxygen through the lungs, this oxygen "burns" or oxidizes the waste impurities, chiefly carbon, in the venous blood. This process of purification is enhanced by an accompanying large increase in expulsion of waste carbon dioxide from the lungs during exhalation. As a consequence, very little of the tissue remains in the blood as waste material. There is less need for the breath, as the flow to the lungs of blood for purification slows down. The heart and lungs are given extraordinary rest. (1) The inactivity of the muscles and limbs during meditation lessens bodily carbon production, and is conducive to the restful state of heart and lungs. Rest given to the heart helps in increasing longevity. (1) The nasal cycle is a ultradian rhythm characterized by altering patency of the left and right nares, with a periodicity of eight hours. (6,7,8) Werntz correlated right nostril dominance with the activity phase of the basic rest activity cycle (13). A decrease in pulse rate may be related to an increase in vagal tone, a decrease in cardiac sympathetic activity. (3) Following Nasisuddhi pranayama, both the components of the autonomic nervous system viz parasympathetic and sympathetic are activated. While alternating to explain the mechanisms underlying the changes, the respiratory sinus arrhythmia has to be taken into account. The heart rate increases with inspiration and decrease with expiration. (7) Breathing exclusively through the right nostrils several times a day, for a month can significantly increase baseline oxygen consumption by 37% where as breathing through left nostril alone produces smaller increase. Right nostril breathing increases metabolism perhaps by increasing the output of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla (increasing basal oxygen consumption and heart rate) (10). Reduced mental stress or arousal cause increase in galvanic skin resistance reduced sympathetic tone to palmar sweat glands and cutaneous blood vessels. Nadisuddhi Pranayama practiced for four weeks causes decrease of the heart rate, as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. (11) Event related potential P300 decreased from 391.16 ± 49.7 to 331.0 ± 22.0 msec at p<0.001 in a study after 40 days of yoga asanas in diabetes(18). Anand et al (19) reported dominance of alpha rhythm in the EEG activity of persons trained in yoga. The subjects were more aware and restful. Yoga relaxes, relieves stress and makes the subject feel good, alert, active and exhilarated by releasing opioids and altering adrenocortical activity that gives pleasurable sensations and keeps body fit.(20)

CONCLUSION
The exact mechanism by which nostril breathing influences the function of the autonomic nervous system is not know, though it has been speculated that this is through a neural reflex mechanism in the superior nasal meatus. Further work is necessary to understand the mechanism as well as to record the changes during actual practice. However, the effect of pranayama practices can be used for therapeutic advantage. Several rounds Surya Anuloma Viloma Pranayama could be used to increase metabolism in overnight persons, while the effects of Chandra Nadi to decrease blood pressure in hypertensive’s. Nadisuddhi pranayam helps calm he restless mind. (12, 14, 21-25)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.

References:

1. Sri Paramhansa Yogananda. God Talks With Arjuna. The Bhagavad Gita Royal Science of God-Realization. The immortal dialogue between soul and spirit. A new translation and commentary 2002, chapter IV Verse 29 p 496- 507.

2. Backon J. Changes in blood glucose levels induced by different forced nostril breathing, a technique which effects brain hemisphericity and autonomic activity. Med Sci Res 1988; 16: 1197-1199.

3. Bhargava R, Gogate MG, Mascarchas JF. Autonomic responses to breath holding and its variations following pranayama. Indian J Pharmacol 1988; 32(4):257-264.

4. Stoksted P. The physiologic cycle of the nose under normal and pathologic conditions. Acta Otolaryngol (Stokh) 1952;109 (Suppl):159- 175.

5. Keuning J. On the nasal cycle. J Int Rhinol 1968;6:99-135.

6. Steptor A. The assessment of sympathetic nervous function in human stress research. J Psychosom res 1987; 31:141-152.

7. Saul JL, Cohen RJ. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia. In: Levy MN, SchWartz PJ (eds). Vagal control of the heart: experimental basis and clinical implications. Future Publishing, New York 1994 p 511-535.

8. Raghuraj P, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR and telles S. Pranayama increases Grip Strength without lateralized effects. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1997; 41(2):129-133.

9. Kayser R. Die exacta Meissung der Luft durchangekeitder Nase. Arch Larybgol Rhinol 1895;3: 101-120.

10. Telles S, Nagarthna R and Nagendra HR. Indian J Pharmacol 1994;38(2):133-137.

11. Grossman P. Respiratory and cardiac rhythma as windows to central to central autonomic behaviour regulation selection of window frames. Keeping the panes clean and viewing neural topography. Biol Psychol 1992; 34:131-161.

12. Raghraj P, Ramakrishnan AG, Nagendra HR and Telles Shirtey. Effect of two sekected yogic breathing techniques on heart rate variability. Indian J Physio Pharmacol 1998 Oct: 42(4); 467-73.

13. Fuderburke J. Science studies Yoga- a review of physiological data. Himalayan international Institute of Yoga Sciences. llinos 1977.

14. Werntz D, Bichford RG, Bloom FE, Shannahoff-Khalsa DS. Alternating cerebral hemispheric activity and lateralization of autonomic nervous function. Human Neurobiol 1983;2 :39-43.

15. Steptor A. The assessment of sympathetic nervous function in humans stress research. J Psychosom Res 1987, 31:141-152.

16. Nagendra HR, Mohan T, Shriram A. Yogi in education 1st ed. Banglore. Vivekananda Kendra Yoga Anusadhana Samsthan, 1988.

17. The Online Reaction Time Test http://getyourwebsitehere.com/jswb/rttest01.ht ml.

18. OP Tandon, S Singh, V Malhotra. Beneficial Effects of Yoga Asanas in the NIDDM: Biochemical and Electrophysiological Evidence. Emerging Concepts in Yoga and Lifestyle p43-53.

19. Anand BK, Chhina GS and Baldev Singh. Some aspects of electroencephatographic studies in yoga’. Electroencephal and Clin. Neurophysiol,1961,3:452-456.

20. Udupa KN, Singh RH, Settiwar RM. A comparative study on the effect of some individual Yogic practices in normal persons. Indian J Med Res 1975;63:1066-71.

21. Varun Malhotra et al. Surya Anuloma Viloma Pranayama modifies autonomic acticity of heart The Journal Of Yoga (JOY) Vol 8 2009 Spring p1-5(Indexed through EBSCO info services).

22. Varun Malhotra Physiology of Anuloma Viloma Pranayama” J. R. Educ. Indian Med, 2008 Oct-Dec p 61-63 ISSN 0970-7700.

23. Varun Malhotra et al “Alternate Nostril Breathing Exercise on Cardiorespiratory Functions Kshitiz Upadhyay Dhungel, . Nepal Med Coll J 2008;10(1):25-27.

24. Varun Malhotra, Raj Kumar Patil, Monica Malhotra, Kshitiz, Nagamma T, Rahul A, Anshul Singh, Shreekant, Sonam Motani, Atulya Choudhary Chandra Anuloma Viloma Pranayama modifies autonomic activity of the heart” Bulletin of Association of Physicians of Tamilnadu 2008, 2(1) p27-28.

25. Varun Malhotra et al. Alternate Nostril Breathing Exercise on Cardiorespiratory Functions” Kshitiz Upadhyay Dhungel, Nepal Med Coll J 2008;10(1):25-27.

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A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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