International Journal of Current Research and Review
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IJCRR - 9(13), July, 2017

Pages: 11-18

Date of Publication: 03-Jul-2017


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Determination of Sex Through Handwriting Characteristics

Author: Sushma Upadhyay, Jyoti Singh, S.K. Shukla

Category: General Sciences

Abstract:Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the gender of an individual by handwriting Methodology: In this study total 130 handwriting samples were collected and analyzed. In whichF 65 males and 65 female volunteers of age group 18 to 30 years were selected. Handwriting samples are taken on A - 4 Size paper of London Letter. Exclusive factors in this study are only literate, young and healthy persons are included. Result: Macro features and micro features were examined in all the 130 handwriting samples in both male and females by using feature extraction method and z- tests. In the second method which is Hypothesis testing done by z-test, Null hypothesis was taken that there is no significant difference in male and female handwriting and on the basis of value of z in table - 2 at 5% level of significance with critical value of 1.96, out of 27 features for which z-test was performed, Seven features could said to be gender identifying features and may help in identifying the gender of the writer. Conclusion: On the basis of above result, feature extraction and z- test may said to be the two methods which may explain about the utility of these tests for examination of hand writing for gender identifying feature. It can be said that there is a significant differences between hand writing of male and female and hence a handwriting sample can also be examined for gender identification purpose.

Keywords: Handwriting, Gender, Natural variation, Macro features, Question document

DOI: 10.7324/IJCRR.2017.9133

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
Documents play important role in human life. A document is material, having a symbol or writing on it, which conveys some meaning to one or persons. It may be stone, a wall, a wooden piece, a glass, a metal sheet a skin, a piece of cloth, a parchment or a paper. We daily write and sign a number of documents, like a person letter, a receipt, a cheque, or an order affecting the lives of many individual 1. With the increasing use of documents in day to day life its misuse has also increased to the utmost level people due to its falsification which has now been grow to a big economical source whether it is beyond the laws and illegal. When it comes to the criminal justice system the false or forged document becomes a questioned. Questioned documents defined as “Any Document about which some issue has been raised or that is the subject of an investigation2 . Handwriting is one of the important evidence which is examined in the questioned document for its authentication handwriting may be defined as written speech of individual with characteristic peculiar to himself intending to difference from all other. By studying and examining the handwriting in suspected and the victim. A person’s handwriting changes over the course or his or her life time.3 Apart from above explained characteristics, handwriting may be differentiated in the basis of various natural variations such as illness, age writing materials, writing position, physical disturbance, lack of concentration during the writing period, influence of alcohol or drug3 .Research shows a consistent relationship with handwriting is the determination of sex of handwriting .4 Western reports of handwriting shows that female handwriting has greater circularity.4,5,6,7,8 One contender for conceivable impact is the impact of androgens that “”masculine”” behavior and possibly neural substrates during the critical pre-birth period. A particularly sensitive period when there is an expansion in androgens is from 7 to 24 weeks with an ideal level in the eighteenth week .9 21 segregating components in handwriting are distinguished. Analyzing shape variations of each letter (called allographs) can be valuable, however word development is similarly if not more critical for investigations, for example, gendering a writer based on handwriting: specifically, word arrangement in cursive written work tends to "convey" more independence and examples than individual letter shapes. 3,10 A characteristic specimen contains just habits and natural variations .Factors in penmanship vary as far as the recurrence of natural variations (or the level of characteristic variety as on account of proportion factors) 11,12,13.can be valuable, however word development is similarly if not more critical for investigations, for example, gendering a writer based on handwriting : specifically, word arrangement in cursive written work tends to “convey” more independence and examples than individual letter shapes. 3,10 A characteristic specimen contains just habits and natural variations .Factors in penmanship vary as far as the recurrence of natural variations (or the level of characteristic variety as on account of proportion factors) 11,12,13.

Area of Study
The study was conducted in the area of Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh. and sampl collection was done within the area of Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur. 

Methodology
Sampling:

Total 130 handwriting samples were collected. 65 from males and 65 from female volunteers, from the higher secondary, graduated or post graduated working individuals between the age group of 18 to 30 years. All the personal details of volunteers is firstly noted down in the white sheet of paper which contains Name, Sex, Date of birth ,Education ,Occupation, Handedness and Local address. Handwriting samples are taken on A-4 Size paper of London Letter. Exclusive factors in this study are only literate, young and healthy persons are included. Volunteers were asked to sit straight and copy the given London Letter and everyone is asked with their normal speed neither too slow nor too fast on a stable flat table and chair in adequate amount of light. Two methods were employed for the examination of gender identifying features in handwriting samples of male and female volunteers.

Feature Extraction:
1. Each sample was analyzed for presence of total 27 features of handwriting which were divided in two groups Macro features and Micro features. These features were studied for identifying any discrimination on the basis of their presence and absence in both males and females handwriting.4 Macro feature: Macro features are those which can be observed superficially without any thorough search in the handwriting. Slant Word spacing Dispersive writing.

Cursive writing
Micro feature: Micro features are those which are needed to be examined carefully for their presence in the sample, Micro feature  - Dot over "i"
Hook at the start of "c"
Hook at the end of "c"
Hook at the end of “d”
Hook at the end of “e”
Hook at the end of “h”
Hook at the end of “u”
Loop formation in stem letter “b”
Loop formation in stem letter “d”
Loop formation in stem letter “h”
Flourish at the start of “a”
Flourish at the start of “c”
Flourish at the start of “d”
Flourish at the start of “o”
Flourish at the start of “u”
Consistency in angle of crossbar on “t”
Consistency in angle of crossbar on “f” 
Consistency in “X” Shape of “r”(acrade)
Shape of “r” (parochial) Knot formation n the
End of “w”
Straight down stroke formation in “y”
Angular base of letter “w”
Point base of “w”
Upward flourish letter “s”

Apart from above explained characteristics, handwriting may be differentiated on the basis of variation due to age, illness, education ,fatigue, physical and emotional disturbance, disease, or drug intoxication3 .

 

2. Slant of the writing were observed keeping the handwriting sample at 90o angle to the eye, it was either leaned to the right or left hand side or simply be vertical.

3. Spacing between words was calculated by using plastic ruler in centimetre unit of length. Overall 49 spaces were present in the given standard text and hence mean value of all the spacing was calculated . It may vary in each sample of handwriting. Mean=Total length of all the spacing between the words in (cm) / Total no. of spaces present.

4. Type of handwriting was observed , whether it was distributed or scattered form called as Dispersive writing. In this, usually letters are separated apart from each other in each word lacking connecting strokes and flourishes.

5. Next macro feature which was observed was the Cursive type of handwriting. It was the most beautiful and presentable form of writing in which lots of flourishes and connecting stroke are seen . It also tells the skill and education level of its writer.

6. Then micro features were observed in which first comes the dot over letter “i” which may be either circular in shape or pointed. When both type of dot was present then the type which was present more in number in overall writing was considered.

7. Hook like formation was then observed and counted in start and end of letter c,d,e,h and u 8. Loop in the letter b,d and h was observed.

9. Then flourishness at the start of letters a,c,d,o and u was observed and counted. 10. Overall consistency in the crossbar in the letter “t and f was observed. Then consistency in the shape of letter x was noted down. 11. Shape of letter r in small was observed and counted for being arcade or parochial

12. In some handwriting a small circular or little oblong knot was found in the end of letter “w” which was observed and noted down.

13. Letter “y” may be straight in its lower stem or slanted hence it was observed in both the male. 14. Base of the letter “w” was observed for being angular or pointed in appearance.

15. Last micro feature observed was the presence of upward flourish in letter “s”.

16. After observation and counting of each feature their overall percentage were calculated in 65 samples of male handwriting and 65 samples of female handwriting.

17. Based on all the observations and values obtained a table and graph were formed.

Hypothesis Testing and Z- Test
Hypothesis may be defined as a proposition or a set of proposition set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena either asserted merely as a provisional conjecture to guide some investigation or accepted as highly probable in the light of established facts. Hypothesis testing enables us to make probability statements about population parameter . The hypothesis may not be proved absolutely, but in practice it is accepted if it has withstood a critical testing . Alternative hypothesis is usually the one which one wishes to prove and null hypothesis is the one which one wishes to disprove . Thus, a null hypothesis represents the hypothesis we are trying to reject , and alternative hypothesis represents all other possibilities. Generally, in hypothesis testing we proceed on the basis of null hypothesis, keeping the alternative hypothesis in view , on the assumption that null hypothesis is true, one can assign the probabilities to different possible sample results , but this cannot be done if we proceed with the alternative hypothesis. Hence the use of null hypothesis is quite frequent. The level of Significance : This is a very important concept in the context of hypothesis testing. It is always some percentage(usually 5%) which should be chosen with great care thought and reason. In case we take the significance level al 5 percent, then this implies that null hypothesis will be rejected . z- test is based on the normal probability probability distribution and is used for judging the significance of several statistical measures, particularly the mean. This is a most frequently used test in research studies(5). p1 = X1/n1 p1-proportion of male handwriting samples where the features occurs samples w here the feature p2= X2/n2 p2 – proportion of female handwriting samples where the features occurs X1, X2 - frequencies of feature in males and females respectively n1, n2- no. of samples of male and females handwriting respectively z = 1.96(10) 1. Null hypothesis was stated that “there is no significant difference in handwriting of male and female” . 2. p1 and p2 value were calculated separately for each of the feature in male and female handwriting. 3. By keeping all the obtained values in the formula, z-test was performed and thus values obtained were noted down. 4. Thus all the obtained values were tabulated.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Data was obtained from 130 handwriting samples of male and females. Macro features and micro features were examined in all the 130 handwriting samples in both male and females by using feature extraction method and z-tests. Two macro features that are slant and word spacing were also observed. Slant was observed to be either right sided , left sided or vertical in which 17 samples were in Right, 20 in left and 43 in vertical positions in males whereas in female 25 were in right 11 in left and 31 in vertical position out of 65 . In case of word spacing both male and female samples were having Mean of word spacing, O. 35cm-0.96cm and 0.34- 0.92cm hence there was no significant difference was observed in the case of word spacing as range was near about similar in both. Whereas in the case of slant (macro feature) males were observed to be possessing slant in their writing in left and vertical position more than females on the other hand females were observed to be possessing slant in right hand side as compared to males . This could be used as one of the point in discriminating the handwriting samples on the basis of slant. On the basis of the study of table-1, out of 27 characteristics feature of handwriting 11 feature i.e. Dot over “i” Straight down stroke formation of letter “s”, angle of crossbar on “f’,”t”, flourish at letter “o”, loop in stem of letter”d”, hook at end of “u”, “ h”, and hook at start and end of letter “c” and cursive type of writing were observed to be showing significant role in discrimination of male and female handwriting on the basis of their occurrence which was half in one sample and double on the other. In the second method which is Hypothesis testing by z-test, Null hypothesis was taken that “there is no significant difference in male and female handwriting “ and on the basis of value of z in table-2 at 5% level of significance with critical value of 1.96, out of 27 features for which z-test was performed, 7 showed value of z more than the critical value 1.96 i.e. cursive writing Dot over letter “i” , Hook at the end of letter “c”, Loop formation in stem of letter “d”, Flourish at start of letter “d”, Consistency of angle of crossbar on “t” and Straight down stroke formation in “y”. Hence in these 7 features null hypothesis was rejected and alternate hypothesis was accepted that there is a significant difference in handwriting of male and female . These seven features could said to be gender identifying features and may help in identifying the gender of the writer.


CONCLUSION
On the basis of above result, feature extraction and z-test may said to be the two methods which may explain about the utility of these tests for examination of hand writing for gender identifying feature. Those characteristics feature which showed positive result in the examination of 65 samples of male and female may be considered as gender identifying features. It can be said that there is a significant differences between hand writing of male and female and hence a handwriting sample can also be examined for gender identification purpose. So it can be considered as a corroborative evidence in the field of questioned document examination .14

Significance in forensic science
Examination of handwriting and graphology has always been of great utility in forensic science not only as a source of physical evidence in criminal investigation but also for evolving new techniques and idea related to the purpose of personal identification if it becomes possible to predict the gender of the writer or forger along with his age so the innocent could be protected and hence it may speed up the investigation process.

Future aspects
Examination of handwriting for gender identifying feature for gender discrimination may be evolved as a great area for research studies in future. With the growth of new ideas and technologies the methods of examination has been evolved from manual to computerized automatic methods of examination has been evolved from manual to computerized automatic methods involving use of various software which may easily identify the gender identifying features in the handwriting and predict the gender within a minute or seconds.. This will not only reduce the human labor, cost and risk of error but also increase the chances of positive and best outcome in every large population size.

References:

1. Sharma B.R., Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation and Trials, Universal Law Publishing Co, Pvt. Ltd, 2013, vol. 4, p. 562.

2. Saferstein Richard Criminalities –Introduction to Forensic Science tenth edition fearson Education.

3. Kopoenhaver M. Katherine., forensic Document Examination, Humana Press. 2007.

4. Goodenough, F. L., Sex differences in judging the sex of handwriting, Journal of Social Psychology. 1945, vol. 22, Pp; 61–68.

5. Hamid, S., Loewenthal, K. M., Inferring gender from handwriting in Urdu and English, Journal of Social Psychology. 1996, vol.136, Pp; 778–782.

6. Hartley, J., Sex differences in handwriting: A comment on Spear, British Educational Research Journal. 1991, vol. 17, Pp; 141 - 145.

7. Hayes, W. N., Identifying sex from handwriting. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1996, vol. 83, Pp; 791 - 800.

8. Lester, D., McLaughlin, S., Cohen, R., and Dunn, L., Sex -deviant handwriting, femininity, and homosexuality. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1977, vol.45, p.1156.

9. Wilson, J. D., The role of androgens in male gender role behaviour. Endocrine Reviews. 1999, vol.20, Pp; 726 - 737.

10. Huber R. A., Headrick A, M., Handwriting identification: Facts and fundamentals, CrC press LLC. New York. 1999.

11. Maciaszek J., Natural variation in measurable features of initials. Problems of Forensic Sciences. 2011, vol. 85, Pp; 25–39.

12. Matuszewski S., Natural variation in selected constructional features of female signatures. Problems of Forensic Sciences. 2004,vol. 57(23), Pp; 24 - 43.

13. Matuszewski S., Maciaszek J., Natural variation in length of signature components. Problems of Forensic Sciences. 2008, vol.74, Pp; 182–189.

14. Upadhyay S, Singh J. Estimation of Age through Handwriting Characteristics in Female Writers. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2017,vol.10(13).

Announcements

Dr. Pramod Kumar Manjhi joined Editor-in-Chief since July 2021 onwards

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Awards, Research and Publication incentive Schemes by IJCRR

Best Article Award: 

One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Women Researcher Award:

This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

Emerging Researcher Award:

‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


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A Study by Varsha M. Shindhe et al. entitled "A Study on Effect of Smokeless Tobacco on Pulmonary Function Tests in Class IV Workers of USM-KLE (Universiti Sains Malaysia-Karnataka Lingayat Education Society) International Medical Programme, Belagavi" is awarded Best article of Vol 12 issue 14, July 2020
A study by Amruta Choudhary et al. entitled "Family Planning Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Women of Reproductive Age from Rural Area of Central India" is awarded Best Article for special issue "Modern Therapeutics Applications"
A study by Raunak Das entitled "Study of Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in Interstitial Lung Diseas epatients by Correlating the Levels of Serum NT PRO BNP and Microalbuminuria (Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Dysfunction) with Echocardiographic, Bronchoscopic and HighResolution Computed Tomography Findings of These ILD Patients" is awarded Best Article of Vol 12 issue 13 
A Study by Kannamani Ramasamy et al. entitled "COVID-19 Situation at Chennai City – Forecasting for the Better Pandemic Management" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 12
A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
A Study by entitled "Estimation of Reference Interval of Serum Progesterone During Three Trimesters of Normal Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 09
A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
A Study by Virendra Atam et. al. entitled "Clinical Profile and Short - Term Mortality Predictors in Acute Stroke with Emphasis on Stress Hyperglycemia and THRIVE Score : An Observational Study" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 07
A Study by K. Krupashree et. al. entitled "Protective Effects of Picrorhizakurroa Against Fumonisin B1 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice" is awarded best article for issue Vol 10 issue 20
A study by Mithun K.P. et al "Larvicidal Activity of Crude Solanum Nigrum Leaf and Berries Extract Against Dengue Vector-Aedesaegypti" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 14 of IJCRR
A study by Asha Menon "Women in Child Care and Early Education: Truly Nontraditional Work" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 13
A study by Deep J. M. "Prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 7-13 Years Old Children of Biratnagar, Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study" is awarded Best Article for Vol 10 issue 11 of IJCRR
A review by Chitra et al to analyse relation between Obesity and Type 2 diabetes is awarded 'Best Article' for Vol 10 issue 10 by IJCRR. 
A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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International Journal of Current Research and Review (IJCRR) provides platform for researchers to publish and discuss their original research and review work. IJCRR can not be held responsible for views, opinions and written statements of researchers published in this journal

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