International Journal of Current Research and Review
ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print)ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online)
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IJCRR - 4(20), October, 2012

Pages: 139-142

Date of Publication: 20-Oct-2012


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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICABLE AND NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN RURAL AND URBAN LOCALITIES OF TIRUPATI IN INDIA

Author: C. Kumaraswamy Naidu, Y. Suneetha, B. V. Sai Prasad

Category: Healthcare

Abstract:Communicable diseases (CD) are the main cause of death around the world for years followed by non-communicable diseases (NCD) causing major problems in industrialized countries. Among all NCDs and CDs, Cancers (NCD) and Tuberculosis (CD) constitute the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, including India. The specific aim of this study is to quantify the prevalence of communicable (Tuberculosis) and non communicable diseases (Cancers) in urban and rural areas of Tirupati and to analyze the relative epidemic using a comparable framework. The data was analyzed statistically using Chi-Square test and Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. All analyses were performed with SPSS version 13 software. Compared to rural areas, people from Urban areas of Tirupati (52.1% Vs 47.9%) has increased risk of NCDs: patients with Breast Cancer (33% ), Cervical Cancer (35%), Oral Cancer (8.9%), Prostrate Cancer (6.3%), Skin Cancer (4%) and Other Cancers (12.9%) like Bladder, Colon, Lung, Rectal, Stomach, Uterine. There was a significant urban-rural difference in having Tuberculosis in the years 2010 to 2011 (71.4% vs 28.6%, respectively; P < 0.001) and there was a significant urban-rural difference in Communicable and non communicable diseases in the years 2010-2011(54.1% vs 45.9%, respectively; P = 0.03). These finding suggests that there is an increasing prevalence of Communicable and non communicable diseases in Tirupati as a result of lifestyle changes and urbanization. These are the challenges that are to be tackled in new millennium.

Keywords: Communicable diseases, Non-communicable diseases, Rural, Urban

Full Text:

INTRODUCTION
India is one of the famous countries around the world for cultural activities. In India, one of the major pilgrimage cities is Tirupati which is located at the foothills of Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh. Being a major pilgrimage, millions of people visit Tirupati daily. Being a famous tourist spot in Andhra Pradesh, Tirupati is prone to disease exposure. Diseases can be broadly categorized into two types: Communicable and Non Communicable. Communicable diseases (CD) were the main cause of death around the world for years followed by non-communicable diseases (NCD) causing major problems in industrialized countries. The spread of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) principally heart disease, stroke, diabetes, cancers, and chronic respiratory disease represents a global crisis; in almost all countries and in all income groups, men, women, will account for 80% of the global burden of disease, causing seven out of every ten deaths in developing nations, compared with less than half today [1] .Globally, around 57 million people died and children are at risk of these diseases [2]. Epidemics of non-communicable diseases (NCD) are presently emerging or accelerating in most developing countries [3]. In 2008, 33 million (58%) of the deaths were due to chronic (non-communicable) diseases (mainly cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases) [4]. In 2004, 4.8 million (59.4 percent) of the estimated 8.1 million Indian deaths were due to NCDs [5]. Communicable diseases (CDs) like tuberculosis (TB), cholera, meningitis, hepatitis, malaria, dengue, yellow fever, AIDS, Ebola, SARS and others in parallel also continue to be the major cause of mortality in developing countries [6]. Even Asian countries like India have a major public health challenge of growing magnitude of non communicable and communicable diseases in the present century. In India, among all NCDs and CDs, Cancers (NCD) [7] and Tuberculosis (CD) [8] constitute the major cause of morbidity and mortality. In this paper, we use the term chronic non-communicable disease to refer to major chronic disorder such as Cancer and communicable disease to refer Tuberculosis; other disorders are not covered in this paper. The specific aim of this study is to estimate and compare the relative incidence of communicable and non communicable diseases in Urban and Rural areas of Tirupati. A comparison was made of the age-specific incidence rates in Tirupati region at 2-year intervals from 2010 to 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study site This study was conducted based on data from Bharath, Diagnostic Center, Tirupati. All the newly diagnosed cases in the years 2010 and 2011 were included as the study cases. Among 3000 patients’ biopsy data in the lab, only cases having Cancers (CD) and Tuberculosis (NCD) were included in this study. The data was a clinical examination data containing Biopsy number, Disease type, age, sex, Locality, Height, Mark section, cut section, Histopathological examination and Microscopic examination. Among these variables only disease type, age, sex, locality was considered for the study. The reference date for recording information was the date of diagnosis for cases. Statistical Methods The data was analyzed statistically using ChiSquare test and Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. All analyses were performed with SPSS version 13 software.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Non communicable diseases Among the various NCDs like cardiovascular diseases, Diabetes and Cancers, only cancers were used for this study. Cancers that are used in the study includes Breast, Cervical, Colon, Bladder, Lung, Oral, Prostrate, Rectal, Skin, Uterine and Stomach Cancer. Among 3000 patients biopsied in the year 2010 to 2011, 303 patients were seen affected with these cancers. Compared to rural areas ( i.e., 10 villages surrounding Tirupati), people from Urban areas of Tirupati (i.e., People living in Tirupati town) (52.1% Vs 47.9%) has increased risk of NCDs: patients with Breast Cancer (33% ), Cervical Cancer (35%), Oral Cancer (8.9%), Prostrate Cancer (6.3%), Skin Cancer (4%) and Other Cancers (12.9%) like Bladder, Colon, Lung, Rectal, Stomach, Uterine ( P=0.07, Table 1). The prevalence of the non communicable diseases in urban and rural areas is diagrammatically represented in the chart (Chart 1) given below.



CONCLUSION
Our findings suggest that the observed differences between urban and rural women could be substantially reduced by changing the lifestyle or proper detection in the early stages. It is also important to educate the public and health care professionals in rural and urban areas in order to promote early detection. Overall, our study concludes that people residential of Tirupati are more exposed to both communicable and non communicable diseases compared to those from 10 villages surrounding Tirupati.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
C. Kumaraswamy Naidu is grateful to UGC, New Delhi for providing financial help under UGCRFSMS scheme. Ethical Approval The study has ethics approval from Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati.

References:

1. A. Boutayeb, The double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases in developing countries, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene., 2006, 100, 191.

2. Ala Alwan. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. World Health Organization, 2011.

3. Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Global Health Statistics: Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series. Volumes I and II. Boston: Harvard School of Public Health, 1996.

4. A. Alwan, D. R. MacLean, L. M. Riley, E. Tursan d’Espaignet, C. D. Mathers, G. A. Stevens, D. Bettcher. Monitoring and surveillance of chronic non-communicable diseases: progress and capacity in high-burden countries. Lancet., 2010, 376: 1861.

5. A. Mahal, A. Karan, M. Engelgau. Existing Evidence on the Economic Impact of NCDs in India and its Limitations. HNP Discussion paper., 2010.

6. World Health Organization. Cholera: the prototype “global” disease. In: Global defence against the infectious disease threat. Geneva: WHO, 2003 (WHO/CDS/2003.15).

7. T. Seth, A. Kotwal, R. Thakur, P. Singh, V. Kochupillai. Common cancers in India: knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of urban slum dwellers in New Delhi. Public Health., 2005, 119: 87.

8. M. S. Pednekar, P. C. Gupta. Prospective study of smoking and tuberculosis in India. Preventive Medicine, 2007, 44: 496.

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One article from every issue is selected for the ‘Best Article Award’. Authors of selected ‘Best Article’ are rewarded with a certificate. IJCRR Editorial Board members select one ‘Best Article’ from the published issue based on originality, novelty, social usefulness of the work. The corresponding author of selected ‘Best Article Award’ is communicated and information of award is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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This award is instituted to encourage women researchers to publish her work in IJCRR. Women researcher, who intends to publish her research work in IJCRR as the first author is eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of women researchers based on the originality, novelty, and social contribution of the research work. The corresponding author of the selected manuscript is communicated and information is displayed on IJCRR’s website. Under this award selected women, the author is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.

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‘Emerging Researcher Award’ is instituted to encourage student researchers to publish their work in IJCRR. Student researchers, who intend to publish their research or review work in IJCRR as the first author are eligible to apply for this award. Editorial Board members decide on the selection of student researchers for the said award based on originality, novelty, and social applicability of the research work. Under this award selected student researcher is eligible for publication incentives. Drop a mail to editor@ijcrr.com for more details.


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A Study by Muhammet Lutfi SELCUK and Fatma entitled "Distinction of Gray and White Matter for Some Histological Staining Methods in New Zealand Rabbit's Brain" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 11
A Study by Anamul Haq et al. entitled "Etiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Adolescents – Emphasis Upon Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 10
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A Study by Ilona Gracie De Souza & Pavan Kumar G. entitled "Effect of Releasing Myofascial Chain in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome - A Randomized Clinical Trial" is awarded best article for  Vol 12 issue 08
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A study by Karanpreet et al "Pregnancy Induced Hypertension: A Study on Its Multisystem Involvement" is given Best Paper Award for Vol 10 issue 09

List of Awardees

A Study by Ese Anibor et al. "Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Delta State University Students in Abraka, Nigeria" from Vol 13 issue 16 received Emerging Researcher Award


A Study by Alkhansa Mahmoud et al. entitled "mRNA Expression of Somatostatin Receptors (1-5) in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Cells" from Vol 13 issue 06 received Emerging Researcher Award


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